Kostiantynivka

Kostiantynivka (Костянтинівка, ; Константиновка) is an industrial city in Donetsk Oblast, eastern Ukraine. It is situated on the Kryvyi Torets river. In the Soviet era it developed into a major centre for the production of iron, zinc, steel, and glass. Administratively, it is incorporated as a city of oblast significance. It was the administrative center of the Kostiantynivka Raion until 2020, although it did not belong to it. After the raion was abolished, it was incorporated into the Kramatorsk Raion. Its population is approximately

History
In 1870 Kostiantynivka was founded by a landowner named Nomikossov, who built the settlement in honor of his oldest son, Kostiantyn. At the beginning of the 20th century, Kostiantynivka developed into an industrial settlement, and it was later raised to the rank of an urban settlement (in 1926). In 1932 Kostyantynivka was granted municipal rights.

During World War II, the Germans operated a forced labour camp in the town.

During the Russo-Ukrainian War, the town was captured in mid-April 2014 by pro-Russian separatists. The city was eventually retaken by Ukrainian forces on 7 July 2014, along with Druzhkivka, shortly after the nearby cities of Sloviansk and Kramatorsk. In September 2014, refugees extensively arrived in the town from occupied territories. People came to buy cheaper essential products, as well as to arrange pensions and social benefits in the municipal institutions. At the same time, the mechanism of receiving benefits and social payments for migrants at a new place of residence was simplified. The city began to operate a refugee housing center.

2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine
Beginning on 24 February the Russians began their invasion of Ukraine. In the first few hours of the war, Kostiantynivka was struck by missiles targeting a local military base. The area was occasionally shelled and bombarded during Russia's "phase one" of its invasion. Kostiantynivka saw more bombardment in the "second phase" of the war, in which the Russians focused their attack on eastern Ukraine. Kostiantynivka saw heavy shelling and missile attacks, targeting fuel depots and power plants. As it was near the frontlines, residents of the city could hear shelling and fighting daily. The city has remained under Ukrainian control, but has suffered from Russian strikes.

Russia reported on 20 March 2022 that Kostiantynivka was hit by a Russian hypersonic Kh-47M2 Kinzhal missile, hitting a fuel depot and causing a fire in the city. This was confirmed by U.S. president Joe Biden.

Kostiantynivka was shelled by the Russian Armed Forces on 17 September 2022, causing five civilian injuries/deaths and much destruction in the city.

At least five civilians were killed on 24 March 2023, when a missile fired from an S-300 anti-aircraft system hit a local so-called "invincibility point"—a humanitarian support center—in Kostiantynivka.

On 6 September 2023, it was reported that a missile strike on an open market, in the middle of the day, killed 17 civilians, including a child, and injured at least 32. However, the New York Times later reported that "evidence strongly suggests the catastrophic strike was the result of an errant Ukrainian air defense missile fired by a Buk launch system".

On 25 February 2024, Russian bombing destroyed central railway station of Kostiantynivka and damaged several dozen other buildings.

Transport
Kostiantynivka formerly had a tram network, which towards the end of its service suffered from increasingly disrupted traffic. The tram system first opened in 1931, closed in 2004 and reopened in 2005. In World War II, the tram infrastructure was destroyed by the retreating Wehrmacht in 1943 and restored in 1944. During German occupation, trams operated in coupled pairs, with one carriage for civilians and the other for soldiers. In 2012, 150 meters of the overhead network were stolen. For a while, the tram company had been unprofitable and thus threatened the closure of route 3. It remained open until 2014, due to complaints sent to the city office, though it would nonetheless close in 2014 due to the 'poor condition of the northern overpass'. From 2015 on, only one car was operable, with all others lacking bogies. In the same year, tram traffic closed, due to construction work on the Severnyi railway viaduct, closing the final route 4. However, work on the viaduct never occurred, and tram traffic was restored using only 1 car on route 4. When 2 km of contact was stolen around 26 December 2016, the operator could not afford to repair the stolen infrastructure, so it was closed on 29 March 2018.



Demographics
As of the Ukrainian Census of 2001:


 * Ethnicity
 * Ukrainians: 59.3%
 * Russians: 37.7%
 * Armenians: 1.0%
 * Belarusians: 0.5%
 * Azerbaijanis: 0.3%
 * Jews: 0.2%


 * Language
 * Russian: 78.1%
 * Ukrainian: 21.0%
 * Armenian: 0.5%
 * Belarusian: 0.1%

Notable people

 * Oleksandra Kuzhel (born 1953), Ukrainian politician
 * Tetyana Kryvobok (born 1972), Ukrainian runner
 * Yevhen Levchenko (born 1978), Ukrainian football player
 * Kostyantyn Mateichenko (born 1970), founder of the pro-Ukrainian volunteer unit Artemivsk battalion