Université libre de Bruxelles

The Université libre de Bruxelles (Free University of Brussels; abbreviated ULB) is a French-speaking research university in Brussels, Belgium. ULB is one of the two institutions tracing their origins to the Free University of Brussels, founded in 1834 by the lawyer and liberal politician Pierre-Théodore Verhaegen.

The split occurred along linguistic lines, forming the French-speaking ULB in 1969, and Dutch-speaking Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB) in 1970. One of the leading Belgian universities open to Europe and the world, the ULB now has about 24,200 students, 33% of whom come from abroad, and an equally cosmopolitan staff.

Name
Brussels has two universities whose names mean Free University of Brussels in English: the French-speaking Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB) and the Dutch-speaking Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB). Neither uses the English translation, since it is ambiguous.

Establishment of a university in Brussels


The history of the Université libre de Bruxelles is closely linked with that of Belgium itself. When the Belgian State was formed in 1830 by nine breakaway provinces from the Kingdom of the Netherlands, three state universities existed in the cities of Ghent, Leuven and Liège, but none in the new capital, Brussels. Since the government was reluctant to fund another state university, a group of leading intellectuals in the fields of arts, science, and education — amongst whom the study prefect of the Royal Athenaeum of Brussels, Auguste Baron, as well as the astronomer and mathematician Adolphe Quetelet — planned to create a private university, which was permitted under the Belgian Constitution.

In 1834, the Belgian episcopate decided to establish a Catholic university in Mechelen with the aim of regaining the influence of the Catholic Church on the academic scene in Belgium, and the government had the intent to close the university at Leuven and donate the buildings to the Catholic institution. The country's liberals strongly opposed to this decision, and furthered their ideas for a university in Brussels as a counterbalance to the Catholic institution. At the same time, Auguste Baron had just become a member of the freemasonic lodge Les Amis Philantropes. Baron was able to convince Pierre-Théodore Verhaegen, the president of the lodge, to support the idea for a new university. On 24 June 1834, Verhaegen presented his plan to establish a free university.

After sufficient funding was collected among advocates, the Université libre de Belgique ("Free University of Belgium") was inaugurated on 20 November 1834, in the Gothic Room of Brussels Town Hall. The date of its establishment is still commemorated annually, by students of its successor institutions, as a holiday called Saint-Verhaegen/Sint-Verhaegen (often shortened to St V) for Pierre-Théodore Verhaegen. In 1836, the university was renamed the Université libre de Bruxelles ("Free University of Brussels").

After its establishment, the Free University faced difficult times, since it received no subsidies or grants from the government; yearly fundraising events and tuition fees provided the only financial means. Verhaegen, who became a professor and later head of the new university, gave it a mission statement which he summarised in a speech to King Leopold I: "the principle of free inquiry and academic freedom uninfluenced by any political or religious authority." In 1858, the Catholic Church established the Saint-Louis Institute in the city, which subsequently expanded into a university in its own right.

Growth, internal tensions and move


The Free University grew significantly over the following decades. In 1842, it moved to the Granvelle Palace, which it occupied until 1928. It expanded the number of subjects taught and, in 1880, became one of the first institutions in Belgium to allow female students to study in some faculties. In 1893, it received large grants from Ernest and Alfred Solvay and Raoul Warocqué to open new faculties in the city. A disagreement over an invite to the anarchist geographer Élisée Reclus to speak at the university in 1893 led to some of the liberal and socialist faculty splitting away from the Free University to form the New University of Brussels (Université nouvelle de Bruxelles) in 1894. The institution failed to displace the Free University, however, and closed definitively in 1919.

In 1900, the Free University's football team won the bronze medal at the Summer Olympics. After Racing Club de Bruxelles declined to participate, a student selection with players from the university was sent by the Federation. The team was enforced with a few non-students. The Institute of Sociology was founded in 1902, then in 1904 the Solvay School of Commerce, which would later become the Solvay Brussels School of Economics and Management. In 1911, the university obtained its legal personality under the name Université libre de Bruxelles - Vrije Hogeschool te Brussel.



The German occupation during World War I led to the suspension of classes for four years in 1914–1918. In the aftermath of the war, the Free University moved its principle activities to the Solbosch in the southern suburb of Ixelles and a purpose-built university campus was created, funded by the Belgian American Educational Foundation. The university was again closed by the German occupiers during World War II on 25 November 1941. Students from the university were involved in the Belgian Resistance, establishing Groupe G which focused on sabotage.

Splitting of the university
Until the early 20th century, courses at the Free University were taught exclusively in French, the language of the upper class in Belgium at that time, as well as of law and academia. However, with the Dutch-speaking population asking for more rights in Belgium (see Flemish Movement), some courses began being taught in both French and Dutch at the Faculty of Law as early as 1935. Nevertheless, it was not until 1963 that all faculties offered their courses in both languages. Tensions between French- and Dutch-speaking students in the country came to a head in 1968 when the Catholic University of Leuven split along linguistic lines, becoming the first of several national institutions to do so.

On 1 October 1969, the French and Dutch entities of the Free University separated into two distinct sister universities. This splitting became official with the act of 28 May 1970, of the Belgian Parliament, by which the French-speaking Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB) and the Dutch-speaking Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB) officially became two separate legal, administrative and scientific entities.

Campuses
The ULB comprises three main campuses: the Solbosch campus, on the territories of the City of Brussels and Ixelles municipalities in the Brussels-Capital Region, the Plaine campus in Ixelles, and the Erasmus campus in Anderlecht, beside the Erasmus Hospital.

The main and largest campus of the university is the Solbosch, which hosts the administration and general services of the university. It also includes most of the faculties of the humanities, the École polytechnique, the large library of social sciences, and among the museums of the ULB, the Museum of Zoology and Anthropology, the Allende exhibition room and the Michel de Ghelderode Museum-Library.

The Plaine campus hosts the Faculty of Science and the Faculty of Pharmacy. There are also the Experimentariums of physics and chemistry, the Museum of Medicinal Plants and Pharmacy and student housing. This site is served by Delta station.

The Erasmus campus houses the Erasmus Hospital and the Pôle Santé, the Faculty of Medicine, the School of Public Health and the Faculty of Motor Sciences. There is also the School of Nursing (with the Haute école libre de Bruxelles – Ilya Prigogine), the Museum of Medicine and the Museum of Human Anatomy and Embryology. This site is served by Erasme/Erasmus metro station.

The university also has buildings and activities in the Brussels municipality of Auderghem, and outside of Brussels, in Charleroi on the Aéropole Science Park and Nivelles.

Faculties and institutes



 * Institute for European Studies
 * Interfacultary School of Bio-Engineering
 * School of Public Health
 * High Institute of Physical Education and Kinesiotherapy
 * Institute of Work Sciences
 * Institute of Statistics and Operational Research
 * Institute for Astronomy and Astrophysics
 * Solvay Brussels School of Economics and Management
 * Faculty of Sciences

International Partnerships
University of California, Berkeley, University of Oxford, University of Cambridge, Université de Montréal, Waseda University, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, BeiHang University, Universidade de São Paulo, Université de Lausanne, Université de Genève, University Ouaga I Pr. Joseph Ki-Zerbo, University of Lubumbashi

Research
At the heart of the Free University of Brussels there are at least 2000 PhD students and around 3600 researchers and lecturers who work around different scientific fields and produce cutting-edge research.

The projects of these scientists span thematics that concern exact, applied and human sciences and researchers at the heart of the ULB have been awarded numerous international awards and recognitions.

The research carried out at the ULB is financed by different bodies such as the European Research Council, the Walloon Region, the Brussels Capital Region, the National Fund for Scientific Research, or one of the foundations that are dedicated to research at the ULB; the ULB Foundation or the Erasme Funds.

Since the early 2000s, the MAPP project has started studying political party membership evolution through the time.

Notable people



 * Count Richard Goblet d'Alviella (b. 1948), businessman
 * Jules Anspach (1829–1879), politician and mayor of Brussels
 * Philippe Autier (b. 1956), epidemiologist and clinical oncologist
 * Zénon-M. Bacq (1903–1983), radiobiologist, laureate of the 1948 Francqui Prize
 * Radu Bălescu (1932–2006), Romanian and Belgian physicist, laureate of the 1970 Francqui Prize
 * Saeed Bashirtash (b. 1965), Iranian dentist, writer and political activist
 * Didier Bellens (1955–2016), businessman, CEO of Belgacom
 * Vincent Biruta (b. 1958), Rwandan physician and politician, Minister of Foreign Affairs
 * Jules Bordet (1870–1961), physician, laureate of the 1919 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
 * Karel Bossart (1904–1975), aeronautical engineer, designer of the SM-65 Atlas
 * Jean Brachet (1909–1998), biochemist
 * Robert Brout (1928–2011), American physicist, laureate of the 2004 Wolf Prize
 * Jean Bourgain (1954–2018), mathematician, laureate of the 1994 Fields Medal
 * Albert Claude (1899–1983), biologist, laureate of the 1974 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
 * Heidi Cruz (b. 1972), American businesswoman, wife of U.S. Senator Ted Cruz
 * Herman De Croo (b. 1937), liberal politician
 * Théophile de Donder (1872–1957), physicist, mathematician, and father of irreversible thermodynamics
 * Vũ Đức Đam (b. 1963), Vietnamese politician, Deputy Prime Minister
 * Pierre Deligne (b. 1944), mathematician, laureate of the 1978 Fields Medal
 * Antoine Depage (1862–1925), surgeon, founder and president of the Belgian Red Cross, and one of the founders of Scouting in Belgium
 * Mathias Dewatripont (b. 1959), economist, laureate of the 1998 Francqui Prize
 * François Englert (b. 1932), physicist, laureate of the 2004 Wolf Prize, laureate of the 2013 Nobel Prize in Physics
 * Jacques Errera (1896–1977), physicochemist, laureate of the 1938 Francqui Prize
 * Aleth Félix-Tchicaya (b. 1955), Congolese writer
 * Louis Franck (1868–1937), lawyer, liberal politician and statesman
 * Matyla Ghyka (1881–1965), Romanian poet, novelist, mathematician, historian, and diplomat
 * Michel Goldman (b. 1955), immunologist
 * Nico Gunzburg (1882–1984), lawyer and criminologist
 * Camille Gutt (1884–1971), economist, politician, and industrialist, first Managing Director of the International Monetary Fund
 * Marc Henneaux (b. 1955), physicist, laureate of the 2000 Francqui Prize
 * Amir Abbas Hoveida (1919–1979), Iranian economist and politician, Prime Minister
 * Enver Hoxha (1908–1985), Albanian politician, leader of Communist Albania
 * Julius Hoste Jr. (1884–1954), businessman and liberal politician
 * Léon Van Hove (1924–1990), physicist, laureate of the 1958 Francqui Prize, Director General of the CERN
 * Paul Hymans (1865–1941), politician and first President of the League of Nations
 * Paul Janson (1840–1913), liberal politician
 * Bahadir Kaleagasi (b. 1966), Turkish writer, International co-ordinator of TUSIAD
 * Jeton Kelmendi (b. 1978), Albanian writer, laureate of the 2010 International Solenzara Prize
 * Henri La Fontaine (1854–1943), lawyer, laureate of the 1913 Nobel Prize for Peace
 * Roberto Lavagna (b. 1942), Argentine economist and politician, Minister of Economy and Production
 * Maurice Lippens (b. 1943), businessman and banker
 * Lucien Lison (1908–1984), Belgian-Brazilian physician and biochemist, considered the "father of histochemistry"
 * Amer Husni Lutfi (b. 1956), Syrian politician, Minister of Economy and Trade
 * Paul Magnette (b. 1971), socialist politician and political scientist, mayor of Charleroi, laureate of the 2000 Francqui Prize
 * Marguerite Massart (1900–1979), first Belgian female engineer
 * Adolphe Max (1869–1939), politician, mayor of Brussels
 * Adrien-Jean Le Mayeur (1880–1958), painter
 * Fradique de Menezes (b. 1942), São Toméan politician, President
 * Françoise Meunier, doctor, Director General of the EORTC
 * Charles Michel (b. 1975), politician, Prime Minister and President of the European Council
 * Constantin Mille (1861–1927), Romanian socialist militant and journalist
 * Axel Miller (b. 1965), businessman, CEO of Dexia
 * Roland Mortier (1920–2015), philologist, laureate of the 1965 Francqui Prize
 * François Narmon (1934–2013), economist and businessman, President of Dexia and the Belgian Olympic Committee
 * Amélie Nothomb (b. 1967), writer, laureate of the 1999 Grand Prix du roman de l'Académie française
 * Paul Otlet (1868–1944), author, entrepreneur, lawyer and peace activist, founding father of documentation
 * Henri De Page (1894–1969), jurist, Professor in Law, generally seen as the most important Belgian lawyer ever
 * Marc Parmentier (b. 1956), scientist, laureate of the 1999 Francqui Prize
 * Etienne Pays (b. 1948), molecular biologist, laureate of the 1996 Francqui Prize and of the Carlos J. Finlay Prize for Microbiology
 * Robert Peston (b. 1960), British journalist, presenter, and author, ITV News Political Editor
 * Martine Piccart (b. 1953), medical oncologist, President of the EORTC
 * Marie Popelin (1846–1913), jurist and feminist
 * Ilya Prigogine (1917–2003), physicist and chemist, laureate of the 1955 Francqui Prize and of the 1977 Nobel Prize in Chemistry
 * Lodewijk De Raet (1870–1914), economist and politician
 * Eric Remacle (1960–2013), economist, laureate of the 2000 Francqui Prize
 * Jan Van Rijswijck (1853–1906), lawyer, liberal politician and journalist, mayor of Antwerp
 * David Ruelle (b. 1935), Belgian-French mathematical physicist
 * Pedro Sánchez (b. 1972), Spanish politician, Prime Minister
 * Jean Auguste Ulric Scheler (1819–1890), philologist
 * Paul-Henri Spaak (1899–1972), politician, statesman, Prime Minister, Secretary General of NATO, and one of the Founding fathers of the European Union
 * Isabelle Stengers (b. 1949), philosopher
 * Jean Stengers (1922–2002), historian
 * Jacques Tits (1930–2021), Belgian-French mathematician, laureate of the 1993 Wolf Prize and of the 2008 Abel Prize
 * Michel Vanden Abeele, diplomat, Director-General of the European Commission
 * Raoul Vaneigem (b. 1934), writer and Situationist theorist
 * Emile Vandervelde (1866–1938), statesman, socialist leader, Minister of Justice, and Minister of Foreign Affairs
 * Adamantios Vassilakis (1942–2021), Greek ambassador to the United Nations
 * August Vermeylen (1872–1945), writer and literature critic


 * Éliane Vogel-Polsky (1926–2015), lawyer and feminist
 * Raoul Warocqué (1870–1917), industrialist
 * Charles Woeste (1837–1922), lawyer and politician
 * Odette De Wynter (1927–1998), first woman to be a notary in Belgium

Nobel Prize Winners
For pre-1970 notable faculty and alumni, see Free University of Brussels:
 * Ilya Prigogine (1917–2003): Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1977
 * François Englert (b. 1932): Nobel Prize in Physics in 2013
 * Denis Mukwege (b. 1955): Nobel Prize for Peace in 2018