Balearic Catalan

Balearic (balear) is the collective name for the dialects of Catalan spoken in the Balearic Islands: mallorquí in Mallorca, eivissenc in Ibiza and menorquí in Menorca.

At the 2011 census, 861,232 respondents in the Balearic Islands claimed to be able to understand either Balearic or mainland Catalan, compared to 111,912 respondents who could not; proportions were similar on each of the islands.

Dialects
The dialects spoken in the Balearic Islands are mallorquí, spoken on Mallorca, menorquí on Menorca and eivissenc on Ibiza and Formentera.

Features
Distinctive features of Catalan in the Balearic Islands differ according to the specific variant being spoken (Mallorcan, Menorcan, or Ibizan).

Phonetic features

 * Vowels
 * Most variants preserve a vocalic system of eight stressed vowels;, , , , , , , :
 * The Majorcan system has eight stressed vowels, reduced to four in unstressed position.
 * The Western Minorcan system has eight stressed vowels, reduced to three in unstressed position.
 * The Eastern Minorcan and partly the Ibizan system have seven stressed vowels reduced to three  in unstressed position (as in Central Catalan). There are differences between the dialect spoken in Ibiza Town (eivissenc de vila) and those of the rest of the island (eivissenc pagès) and Formentera (formenterer).
 * The vowel is central  in Ibizan (as most Catalan dialects), while it is front  in Majorcan and Minorcan. The variant  is found in Felanitx.
 * The so-called "open vowels" (vocals obertes), and, are generally as low as  in most Balearic subvarieties. The phonetic realizations of  approaches  (as in American English lad) and  is as open as  (as in traditional RP dog) (feature shared with Valencian). In many Majorcan dialects  can be unrounded to.
 * In most of parts of Majorca, words with ante-penultimate stress ending in -ia lose the $⟨a⟩$ ; e.g. glòria ('glory') is pronounced as glòri.


 * Consonants

Notes:
 * In Majorcan and some Minorcan subvarieties and  become palatal,  and, before non-back vowels and word-finally; e.g. figuera  ('fig tree'), casa  ('house').
 * A phonemic distinction between and  is preserved, as in Algherese and standard Valencian.
 * As Central Catalan is velarized,, in all instances; e.g. tela  ('fabric').
 * The palatal lateral approximant is preserved as a distinct phoneme, with absence of yeísmo except for the most Castilianized speakers. However, most Majorcan speakers use  rather than  in words that in Latin had  + yod (--, --), --, or --; e.g. e.g. palla  'straw', from Latin palea. This is known as iodització. Note that this phenomenon is more restricted than yeísmo, as  is always used initially e.g. lluna  ('moon'), as well as intervocalically in words that had -- in Latin.
 * Depalatalization of syllable-final and  with compensatory diphthongization in Majorcan: troncs  ('logs'), anys  ('years').
 * Most Balearic variants preserve final stops in clusters; e.g., , , and : camp 'field' (feature shared with modern Valencian).
 * Assimilation of intervocalic clusters in some Majorcan and Minorcan subvarieties:
 * , etc.
 * Notice some of these assimilations may also occur in continental Catalan, such as : capmoix 'crestfallen'.
 * , etc.
 * Notice some of these assimilations may also occur in continental Catalan, such as : capmoix 'crestfallen'.
 * , etc.
 * Notice some of these assimilations may also occur in continental Catalan, such as : capmoix 'crestfallen'.
 * , etc.
 * Notice some of these assimilations may also occur in continental Catalan, such as : capmoix 'crestfallen'.


 * Balearic variants of Catalan have the strongest tendency not to pronounce historical final $⟨r⟩$ in any context; e.g. amor 'love', cor  'heart'.


 * Prosody
 * Except in Ibiza, in combinations of verb and weak pronoun (clitics), the accent moves to the final element; e.g. comprar-ne or  (Standard Central Catalan ).

Morphosyntactic features

 * Balearic preserves the salat definite article (derived from Latin ipse/ipsa instead of ille/illa), a feature shared only with Sardinian among extant Romance languages, but which was more common in other Catalan and Gascon areas in ancient times. However, the salat definite article is also preserved along the Costa Brava (Catalonia) and in the Valencian municipalities of Tàrbena and La Vall de Gallinera.
 * The personal article en/na, n' is used before personal names.
 * The first person singular present indicative has a zero exponent, i.e. no visible ending. For example, what in Central Catalan would be jo parlo ('I speak') is realized as jo parl.
 * In verbs of the first conjugation (in -ar), the first and second person plural forms end in -am and -au respectively. For example, cantam ('we sing'), cantau ('you pl. sing').
 * Also in verbs of the first conjugation, the imperfect subjunctive is formed with -a-, e.g. cantàs, cantassis. However, the Standard Catalan forms in $⟨e⟩$ are nowadays also common in many places.
 * In combinations of two unstressed pronouns preceding a verb, one direct with the form el, la, etc. and the other indirect with the form me, te, etc., the direct pronoun appears first. For example, la me dóna ('s/he gives it to me'), Standard Catalan me la dóna.

Lexical features

 * Balearic has a large quantity of characteristic vocabulary, especially archaisms preserved by the isolation of the islands and the variety of linguistic influences which surround them. The lexicon differs considerably depending on the subdialect. For example: al·lot for standard "noi" ('boy'), moix for "gat" ('cat'), besada for "petó" ('kiss'), ca for "gos" ('dog'), doblers for "diners" ('money'), horabaixa for "vesprada" ('evening') and rata-pinyada for "rat-penat" ('bat').
 * Minorcan has a few English loanwords dating back to the British occupation, such as grevi ('gravy'), xumaquer ('shoemaker'), boínder ('bow window'), xoc ('chalk') or ull blec ('black eye').

Political questions
Some in the Balearic Islands, such as the Partido Popular party member and former regional president José Ramón Bauzà, argue that the dialects of Balearic Islands are actually separate languages and not dialects of Catalan. During the election of 2011, Bauzà campaigned against having centralized or standardized standards of Catalan in public education.