Zakouma National Park

Zakouma National Park (حديقة زاكوما الوطنية) is a 1158 sqmi national park in southeastern Chad, straddling the border of Guéra Region and Salamat Region. Zakouma is the nation's oldest national park, declared a national park in 1963 by presidential decree, giving it the highest form of protection available under the nation's laws. It has been managed by the nonprofit conservation organization African Parks since 2010 in partnership with Chad's government.

History
Zakouma is Chad's oldest national park, established by the nation's government in 1963. Its wildlife have been threatened by the ivory trade and poaching, including by Janjaweed members. In 2007, militia forces attacked the park's headquarters for its stockpile of 1.5 tons of ivory, and killed three rangers.

The Chadian government began working with African Parks in 2010 to help manage and protect the park and its wildlife,  especially elephants. The park's anti-poaching strategy includes equipping approximately 60 rangers with GPS tracking units and radios to improve communications, mobility, and safety, as well as improving mobility through the use of horses and other vehicles. The European Union pledged €6.9m in 2011 to help protect the park for five years.

Elephant protection efforts expanded outside the park's boundaries in 2012, and an airstrip was constructed in Heban to make monitoring of the migrating animals easier. In August, Heban rangers destroyed a camp belonging to members of the Sudanese army after four elephants were killed. Three weeks later, the poachers attacked the Zakouma outpost at Heban and shot and killed multiple guards. Following the attack, additional bases were built, a second aircraft was purchased, and a rapid response team called the "Mambas" (after the snake of the same name) was formed to enhance security. 23 guards were killed protecting Zakouma since 1998, including seven in 2007, four between 2008 and 2010, and six in 2012.

Chadians celebrated the park's fiftieth anniversary in February 2014. Zakouma held a ceremony to commemorate the occasion, which was attended by President Idriss Déby and included a ceremonial destruction of ivory by burning a pyre with a ton elephant tusks to discourage poaching.

African Parks and the Labuschagnes, who served as the park's managers from 2011 to 2017, have been credited with reducing poaching and increasing Zakouma's elephant population. African Parks took over management of ecologically valuable lands surrounding Zakouma, including the Siniaka-Minia Faunal Reserve and Bahr Salamat Faunal Reserve, in 2017.

Flora and fauna
Zakouma National Park is part of the Sudano-Sahelian vegetation zone, and has shrubland, high grasses and Acacia forests. Plants recorded in the park include Combretaceae and Vachellia seyal.

A variety of large mammals have been recorded in Zakouma, such as Cape buffalo, African elephant, Kordofan giraffe, hartebeest, African leopard, and lion. It is estimated that 60% of the 2,300 Kordofan giraffe remaining on Earth are living in Zakouma National Park.

During a study of the park's terrestrial small mammals, nine rodent and two shrew species were recorded. Rodents included the African grass rat, Congo gerbil, Guinea multimammate mouse, Heuglin's striped grass mouse, Johan's spiny mouse, Kemp's gerbil, Matthey's mouse, striped ground squirrel (Xerus erythropus), and Verheyen's multimammate mouse. The shrew species reported in the study were the savanna shrew and another belonging to the genus Suncus.

Birds include ostriches, cranes, eagles, egrets, herons, ibis, pelicans, and storks.

Elephants
The park's elephant population experienced significant declines during the 2000s, although reported size estimates have varied from more than 4,000 elephants in 2002, to fewer than 900 in 2005, and approximately 400–450 by 2010. There were an estimated 4,300–4,350 elephants in Zakouma in 2002. There were 3,885 and 3,020 elephants in the park in 2005 and 2006, respectively. There were approximately 450 elephants in the park between late 2012 and April 2015.

Following the nonprofit conservation organization African Parks' assumption of management in 2010, and its extensive law enforcement and community engagement efforts, poaching dramatically declined and the herd has since stabilized, and has started to breed again. The park had 636 elephants as of 2021.

More than 100 elephants were killed in 2006. Seven elephants were reportedly killed in 2007, marking a massive decrease compared to previous years due to improved efforts to protect Zakouma National Park's wildlife. Sixty elephants were reportedly killed by Sudanese poachers in early 2010, prior to African Parks' involvement. In 2015, CNN reported that there were no elephants poached in the park since late 2011, and no ivory removed from Zakouma in the previous five years. There were very few, if any, known elephant births between 2010 and 2012 due to environmental stresses, but 23 calves were born in 2013, approximately 50 calves were born in 2014-15, and 70 were born in 2016. There were reportedly no elephant poaching incidents since 2016. In April 2023, however, five elephants were killed and their tusks removed in southern Chad, outside the park's protection.

Black rhinoceros
The park's last black rhinoceros were seen in 1972. During 2015–2016, African Parks initiated plans to reintroduce black rhinos to the park. Following the signature of a memorandum of understanding between the governments of Chad and South Africa in 2017, six black rhinos were provided by the latter nation's Department of Environmental Affairs to Zakouma under a custodianship agreement. Two of the rhinos died in October. Another two were found dead in the following month, leaving only two rhinos left, both of which are females; the two remaining individuals are being closely monitored. In 6 December, 2023, five more black rhinos have arrived in Zakouma National Park, five years after the four black rhinos died. Originally, six black rhinos were set to be moved, but one of the bulls had a history of depression, and as such, was eventually excluded.

Tourism
In 2016, more than 5,000 locals stayed at the park's camps. Tinga Lodge, constructed by the government, opened in 1968 and houses up to 48 people. Camp Nomade, a mobile safari camp, had its first guest on 13 January 2015.