2016 United States Senate election in Alabama

The 2016 United States Senate election in Alabama was held on November 8, 2016, to elect a member of the United States Senate to represent the State of Alabama, concurrently with the 2016 U.S. presidential election, as well as other elections to the United States Senate in other states and elections to the United States House of Representatives and various state and local elections.

Incumbent Republican Senator Richard Shelby won re-election to a sixth term in office. The primaries were held on March 1. Ron Crumpton, a marijuana legalization activist, was the Democratic nominee. Shelby won re-election with 63.96% of the vote. Despite an overwhelming victory statewide, this marked Shelby's first and only race as either a Republican or Democrat in which he failed to carry Jefferson County, home of Birmingham, the state's largest city. In Jefferson, Crumpton took 51.99% (156,574 votes) to Shelby's 47.86% (144,136 votes); this shift was due in part to increased Democratic support in core urban areas across the nation.

Background
Shelby was first elected to the Senate in 1986 as a Democrat and was easily re-elected in 1992 as such. He switched his party affiliation to Republican on November 9, 1994, one day after the Republicans won control of both houses in the midterm elections. He won his first full term as a Republican in 1998 by a large margin and faced no significant opposition in 2004 or 2010.

Republican primary
Following the divisive Republican primary in Mississippi ahead of the 2014 election in which Senator Thad Cochran was almost defeated, it had been speculated that Shelby could also face a Tea Party primary challenger, due to his lengthy tenure and support for federal largesse. However, that did not happen, in part due to his large campaign war chest, which stood at $19.4 million as of September 2015. If Shelby had decided to retire, numerous high-profile Alabama Republicans were speculated to run, including U.S. Representatives Robert Aderholt, Mo Brooks, Bradley Byrne, Gary Palmer, Martha Roby, and Mike Rogers, State Treasurer Young Boozer, State Speaker Mike Hubbard, Lieutenant Governor Kay Ivey, State Senate President Pro Tempore Del Marsh, Secretary of State John Merrill, U.S. Appeals Court Judge William H. Pryor Jr., former governor Bob Riley, and Attorney General Luther Strange. Shelby announced in January 2015 that he would run for re-election.

Declared

 * Richard Shelby, incumbent U.S. Senator since 1987
 * Marcus Bowman, Uber driver
 * John Martin, pilot and candidate for AL-02 in 2008
 * Jonathan McConnell, businessman
 * Shadrack McGill, former state senator and candidate for Jackson County Revenue Commissioner in 2014

Primary results
[[File:2016 United States Senate Republican primary election in Alabama results map by county.svg|thumb|250px|Results by county {{legend|#e27f7f|Shelby}}

{{legend|#e27f7f|50–60%}}

{{legend|#d75d5d|60–70%}}

{{legend|#d72f30|70–80%}}

{{legend|#c21b18|80–90%}} ]]

Declared

 * Ron Crumpton, marijuana legalization activist and nominee for the State Senate in 2014
 * Charles Nana, process engineer

Failed to qualify

 * Reginald Hill, candidate for Huntsville School Board in 2012 and write-in candidate for AL-05 in 2014

Declined

 * Stephen Black, non-profit executive
 * Bobby Bright, former U.S. Representative
 * Parker Griffith, former U.S. Representative, and nominee for Governor of Alabama in 2014
 * Sue Bell Cobb, former chief justice of the Supreme Court of Alabama
 * Marsha Folsom, businesswoman, former First Lady of Alabama, and nominee for Alabama's 4th congressional district in 2000
 * Walt Maddox, Mayor of Tuscaloosa
 * Terri Sewell, U.S. Representative (running for re-election)

Candidates

 * Richard Shelby (R), incumbent senator
 * Ron Crumpton (D), marijuana legalization activist and nominee for the State Senate in 2014
 * Charles Nana (D) (write-in), process engineer (previously sought the Democratic nomination)

Polling
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%;" ! Poll source ! Date(s) administered ! Sample size ! Margin of error ! style="width:100px;"| Richard Shelby (R) ! style="width:100px;"| Ron Crumpton (D) ! Undecided
 * - valign= bottom
 * SurveyMonkey
 * align=center| November 1–7, 2016
 * align=center| 1,131
 * align=center| ± 4.6%
 * align=center| 57%
 * align=center| 38%
 * align=center| 5%
 * SurveyMonkey
 * align=center| October 31 – November 6, 2016
 * align=center| 971
 * align=center| ± 4.6%
 * align=center| 58%
 * align=center| 37%
 * align=center| 5%
 * SurveyMonkey
 * align=center| October 28 – November 3, 2016
 * align=center| 722
 * align=center| ± 4.6%
 * align=center| 57%
 * align=center| 38%
 * align=center| 5%
 * SurveyMonkey
 * align=center| October 27 – November 2, 2016
 * align=center| 621
 * align=center| ± 4.6%
 * align=center| 58%
 * align=center| 37%
 * align=center| 5%
 * SurveyMonkey
 * align=center| October 26 – November 1, 2016
 * align=center| 503
 * align=center| ± 4.6%
 * align=center| 56%
 * align=center| 40%
 * align=center| 4%
 * SurveyMonkey
 * align=center| October 25–31, 2016
 * align=center| 485
 * align=center| ± 4.6%
 * align=center| 60%
 * align=center| 36%
 * align=center| 4%
 * Google Consumer Surveys
 * align=center| October 18–20, 2016
 * align=center| 474
 * align=center| ± 4.2%
 * align=center| 71%
 * align=center| 26%
 * align=center| 3%
 * Google Consumer Surveys
 * align=center| October 18–20, 2016
 * align=center| 474
 * align=center| ± 4.2%
 * align=center| 71%
 * align=center| 26%
 * align=center| 3%

Counties that flipped from Republican to Democratic

 * Jefferson (largest municipality: Birmingham)