Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries/October 25

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 * 1147 – Reconquista: Forces under Afonso I of Portugal (pictured) captured Lisbon from the Moors after a four-month siege in one of the few Christian victories during the Second Crusade.
 * 1616 – Dutch explorer Dirk Hartog left a plate on an island in Shark Bay, the oldest-known artifact of European exploration in Australia still in existence.
 * 1854 – Crimean War: Lord Cardigan led his cavalry on a disastrous assault in the Battle of Balaclava.
 * 1864 – American Civil War: During Price's Missouri Expedition, Union troops defeated Sterling Price's Confederate army in three successive battles: Marais des Cygnes, Mine Creek, and Marmiton River.
 * 1924 – The Daily Mail published the Zinoviev letter, a hoax purported to be a directive from Moscow to increase communist agitation, pushing the Conservative Party to a landslide victory in the UK general election four days later.
 * 1932 – George Lansbury (pictured) became the leader of the opposition British Labour Party.
 * 1944 – Heinrich Himmler ordered a crackdown on the Edelweiss Pirates, a nonconformist youth group that assisted army deserters and others hiding from the Nazis.
 * 1944 – USS Tang (SS-306), the U.S. Navy submarine credited with sinking more ships than any other American submarine, sank when it was struck by its own torpedo.
 * 1950 – The People's Volunteer Army ambushed the South Korean II Corps at the Battle of Onjong, and elsewhere engaged the 1st Infantry Division at the Battle of Unsan, marking China's entry into the Korean War.
 * 2001 – Windows XP, one of the most popular and widely used versions of the Microsoft Windows operating system, was released for retail sale.
 * 2010 – Mount Merapi in Central Java, Indonesia, began an increasingly violent series of eruptions that lasted over a month.
 * 2022 – At 49 days, Liz Truss concludes the shortest tenure as prime minister of the United Kingdom.
 * Born/died: | Catherine of Bosnia |d|1478| Thomas Babington Macaulay |b|1800| Richard Parkes Bonington |b|1802| Évariste Galois |b|1811 | Grace Banker |b|1892| Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti |b|1900| Mark C. Rogers |b|1942|  Bernard Hogan-Howe |b|1957| Antonin Raymond|d|1976 |Katy Perry |b|1984| Kara Hultgreen |d|1994