Israeli razing of cemeteries and necroviolence against Palestinians

Israeli forces damaged or destroyed at least 16 cemeteries in the Gaza Strip during the 2023 Israel–Hamas war in various places in Gaza within Palestine, as determined by evidence gathered by CNN, the New York Times and Euro-Med Human Rights Monitor.

According to Israel, their intentions were to: first, search for the bodies of Israeli hostages in a certain location after receiving intelligence to that end; and second, the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) stated that the digging up of Beit Hanoun Cemetery near Khan Yunis was because they discovered what they claimed to be a Hamas command center in a tunnel, which, it contended, without providing evidence, lay directly beneath the cemetery. CNN was unable to verify either the location of the tunnel being underneath the cemetery, and searched for but found no tunnel entrance on the cemetery grounds.

More broadly, there are reports of various forms of necroviolence against Palestinians (against corpses) in the ongoing occupation of the West Bank and Gaza Strip. In addition to the desecration or destruction of cemeteries, techniques include the withholding of Palestinian bodies from families, thus preventing the families' ability to mourn their loved ones; and "cemeteries of numbers" where graves are marked only with numbers and not names, thus dehumanizing the dead.

Razing of cemeteries in the Gaza Strip
Israel has conducted a number of activities in cemeteries in Gaza, including establishing military bases and, according to the IDF, exhuming bodies for the purposes of attempting to locate the bodies of hostages; they conduct "precise hostage rescue operations in the specific locations where information indicates that the bodies of hostages may be located".

The intentional destruction of religious sites is a possible war crime if done without military necessity.

&ast; Also transliterated Al-Faluja, Al-Fallujah, etc.

The New York Times report
In December 2023, The New York Times reported that Israeli forces razed six cemeteries in the Gaza Strip:
 * In Shajaiye, Gaza City, Israeli forces razed part of the Tunisian cemetery
 * Israeli military vehicles destroyed dozens of graves at a smaller cemetery in Shajaiye
 * Israeli forces damaged gravesites at the Al-Faluja cemetery
 * Beit Hanoun cemetery also in northern Gaza
 * Razing of a cemetery in Sheikh Ijlin, Gaza City
 * Razing of a cemetery in Beit Lahia, northern Gaza Strip

Euro-Med Human Rights Monitor report
On January 16, 2024, Euro-Med Human Rights Monitor reported bulldozing and desecration of more Gaza cemeteries than the Times did (up to 12, but lists 9). It also reported large holes have been created in cemeteries as a result of frequent Israeli attacks, engulfing dozens of graves, and the remains of some dead bodies have been scattered or have disappeared. In addition, the organization reported that graves were dug up and corpses stolen in Al-Faluga cemetery of Palestinian activists.

Rami Abdu, the director of Euro-Med Monitor, alleges the desecration of the Al-Tuffah graveyard by the Israeli Army, stating that Israeli bulldozers ruthlessly dug and destroyed the cemetery. The Palestinian government in Gaza condemned the Israeli Army for disturbing 1,100 graves there as well as of pilfering 150 bodies, reporting that Israeli bulldozers leveled the cemetery, resulting in the desecration of the deceased, calling it a "heinous crime".

The cemeteries named include: Intentional destruction of religious sites without military necessity constitutes a possible war crime.
 * 1) Al-Tuffah cemetery
 * 2) Al-Batsh cemetery - The Al-Batsh Cemetery was established in October 2023 to bury unidentified people who were left in the Al-Shifa Hospital complex. Israeli forces leveled Al-Batsh in early January 2024 and a majority of the bodies were "removed, dismembered, and looted, along with some of the tombstones".
 * 3) Sheikh Shaaban Cemetery in Palestine Square, Gaza City (17–20 December, which included trampling of corpses)
 * 4) A cemetery 1.7 km east of central Khan Yunis on 20 December 2023
 * 5) Al-Fallujah cemetery in the northern Gaza Strip
 * 6) Ali bin Marwan
 * 7) Sheikh Radwan cemetery
 * 8) St. Porphyrius Church Cemetery in Gaza City
 * 9) Al-Shuhada Cemetery in Beit Lahia, northern Gaza

Khan Yunis Central Cemetery
On 17 January 2024, only one day after the Euro-Med Human Rights Monitor report, NBC reported that earlier that week, Israeli troops severely damaged Khan Yunis Central Cemetery (31.348°N, 34.293°W) near Nasser Hospital, bulldozing it over, crushing tombstones, damaging tombs, and exposing graves holding human remains in some of the burial plots. The IDF stated that the incident was part of a precise effort to locate and recover the bodies of hostages taken by Hamas. The IDF emphasized what it called its commitment to respectful treatment of the deceased, and said that it returns bodies not identified as hostages with dignity. Ramy Abdu, chairman of Euro-Med Human Rights Monitor, stated that the attack, considering previous Israeli assaults on Palestinian cemeteries, indicated that Israel "systematically violates the sanctity of the deceased and their graves". In another CNN report, Israel stated more explicitly that it was exhuming corpses in Gaza cemeteries to see if any corpses there were those of Israeli hostages.

CNN report of 16 cemeteries damaged
CNN reported on 20 January 2024 that a total of sixteen Gaza cemeteries had been damaged, publishing before and after photos of several and specifying seven in total:
 * 1) Khan Yunis Central Cemetery
 * 2) A cemetery in Shajaiya
 * 3) Bani Suheila cemetery, east of Khan Yunis ("deliberate and progressive bulldozing, and the creation of defensive fortifications over the course of at least two weeks in late December and early January")
 * 4) New Bureij cemetery in Al-Bureij, a Palestinian refugee camp in central Gaza ("graves were visible on either side of the newly-bulldozed dirt road")
 * 5) Al Falouja cemetery in the Jabalya neighborhood, north of Gaza City
 * 6) Al-Tuffah cemetery, east of Gaza City
 * 7) A cemetery in Sheikh Ijlin neighborhood, Gaza City

At Al Falouja, Al-Tuffah, and Sheik Ijlin, CNN reported "destroyed tombstones and heavy tread marks pointed to heavily armored vehicles or tanks driving over graves".

In the report, co-director Janina Dill of the Oxford Institute for Law, Ethics and Armed Conflict stated that attacking or destroying cemeteries violates international law except under very limited circumstances where the cemetery itself is a military objective.

Israeli claim of Hamas command center beneath Bani Suheila cemetery
Until 30 January 2024 IDF did not clarify the reasons behind the extensive bulldozing of cemeteries, for the establishment of military outposts, creation of roads, and otherwise, nor the presence of military vehicles in areas where graves had previously existed however the IDF did note that there was no explicit policy dictating the transformation of graveyards into military posts.

However, on that date the IDF claimed to discover a Hamas operation room in an underground tunnel which it claimed lay 20 m beneath the Bani Suheila cemetery in Khan Yunis. Israel contended that the tunnel contained explosives, sliding doors and living quarters for Hamas fighters. Among the alleged discoveries was what the IDF alleged to be the office of the eastern Battalion commander from the Khan Yunis Brigade, which it contended to be a command center for the October 7 attacks. It also claims to have found what it asserted to be operation rooms, a battalion combat war room and bedrooms of senior Hamas officials. The tunnel, part of a larger underground a maze of tunnels constructed by Hamas, was destroyed by engineering forces after examination. Israel contended that Hamas used the tunnel for combat operations against Israeli forces.

The Israeli military permitted CNN to visit the cemetery and surroundings for three hours, but did not allow CNN to see the alleged tunnel entrance that the IDF claimed was inside the cemetery. CNN visited the tunnel but was unable to determine if the tunnel was located underneath the cemetery or not. The IDF only permitted entrance to the tunnel from an entrance outside the cemetery perimeter, and later provided drone footage of that entrance as well a different entrance outside the perimeter. CNN broadcast footage of the completely destroyed, desecrated and dug-up cemetery grounds, damage which the IDF claimed was necessary in order to find and destroy the tunnel.

In Gaza–Israel conflict
Israeli forces have been accused of necroviolence in 2020 in Gaza, including violently scooping up a corpse with a bulldozer. On 30 January 2024, the bodies of 100 people taken by Israeli forces were reburied in a mass grave in Rafah, with medical sources reporting some bodies had organs missing.

In 2019, the Israeli Supreme Court allowed the bodies of alleged Palestinian assailants to be withheld from their families, leading Defense for Children International to state Israeli authorities were violating international humanitarian law and international human rights law by confiscating the body of a 14-year-old Palestinian boy in the West Bank.

In February 2024, Emek Shaveh, an Israeli archaeologists NGO, stated that Orthodox Jews in West Jerusalem had taken over a Muslim shrine and vandalized Muslim graves. In March, an Israeli F-16 airstrike on a recently built cemetery in Jabalia resulted in human remains coming out of the soil and needing to be reburied. On 7 March, Israeli returned the corpses of 47 people whose bodies had been removed during the Nasser Hospital siege. On 9 March, Israeli settlers were recorded smashing and defacing gravestones at the Bab al-Rahma Cemetery in East Jerusalem. In April 2024, the Gaza Ministry of Endowments and Religious Affairs stated the IDF had mutilated corpses, including postmortem decapitations and dismemberment.

Ongoing Israeli necroviolence methods
Aymun Moosavi, a student of MA International Conflict Studies at King's College London, and Randa May Wahbe, a Harvard PhD candidate in anthropology, have described Israeli necroviolence as including:
 * 'Ambiguous loss'; withholding Palestinian bodies in freezers, thus preventing Palestinian families from mouring their loved ones
 * The cemeteries of numbers (cemeteries where graves are marked only with numbers and not names, thus dehumanizing the dead)
 * Demolition of historic gravesites