User:Kanessa192/New sandbox

Lamprey: Kanessa192, IreneIIS, TBDoten
Anatomy

https://physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1113/jphysiol.1956.sp005461

Lamprey dissection guides from universities:

https://www.mayfieldschools.org/Downloads/Lamprey%20Dissection.pdf

http://eebweb.arizona.edu/courses/ecol482_582/lamprey_all1.pdf

Group discussion: Lamprey
Topics - Anatomical information in this article is lacking. We could include information about synapomorphies (Tori) and lamprey internal organs (Irene), and anatomy in terms of evolutionary adaptations (Anessa).

Articles - Several of the links about other species of lampreys are red (the article doesn't exist). There are also citations still needed in several places.

Images/other media - Diagrams and images of lamprey internal anatomy might be useful.

Literature
Info on behavioral adaptations

Pheromones/chemical cues/olfactory receptors here

MicroRNA

Lamprey development and vertebrate jaw evolution here

Edited Talk page - added to Tori's section: Something I’m considering adding to this article is a discussion about the anatomy of the lamprey in terms of physiological adaptations (included sources)

Bibliography for top two adaptation articles
1.) Shimeld, Sebastian & Donoghue, Phillip. Evolutionary crossroads in developmental biology: Cyclostomes (lamprey and hagfish). Development 139, 2091-2099 (2012). doi:10.1242/dev.074716

2.) Osório, Joana & Rétaux, Sylvie. The lamprey in evolutionary studies.  Dev Genes Evol (2008). DOI 10.1007/s00427-008-0208-1

Proposed contribution:
Existing content: Under Biology, there is a discussion of the teeth/mouth of the lamprey, the cartilaginous skeleton, and the fact that hagfish are the sister taxon of lampreys.

Proposed content: A physiology section that relates some of the internal anatomy to its evolutionary function and how it has diverged from related organisms.

Possible focal points:
Article 1: Similarities and differences between lampreys and hagfish - i.e. skeletal system, unpaired fins, different types of cartilage.

Article 2: How the nervous system of lampreys develops and how it compares to gnathostome nervous systems. Homology exists between lampreys and jawed vertebrates.

To investigate further: How non-carnivorous lampreys scrape algae from rocks and how the lamprey immune system develops.

The image on the right might be relevant to a discussion of lamprey cartilage. Kanessa192 (talk) 04:56, 19 March 2021 (UTC)

Week 6 - Section Draft
Note – proposed media contribution is the skeleton photo above; could easily be referenced in the discussion of lamprey cartilage. I decided that comparing the development of the lamprey NS to the gnathostome NS was likely too specific/in-depth for this page, and as I continued my research, it seemed more relevant to focus on camouflage and the lamprey’s climbing ability instead. I’d still like to add some information about how the lamprey compares to the hagfish, but that might be more appropriate to add to an existing section later on.

Section Draft: Lamprey Adaptations and Functions
Different species of lamprey have many shared physical characteristics, however, the same anatomical structure can serve different functions in the lamprey depending on whether it is carnivorous. For example, non-carnivorous species use their teeth to scrape algae from rocks for food, rather than drilling into the flesh of hosts. The mouth and suction capabilities of the lamprey not only allow it to cling to a fish as a parasite, but provide it with limited climbing ability so that it can travel upstream and up ramps or rocks to breed. This ability has been studied in an attempt to better understand how lampreys battle the current and move forward despite only being able to hold onto the rock at a single point. Some scientists are also hoping to design ramps that will optimize the lamprey’s climbing ability, as lampreys are valued as food in the Northwest and need to be able to get upstream to reproduce.

Another important lamprey adaptation is its camouflage. Similarly to many other aquatic species, most lampreys have a dark-colored back, which enables them to blend in with the ground below when seen from above by a predator. Their light-colored undersides enable them to blend in with the bright air and water above them if a predator sees them from below. Some species can be distinguished by their unique markings – for example, Geotria australis Gray displays two bluish stripes running the length of its body as an adult. These markings can also sometimes be used to determine what stage of the life cycle the lamprey is in; G. australis Gray individuals lose these stripes when they approach the reproductive phase and begin to travel upstream. Another example is Petromyzon marinus, which shifts to more of an orange color as it reaches the reproductive stage in its life cycle.

Kanessa192 (talk) 05:05, 27 March 2021 (UTC)

Week 11 - Section Draft 2: Lamprey Adaptations and Functions
Different species of lamprey have many shared physical characteristics. However, the same anatomical structure can serve different functions in the lamprey depending on whether or not it is carnivorous. For example, non-carnivorous species use their teeth to scrape algae from rocks for food, rather than drilling into the flesh of hosts. The mouth and suction capabilities of the lamprey not only allow it to cling to a fish as a parasite, but provide it with limited climbing ability so that it can travel upstream and up ramps or rocks to breed. This ability has been studied in an attempt to better understand how lampreys battle the current and move forward despite only being able to hold onto the rock at a single point. Some scientists are also hoping to design ramps that will optimize the lamprey’s climbing ability, as lampreys are valued as food in the Northwest and need to be able to get upstream to reproduce. Another important lamprey adaptation is its camouflage. Similarly to many other aquatic species, most lampreys have a dark-colored back, which enables them to blend in with the ground below when seen from above by a predator. Their light-colored undersides allow them to blend in with the bright air and water above them if a predator sees them from below.

Lamprey coloration can also vary according to the region and specific environment in which the species is found. Some species can be distinguished by their unique markings – for example, Geotria australis individuals display two bluish stripes running the length of its body as an adult. These markings can also sometimes be used to determine what stage of the life cycle the lamprey is in; G. australis individuals lose these stripes when they approach the reproductive phase and begin to travel upstream. Another example is Petromyzon marinus, which shifts to more of an orange color as it reaches the reproductive stage in its life cycle.

Week 12: Integrating Image
Original text:

The unique morphological characteristics of lampreys, such as their cartilaginous skeleton, suggest they are the sister taxon (see cladistics) of all living jawed vertebrates (gnathostomes), and are usually considered the most basal group of the Vertebrata. Instead of true vertebrae, they have a series of cartilaginous structures called arcualia arranged above the notochord. Hagfish, which resemble lampreys, have traditionally been considered the sister taxon of the true vertebrates (lampreys and gnathostomes) but DNA evidence suggests that they are in fact the sister taxon of lampreys.

Edited text with image: The unique morphological characteristics of lampreys, such as their cartilaginous skeleton shown on the right, suggest they are the sister taxon (see cladistics) of all living jawed vertebrates (gnathostomes). They are usually considered the most basal group of the Vertebrata. Instead of true vertebrae, they have a series of cartilaginous structures called arcualia arranged above the notochord. Hagfish, which resemble lampreys, have traditionally been considered the sister taxon of the true vertebrates (lampreys and gnathostomes) but DNA evidence suggests that they are in fact the sister taxon of lampreys.

Kanessa192 (talk) 22:02, 30 April 2021 (UTC)

Week 13: Moving Work
I moved the skeleton image and corresponding edits over first, then came back to try to decide how to integrate the Adaptations section. I'm also removing the lamprey mouth cross-section image because Irene is using the same image to illustrate general anatomy.

Morphology (Original)
The unique morphological characteristics of lampreys, such as their cartilaginous skeleton shown to the right, suggest they are the sister taxon (see cladistics) of all living jawed vertebrates (gnathostomes). They are usually considered the most basal group of the Vertebrata. Instead of true vertebrae, they have a series of cartilaginous structures called arcualia arranged above the notochord. Hagfish, which resemble lampreys, have traditionally been considered the sister taxon of the true vertebrates (lampreys and gnathostomes) but DNA evidence suggests that they are in fact the sister taxon of lampreys.

Studies have shown that lampreys are amongst the most energy-efficient swimmers. Their swimming movements generate low-pressure zones around the body, which pull rather than push their bodies through the water.

The last common ancestor of lampreys appears to have been specialized to feed on the blood and body fluids of other fish after metamorphosis. They attach their mouthparts to the target animal's body, then use three horny plates (laminae) on the tip of their piston-like tongue, one transversely and two longitudinally placed, to scrape through surface tissues until they reach body fluids. The teeth on their oral disc are primarily used to help the animal attach itself to its prey. Made of keratin and other proteins, lamprey teeth have a hollow core to give room for replacement teeth growing under the old ones. Some of the original blood-feeding forms have evolved into species that feed on both blood and flesh, and some who have become specialized to eat flesh and may even invade the internal organs of the host. Tissue feeders can also involve the teeth on the oral disc in the excision of tissue. As a result, the flesh-feeders have smaller buccal glands as they do not require to produce anticoagulant continuously and mechanisms for preventing solid material entering the branchial pouches, which could otherwise potentially clog the gills. A study of the stomach content of some lampreys has shown the remains of intestines, fins and vertebrae from their prey. Although attacks on humans do occur, they will generally not attack humans unless starved.

Carnivorous forms have given rise to the non-carnivorous species, and "giant" individuals amongst the otherwise small American brook lamprey have occasionally been observed, leading to the hypothesis that sometimes individual members of non-carnivorous forms return to the carnivorous lifestyle of their ancestors.

Research on sea lampreys has revealed that sexually mature males use a specialized heat-producing tissue in the form of a ridge of fat cells near the anterior dorsal fin to stimulate females. After having attracted a female with pheromones, the heat detected by the female through body contact will encourage spawning.

Due to certain peculiarities in their adaptive immune system, the study of lampreys provides valuable insight into the evolution of vertebrate adaptive immunity. Generated from a somatic recombination of leucine-rich repeat gene segments, lamprey leukocytes express surface variable lymphocyte receptors (VLRs). This convergently evolved characteristic allows them to have lymphocytes that work as the T cells and B cells present in higher vertebrates immune system.

Northern lampreys (Petromyzontidae) have the highest number of chromosomes (164–174) among vertebrates.

Pouched lamprey (Geotria australis) larvae also have a very high tolerance for free iron in their bodies, and have well-developed biochemical systems for detoxification of the large quantities of these metal ions.

Lampreys are the only extant vertebrate to have four eyes. Most lampreys have two additional parietal eyes: a pineal and parapineal one (the exception is members of Mordacia).

Morphology (Edited):
The unique morphological characteristics of lampreys, such as their cartilaginous skeleton shown to the right, suggest they are the sister taxon (see cladistics) of all living jawed vertebrates (gnathostomes). They are usually considered the most basal group of the Vertebrata. Instead of true vertebrae, they have a series of cartilaginous structures called arcualia arranged above the notochord. Hagfish, which resemble lampreys, have traditionally been considered the sister taxon of the true vertebrates (lampreys and gnathostomes) but DNA evidence suggests that they are in fact the sister taxon of lampreys.

Studies have shown that lampreys are amongst the most energy-efficient swimmers. Their swimming movements generate low-pressure zones around the body, which pull rather than push their bodies through the water.

Research on sea lampreys has revealed that sexually mature males use a specialized heat-producing tissue in the form of a ridge of fat cells near the anterior dorsal fin to stimulate females. After having attracted a female with pheromones, the heat detected by the female through body contact will encourage spawning.

Due to certain peculiarities in their adaptive immune system, the study of lampreys provides valuable insight into the evolution of vertebrate adaptive immunity. Generated from a somatic recombination of leucine-rich repeat gene segments, lamprey leukocytes express surface variable lymphocyte receptors (VLRs). This convergently evolved characteristic allows them to have lymphocytes that work as the T cells and B cells present in higher vertebrates immune system.

Northern lampreys (Petromyzontidae) have the highest number of chromosomes (164–174) among vertebrates.

Pouched lamprey (Geotria australis) larvae also have a very high tolerance for free iron in their bodies, and have well-developed biochemical systems for detoxification of the large quantities of these metal ions.

Lampreys are the only extant vertebrate to have four eyes. Most lampreys have two additional parietal eyes: a pineal and parapineal one (the exception is members of Mordacia).

Adaptations
Different species of lamprey have many shared physical characteristics. However, the same anatomical structure can serve different functions in the lamprey depending on whether or not it is carnivorous. For example, non-carnivorous species use their teeth to scrape algae from rocks for food, rather than drilling into the flesh of hosts. The mouth and suction capabilities of the lamprey not only allow it to cling to a fish as a parasite, but provide it with limited climbing ability so that it can travel upstream and up ramps or rocks to breed. This ability has been studied in an attempt to better understand how lampreys battle the current and move forward despite only being able to hold onto the rock at a single point. Some scientists are also hoping to design ramps that will optimize the lamprey’s climbing ability, as lampreys are valued as food in the Northwest and need to be able to get upstream to reproduce.

The last common ancestor of lampreys appears to have been specialized to feed on the blood and body fluids of other fish after metamorphosis. They attach their mouthparts to the target animal's body, then use three horny plates (laminae) on the tip of their piston-like tongue, one transversely and two longitudinally placed, to scrape through surface tissues until they reach body fluids. The teeth on their oral disc are primarily used to help the animal attach itself to its prey. Made of keratin and other proteins, lamprey teeth have a hollow core to give room for replacement teeth growing under the old ones. Some of the original blood-feeding forms have evolved into species that feed on both blood and flesh, and some who have become specialized to eat flesh and may even invade the internal organs of the host. Tissue feeders can also involve the teeth on the oral disc in the excision of tissue. As a result, the flesh-feeders have smaller buccal glands as they do not require to produce anticoagulant continuously and mechanisms for preventing solid material entering the branchial pouches, which could otherwise potentially clog the gills. A study of the stomach content of some lampreys has shown the remains of intestines, fins and vertebrae from their prey. Although attacks on humans do occur, they will generally not attack humans unless starved.

Carnivorous forms have given rise to the non-carnivorous species that feed on algae, and "giant" individuals amongst the otherwise small American brook lamprey have occasionally been observed, leading to the hypothesis that sometimes individual members of non-carnivorous forms return to the carnivorous lifestyle of their ancestors.

Another important lamprey adaptation is its camouflage. Similarly to many other aquatic species, most lampreys have a dark-colored back, which enables them to blend in with the ground below when seen from above by a predator. Their light-colored undersides allow them to blend in with the bright air and water above them if a predator sees them from below.

Lamprey coloration can also vary according to the region and specific environment in which the species is found. Some species can be distinguished by their unique markings – for example, Geotria australis individuals display two bluish stripes running the length of its body as an adult. These markings can also sometimes be used to determine what stage of the life cycle the lamprey is in; G. australis individuals lose these stripes when they approach the reproductive phase and begin to travel upstream. Another example is Petromyzon marinus, which shifts to more of an orange color as it reaches the reproductive stage in its life cycle.

[Life Cycle is the next section.]

Kanessa192 (talk) 16:12, 11 May 2021 (UTC)

The origin and development of vertebrate systems over time.
Diogo, R., & Ziermann, J. M. (2015). Development, metamorphosis, morphology, and diversity: The evolution of chordate muscles and the origin of vertebrates.

Developmental Dynamics, 244(9), 1046-1057. doi:10.1002/dvdy.24245

Development of mesodermal compartments in lampreys
Kusakabe, R., & Kuratani, S. (2007). Evolutionary perspectives from development of mesodermal components in the lamprey. Developmental Dynamics, 236(9), 2410-

2420. doi:10.1002/dvdy.21177

Examining the origin of the neural crest and other vertebrate characteristics.
Green, S. A., & Bronner, M. E. (2014). The lamprey: A jawless vertebrate model system for examining origin of the neural crest and other vertebrate traits.

Differentiation, 87(1-2), 44-51. doi:10.1016/j.diff.2014.02.001

Week 6: Lamprey Synapomorphies Draft (Tori)
Synapomorphies are certain characteristics that arise in Chordate organisms in the process of their development. There are five chordate synapomorphies; notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal gills or slits, post anal tail, and an endostyle/thyroid gland. Similarities between adult amphioxus and lamprey larvae include a pharynx with pharyngeal slits, a notochord, a dorsal hollow nerve cord and a series of somites that extend anterior to the otic vesicle. (pg 1050, Diogo, 2015)  The notochord is found medial to the mesoderm during early development. The notochord is an adaption that was made for both swimming and feeding. (pg 1047, Diogo, 2015)

Week 9 Draft edits
It seems that most of my mistakes were made in citing the information I included in my draft. I will have to go back and correct these mistakes by taking a look at the Wikipedia guidelines again. Going along with this, other students suggested I add links to my draft which I can definitely do for next time. There are still some gaps in my draft that I need to fill such as the similarities between adults and larvae. This feedback was very helpful and I will improve my draft for next time.

Lamprey and Chordate Synapomorphies
Synapomorphies are certain characteristics that arise in Chordate organisms in the process of their development. Lampreys contain all synapomorphies of chordates. There are five chordate synapomorphies; notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal gills or slits, post anal tail, and an endostyle /thyroid gland. Lamprey anatomy is very different based on what stage of development they are in. (pg 3, Green, 2014) Similarities between adult amphioxus and lamprey larvae include a pharynx with pharyngeal slits, a notochord, a dorsal hollow nerve cord and a series of somites that extend anterior to the otic vesicle. (pg 1050, Diogo, 2015) The notochord is found medial to the mesoderm during early development. The notochord is an adaption that was made for both swimming and feeding. (pg 1047, Diogo, 2015)

Lamprey and Chordate Synapomorphies
Synapomorphies are certain characteristics that are shared over evolutionary history. Organisms possessing a notochord, dorsal nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, endostyle/pituitary gland, and a post anal tail during the process of their development are considered to be Chordates. Lampreys contain these characteristics that define them as chordates. Lamprey anatomy is very different based on what stage of development they are in. The notochord is derived from the mesoderm and is one of the defining characteristics of a chordate. The notochord provides signaling and mechanical cues to help the organism when swimming. The dorsal nerve cord is another characteristic of lampreys that defines them as chordates. During development this part of the ectoderm rolls creating a hollow tube. This is often why it is referred to as the dorsal "hollow" nerve cord. The third Chordate feature, which are the pharyngeal slits, are openings found between the pharynx or throat. Pharyngeal slits are filter feeding organs that help the movement of water through the mouth and out of these slits when feeding. During the lamprey's larval stage they rely on filter feeding as a mechanism for obtaining their food. Once lampreys reach their adult phase they become parasitic on other fish, and these gill slits become very important in aiding in the respiration of the organism. The final Chordate synapomorphy is the post anal tail which is a muscular tail that extends behind the anus.

Often times adult amphioxus and lamprey larvae are compared by anatomists due to their similarities. Similarities between adult amphioxus and lamprey larvae include a pharynx with pharyngeal slits, a notochord, a dorsal hollow nerve cord and a series of somites that extend anterior to the otic vesicle. Lampreys are situated at the lowest level of vertebrate evolution. Due to this nature, they make for great model organisms when comparing vertebrates and their evolutionary history.

Lamprey: a model for vertebrate evolutionary research
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5071338/


 * Gill cage
 * Heart
 * Brain

Xu Y, Zhu SW, Li QW. Lamprey: a model for vertebrate evolutionary research. Zool Res. 2016;37(5):263-269. doi:10.13918/j.issn.2095-8137.2016.5.263

Osmoregulatory role of the intestine in the sea lamprey ( Petromyzon marinus)
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31747320/

Barany A, Shaughnessy CA, Fuentes J, Mancera JM, McCormick SD. Osmoregulatory role of the intestine in the sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus). Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2020 Feb 1;318(2):R410-R417. doi: 10.1152/ajpregu.00033.2019. Epub 2019 Nov 20. PMID: 31747320.

Chemical cues and pheromones in the sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus)
https://frontiersinzoology.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12983-015-0126-9


 * Olfactory
 * Reproduction

Buchinger, T.J., Siefkes, M.J., Zielinski, B.S. et al. Chemical cues and pheromones in the sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus). Front Zool 12, 32 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12983-015-0126-9

A Median Third Eye: Pineal Gland Retraces Evolution of Vertebrate Photoreceptive Organs
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1562/2006-02-24-IR-813

Mano, H. and Fukada, Y. (2007), A Median Third Eye: Pineal Gland Retraces Evolution of Vertebrate Photoreceptive Organs†. Photochemistry and Photobiology, 83: 11-18. https://doi.org/10.1562/2006-02-24-IR-813

Edit to talk page: I plan on discussing some of the organs of the lamprey by describing their function. Some of the organs I plan to focus on are the heart, brain, intestines, and the pineal eye. Some of the resources I will be utilizing are as follows:

Lamprey: a model for vertebrate evolutionary research

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5071338/

Xu Y, Zhu SW, Li QW. Lamprey: a model for vertebrate evolutionary research. Zool Res. 2016;37(5):263-269. doi:10.13918/j.issn.2095-8137.2016.5.263

Osmoregulatory role of the intestine in the sea lamprey ( Petromyzon marinus)

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31747320/

Barany A, Shaughnessy CA, Fuentes J, Mancera JM, McCormick SD. Osmoregulatory role of the intestine in the sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus). Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2020 Feb 1;318(2):R410-R417. doi: 10.1152/ajpregu.00033.2019. Epub 2019 Nov 20. PMID: 31747320.

A Median Third Eye: Pineal Gland Retraces Evolution of Vertebrate Photoreceptive Organs

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1562/2006-02-24-IR-813

Mano, H. and Fukada, Y. (2007), A Median Third Eye: Pineal Gland Retraces Evolution of Vertebrate Photoreceptive Organs†. Photochemistry and Photobiology, 83: 11-18. https://doi.org/10.1562/2006-02-24-IR-813

Draft 1 for Lamprey article
The internal anatomy of the lamprey contains various components. Some of these organs include a heart, brain, intestines, etc.

One of the key physical components to the lamprey are the intestines. The intestines are located ventral to the notochord. Intestines aid in osmoregulation and are also responsible for digestion. Intestines aid in osmoregulation by intaking water from its environment and desalinating the water they intake to an iso-osmotic state with respect to blood.

The buccal cavity, anterior to the gonads, are responsible to attaching, through suction, to either a stone or their prey. This then allows the tongue to be able to have contact with the stone to rasp algae or tear at the flesh or their prey to be able to drink their blood.

The heart of the lamprey is anterior to the intestines. It contains the sinus, one atrium, and one ventricle protected by the pericardial cartilages. Another organ the lamprey possesses is a brain. Their brain is divided into a forebrain, diencephalon, midbrain, cerebellum, and medulla.

The pineal gland of the lamprey is located in the midline of its body. For lampreys, the pineal eye is accompanied by the parapineal organ. The pineal gland is a photosensitive organ regulating melatonin production. This is done by capturing light signals through the photoreceptors cells converting them into intercellular signals.

Week 11: second draft
The internal anatomy of the lamprey contains various components. Some of these organs include a heart, brain, and intestines.

One of the key physical components to the lamprey are the intestines, which are located ventral to the notochord. Intestines aid in osmoregulation by intaking water from its environment and desalinating the water they intake to an iso-osmotic state with respect to blood, and are also responsible for digestion. The buccal cavity, anterior to the gonads, are responsible to attaching, through suction, to either a stone or their prey. This then allows the tongue to be able to have contact with the stone to rasp algae or tear at the flesh of their prey to be able to drink their blood.

The heart of the lamprey is anterior to the intestines. It contains the sinus, one atrium, and one ventricle protected by the pericardial cartilages.

The brain is divided into a forebrain, diencephalon, midbrain, cerebellum, and medulla.

The pineal gland, a photosensitive organ regulating melatonin production by capturing light signals through the photoreceptor cell converting them into intercellular signals, of the lamprey is located in the midline of its body. For lampreys, the pineal eye is accompanied by the parapineal organ.

Week 12
Made edits to the lamprey article. Created subsections to the Biology section of the Lamprey article in preparation for our drafts to be added to the article.

Feedback: Discussion and Adding to an Article

 * I love how much depth there is in the group sandbox. I am very impressed with the potential for edits here.
 * You have live links going and that is great.
 * Next, I want to see you using the citation (in text and references section) in your draft
 * I also would like to see some delineation of the group work divided into who is doing what. I can get some of this when I go to your individual sandboxes to see your personal drafts...but not if these do not exist.

BIG REMINDER: Please make sure to draft YOUR parts in your sandbox first and THEN copy them to the group sandbox. This step is absolutely critical as it ensures that your specific work is identifiable and prevents loss due to multi-editor activity. Additionally, when you are trying out formatting elements, it prevents you from altering the whole page as you try things out. I am requiring you to do this. If you have a philosophical issue with it, please talk to me, but do not disregard it.


 * Check out this page from another group for an example or organization that details who is making what contribution: Osquaesitor (talk) 16:02, 23 March 2021 (UTC)