French submarine Floréal

Floréal was one of 18 Pluviôse-class submarines built for the French Navy (Marine Nationale) in the first decade of the 20th century.

On 2 August 1918, Floréal collided with the Royal Navy armed boarding steamer HMS Hazel in the Aegean Sea and sank.

In January 2024, the boat was found in good condition at a depth of 98 metres in the Thermaic Gulf by a team of wreck hunters led by Kostas Toktaridis.

Design and description
The Pluviôse class were built as part of the French Navy's 1905 building program to a double-hull design by Maxime Laubeuf. The submarines displaced 404 t surfaced and 553 t submerged. They had an overall length of 51.12 m, a beam of 4.96 m, and a draft of 3.15 m. Their crew numbered 2 officers and 23 enlisted men.

For surface running, the boats were powered by two 350 PS triple-expansion steam engines, each driving one propeller shaft using steam provided by two Du Temple boilers. When submerged each propeller was driven by a 230 PS electric motor. On the surface they were designed to reach a maximum speed of 12 kn and 8 kn underwater. The submarines had a surface endurance of 865 nmi at 11.6 kn and a submerged endurance of 70 nmi at 2.8 kn.

The first six boats completed, including Floréal, were armed with a single 450 mm internal bow torpedo tube. All of the boats were fitted with six 450 mm external torpedo launchers; the pair firing forward were fixed outwards at an angle of seven degrees and the rear pair had an angle of five degrees. Following a ministerial order on 22 February 1910, the aft tubes were reversed so they too fired forward, but at an angle of eight degrees. The other launchers were a rotating pair of Drzewiecki drop collars in a single mount positioned on top of the hull at the stern. They could traverse 150 degrees to each side of the boat. The Pluviôse-class submarines carried eight torpedoes.

Construction and career
Floréal, named after the second month of Spring in the French Republican Calendar, was ordered on 26 August 1905 from the Arsenal de Cherbourg. The submarine was laid down in 1906, launched on 18 April 1908 and commissioned on 16 June 1909.