China Investment Corporation

China Investment Corporation (CIC; ) is a sovereign wealth fund that manages part of China's foreign exchange reserves. China's largest sovereign fund, CIC was established in 2007 with about US$200 billion of assets under management, a number that grew to US$1,200 billion in 2021 and US$1,350 billion in 2023.

History
As of 2007, the People's Republic of China had US$1.4 trillion in currency reserves. That year, the China Investment Corporation was established with the intent of using these reserves for the benefit of the state by investing abroad in investments that are higher risk and higher reward than government bonds.

CIC's funding resulted from the state use of leverage and is therefore unlike most non-Chinese sovereign funds, which tend to be funded through state revenue from national resources like oil. CIC was capitalized as follows: (1) the Ministry of Finance issued bonds, (2) the Ministry of Finance used the proceeds of the bond issuance to buy foreign exchange reserves from the People's Bank of China, and (3) these reserves were used to fund CIC.

The state-owned Central Huijin Investment Corporation was merged into CIC as a wholly owned subsidiary, a process that was completed in 2008. To acquire Central Huijin from the State Administration of Foreign Exchange, CIC paid $67 billion of its initial $200 billion capital. Central Huijin manages more than two-thirds of CIC's assets.

In 2008, CIC joined the International Forum of Sovereign Wealth Funds and signed up to the Santiago Principles on best practice in managing sovereign wealth funds. CIC also sought to improve its credibility by assembling an international advisory council of important individuals from the West.

CIC's early foreign investment activities resulted in losses, as it significantly invested in the United States financial sector just before the 2007-2008 global financial crisis. As a result, it shifted its focus in 2009 to prioritize investments in natural resources. It also replaced its previous asset-class based divisions with new divisions organized based on strategic priorities: Public Market Investments, Tactical Investments, Private Market Investments, and Special Investments.

In 2009, the Ministry of Finance converted its ownership of $200 billion of CIC's debt into equity, a result which relieved CIC of interest payments on the special treasury bonds that had initially capitalized it and instead resulted in CIC paying an annual dividend to the Ministry of Finance.

In 2010, CIC established a new subsidiary, CIC International (Hong Kong) Co in Hong Kong and appointed Lawrence Lau as its chairman.

In 2011, CIC established its first foreign office in Toronto, Canada.

Chairman Ding Xuedong's tenure
In July 2013, the Communist Party appointed Ding Xuedong as CIC's chairman. Ding oversaw a restructuring of CIC and an increased focus on internal discipline. He required senior executives and over 400 CIC employees to submit self-criticisms in which they detailed their errors, apologized, and pledged not to repeat those errors.

Under Ding's tenure, an audit begun under predecessor Lou Jiwei was concluded. The audit found that CIC's early losses were primarily due to dereliction of duty by key personnel, inadequate due diligence, inadequate post-investment management, and a general lack of professionalism. Amid the nationwide anti-corruption campaign in 2015, CIC launched an internal investigation in which 495 personnel from CIC and its subsidiaries were disciplined.

CIC's investment strategy changed during Ding's tenure, with an increased focus on the agricultural sector, including industries such as irrigation and animal feed, which other institutional investors have tended to overlook. Other points of emphasis during Ding's time as CIC Chair included technology, real estate, and infrastructure investments.

In January 2015, CIC made its Special Investments Division into a separate, wholly-owned subsidiary called CIC Capital. This move was intended to support the Belt and Road Initiative including by conducting foreign direct investment and by supporting state-owned enterprises of China engaged in mergers and acquisitions in economic sectors prioritized by the state.

During Ding's tenure, CIC closed its Toronto office, moving its foreign office presence to New York.

The Communist Party viewed Ding's tenure at CIC as a success and in February 2017 promoted Ding to secretary general of the State Council.

Vice Chairman Tu Guangshao's tenure
CIC Vice Chairman and general manager Tu Guangshao led CIC for a two-year period following Ding's promotion to the State Council. CIC did not have a Chairman during this period.

Tu supervised CIC's continued process of aligning its investments with the priorities of the Belt and Road Initiative. Responding to Western countries' hostility to Chinese state-led investment, Tu established a strategy of CIC partnering with well-established Western institutions including Goldman Sachs to form cooperation funds that could better satisfy the requirements of foreign direct investment screening processes.

Chairman Peng Chun's tenure
In April 2019, Peng Chun was appointed CIC's Chairman.

Peng has continued former Vice Chairman Tu Guangshao's cooperation fund strategy. In 2020, CIC formed the France-China Cooperation Fund, the China-Italy Industrial Cooperation Fund, the UK-China Cooperation Fund, and the Japan-China Industrial Cooperation Fund.

Under Peng's leadership, CIC unwound its 2015 spinoff of CIC Capital as a separate subsidiary.

Notable individual investments
In May 2007, CIC bought a $3 billion stake (constituting 9.9% of nonvoting shares) in the Blackstone Group, shortly before Blackstone's public listing. CIC left the relationship in February 2018 via Beijing Wonderful Investments.

In September 2013, the fund acquired a 12.5% stake in Russian potash fertiliser company Uralkali for a rumoured $2 billion.

In March 2014, CIC acquired a $40 million stake in iKang Health Group. In October 2015, the CIC provided capital in a deal between Carnival Corporation and China State Shipbuilding Corporation

In October 2015, CSSC Carnival Cruise Shipping, a joint venture between the CIC, the China State Shipbuilding Corporation, and Carnival Corporation & plc, was founded, with operations expected to commence in 2019.

In January 2017, acquired a 45% stake in the office skyscraper 1211 Avenue of the Americas, New York City, which valued the building at $2.3 billion. In November 2017, CIC purchased Logicor, a European warehouse company, from The Blackstone Group L.P. for $13.49 billion. Other companies were also bidding for Logicor.

Impact
In addition to its pursuit of financial returns, CIC's investments are also intended to promote China's national interests. For example, its investments in natural resources both support China's development and support the Communist Party's strategic priorities.

Having entered the global market in 2007 shortly before the global financial crisis, CIC's initial performance was lackluster. This created a political opportunity for the State Administration of Foreign Exchange in 2013 to expand the sovereign funds under its jurisdiction.

CIC is among the worldwide sovereign funds whose investments tend to prompt other institutional investors to perceive investing alongside the fund as comparatively more safe.

CIC has been described as a unicorn-maker for its role in fueling the growth of Chinese tech sector through its early support of Alibaba and DiDi. It has also provided important funding to companies in China's semiconductor industry.

Governance
The management and board of the China Investment Corporation ultimately reports to the State Council of the People's Republic of China. The China Investment Corporation is seen as being "firmly entrenched" in the political establishment as the composition of its board of directors implies "considerable influence on the part of China’s Ministry of Finance."

Board of directors
The Board of Directors is composed of the members listed below:
 * Chairman & CEO - Peng Chun
 * Vice Chairman, President & CIO - Ju Weimin
 * Executive Director, Executive Vice President & COO - Shen Rujun
 * Non-Executive Director - Lin Nianxiu
 * Non-Executive Director - Xu Hongcai
 * Non-Executive Director - Ren Hongbin
 * Non-Executive Director - Lui Guiping
 * Non-Executive Director - Lu Lei
 * Independent Director - Li Jiange
 * Independent Director - Bai Chong'en
 * Employee Director - Zhang Geping

Board of Supervisors
The Board of Supervisors is composed of the members listed below:
 * Supervisor - Qin Boyong
 * Supervisor - Xiao Yuanqi
 * Supervisor - Yan Qingmin
 * Employee Supervisor - Cui Guangqing

Executive committee
The Executive Committee is composed of the members listed below:
 * Chairman & CEO - Peng Chun
 * Vice Chairman, President & CIO - Ju Weimin
 * Chairman of Board of Supervisors - Hu Hao
 * Executive Director, Executive Vice President & COO - Shen Rujun
 * Executive Vice President & Deputy CIO - Guo Xiangjun
 * Executive Vice President & Deputy CIO - Qi Bin
 * Chief Inspector - Pan Yuehan
 * Executive Vice President & CSO - Zhao Haiying
 * Executive Vice President & CRO - Liu Haoling
 * Member of the Executive Committee - Bao Jianmin
 * Member of the Executive Committee - Liu Yanbin
 * Member of the Executive Committee - Xu Zhinbin

International Advisory Council
The International Advisory Council is composed of the members listed below:
 * Asia
 * Zhou Xiaochun (China)
 * Shaukat Aziz (Pakistan)
 * Justin Yifu Lin (China)
 * Frederick Ma (Hong Kong, China)
 * Andrew Sheng (Malaysia)


 * Africa
 * Omari Issa (Tanzania)
 * John H. Maree (South Africa)


 * Americas
 * John L. Thornton (United States of America)
 * Andrónico Luksic (Chile)


 * Europe
 * Jean Lemierre (France)
 * Gerhard Schröder (Germany)
 * Lord Sassoon (United Kingdom)


 * Secretariat
 * Chen Jia

Subsidiaries and minority interests

 * GDF Suez Exploration & Production International S.A. (30%; joint venture with Engie)