Zainichi Korean language

Zainichi Korean is a variety of Korean as spoken by Zainichi Koreans (ethnic Korean citizens or residents of Japan). The speech is based on the southern dialects of Korean, as the majority of first-generation immigrants came from the southern part of the peninsula, including Gyeonggi-do, Jeolla-do and Jeju-do.

Due to isolation from other Korean speech-communities and the influence of Japanese, Zainichi Korean language exhibits strong differences from the standard Korean of either North or South Korea.

Languages among Zainichi Koreans
The majority of Zainichi Koreans use Japanese in their everyday speech, even among themselves. The Korean language is used only in a limited number of social contexts: towards first-generation immigrants, as well as in Chosŏn Hakkyo, (, or Chōsen Gakkō; 朝鮮学校, "Korean School"), pro-Pyongyang ethnic schools supported by Chongryon.

Since most Zainichi Koreans learn Korean as their second language, they tend to speak it with a heavy Japanese accent. This variety of speech is called Zainichi Korean language, a name which, even when used by Zainichi Koreans themselves, often carries a critical connotation.

Vowels
While Standard Korean distinguishes eight vowels, Zainichi Korean distinguishes only five, as in Japanese.
 * {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"

!Vowel jamo !Standard Korean !Zainichi Korean
 * ㅏ||ㅓ||ㅗ||ㅜ||ㅡ||ㅣ||ㅐ||ㅔ
 * colspan="2"|||colspan="2"|||||colspan="2"|
 * }

Initial consonants
In syllable-initial position, standard Korean distinguishes among plain, aspirated, and tense consonants, such as, , and. Zainichi Korean, on the other hand, distinguishes only between unvoiced and voiced consonants ( and ), as in Japanese.


 * {| class="wikitable"

! rowspan=2 | Standard Korean ! colspan=2 | Zainichi Korean ! Beginning of a word ! Elsewhere
 * Plain
 * colspan=2 | Unvoiced or voiced, depending on speakers
 * Aspirate
 * rowspan=2 | Unvoiced
 * rowspan=2 | Geminated unvoiced
 * Tense
 * }
 * Tense
 * }
 * }
 * }

There are no geminates after nasal consonants. Thus 앉자, in Standard, becomes, not.

As in the North Korean standard, initial or  never change their values. 역사 in South Korea is 력사  in North Korea, or  among Zainichi Koreans.

Final consonants
Seven consonants occur in the final position of Standard Korean syllables, namely, , , , , , and. In Zainichi Korean those sounds are treated differently.


 * {| class="wikitable"

! Standard Korean ! Zainichi Korean
 * Plosives (,, and )
 * Followed by geminated consonants (i.e. followed by  becomes )
 * Nasals (,, and )
 * (as in Japanese)
 * Flap
 * }
 * Flap
 * }
 * }
 * }
 * }

Grammar
Zainichi Korean grammar also shows influence from Japanese.

Some particles are used differently from the Standard Korean. For instance, "to ride a car" is expressed as chareul tanda (차를 탄다) in standard Korean, which can be interpreted as "car-(direct object) ride". In Zainichi Korean, the same idea is expressed as cha-e tanda (차에 탄다; "car-into ride"), just like Japanese kuruma ni noru (車に乗る).

Standard Korean distinguishes hae itda (해 있다, referring to a continuous state) and hago itda (하고 있다, referring to a continuous action). For instance, "to be sitting" is anja itda (앉아 있다), not ango itda' (앉고 있다), as the latter would mean "being in the middle of the action of sitting, but has not completed the action yet". Zainichi Korean, however, does not distinguish these two, as Japanese does not either; it uses hago itda form for both continuous state and continuous action.

Writing system
Zainichi Korean is not typically written; standard Korean is used as the literary language. For example, a speaker who pronounces the word geureona (그러나; "however") as gurona (구로나), will still spell the word in the former form. In much the same way, Standard Korean speakers retain the grapheme difference between ae ㅐ and e ㅔ, even though they may pronounce the two identically.