Paris-Saclay University

Paris-Saclay University (Université Paris-Saclay) is a combined technological research institute and public research university in Paris, France. Paris-Saclay was established in 2019 after the merger of four technical grandes écoles, as well as several technological institutes, engineering schools, and research facilities; giving it fifteen constituent colleges with over 48,000 students combined.

With the merger, the French government has explicitly voiced their wish to rival top American technological research institutes, such as the MIT. The university has over 275 laboratories in particle physics, nuclear physics, astrophysics, atomic physics and molecular physics, condensed matter physics, theoretical physics, electronics, nanoscience and nanotechnology. It is part of the larger Paris-Saclay cluster, which is a research-intensive academic campus encompassing Paris-Saclay University, the Polytechnic Institute of Paris, combined with a business cluster for high-technology corporations. Paris-Saclay notably also includes the Institut des Hautes Études Scientifiques, where many contributions to the development of modern mathematics have been made, amongst them modern algebraic geometry and catastrophe theory.

As of 2021, 11 Fields Medalists and 4 Nobel Prize winners have been affiliated with the university and its associated research institutes.

History
In 2019, the Paris-Saclay University succeeded University of Paris-Sud (Paris XI) founded in 1971, which itself succeeded to University of Paris founded c. 1150.

After World War II, the rapid growth of nuclear physics and chemistry meant that research needed more and more powerful accelerators, which required large areas. The University of Paris, the École Normale Supérieure and the Collège de France looked for space in the south of Paris near Orsay. Later some of the teaching activity of the Faculty of Sciences in Paris was transferred to Orsay in 1956 at the request of Irène Joliot-Curie and Frédéric Joliot-Curie. The rapid increase of students led to the independence of the Orsay Center on March 1, 1965. It became the University of Paris-Sud (Paris XI) in 1971.

The Paris-Saclay University was established in 2015 as a universities community (ComUE) and in 2019 as a university, with the aim to become a top-ranking, research-focused French university. In order to be recognized as an entity of sufficient size and quality, the university regroups some of the top grandes écoles in France with public universities under a single campus on the Saclay plateau. Each member institution will remain independent but share a significant portion of existing and newly invested resources. This follows a model similar to the one adopted by University of Oxford and Cambridge, where each constituent college keeps its independence while being grouped under a 'university'.

The University System's first academic year started in September 2015.

According to Dominique Vernay, chairman of the foundation developing Paris-Saclay, the university aims at a top-ten position in the Academic Ranking of World Universities (ARWU), but "the first goal is to be the top university in continental Europe".

In January 2020, it replaced University of Paris-Sud (Paris XI) and in 2025, Université de Versailles-Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ) and Université d'Évry-Val-d'Essonne (UEVE) will merge with it as well.

Since October 2023, the university has been a partner of IPSA for double degrees in aerospace.

Organisation
The Paris-Saclay University consists of five faculties in Sciences, Medicine, Pharmacy, Law-Economics-Management, and Sports Sciences; an Engineering school; three technical institutes specialised in scientific and technical subjects in Cachan, Orsay, and Sceaux; and an undergraduate university school.

The university also brings together four grandes écoles: CentraleSupélec, AgroParisTech, ENS Paris-Saclay and the Institut d'Optique Graduate School, with two associate institutions: Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines University (UVSQ) and University of Évry Val d'Essonne (UEVE).

It combines resources from the following French universities and grandes écoles, as well as partial resources from various research organizations and the Systematic Paris-Region cluster:

Initially, the community of universities also included five other grandes écoles: École Polytechnique, Télécom Paris, Telecom SudParis, ENSTA Paris and ENSAE Paris. However, due to differences in University set-up, these five grandes écoles created their own separate university Polytechnic Institute of Paris. This was announced by French President Emmanuel Macron during a speech in Paris-Saclay. Both of these clusters plan to co-operate and they engage in organization of several master's degrees with the Paris-Saclay University.

Research organizations
The following research organizations have established research centers within the Paris-Saclay University. The resources contributed by these organizations will remain largely independent from other member institutions. Once the University of Paris-Saclay is fully integrated, its research centers are expected to achieve a profile similar to the Jet Propulsion Laboratory of Caltech:
 * CEA (Atomic Energy and Alternative Energies Commission)
 * CNRS (French National Centre for Scientific Research)
 * Inria (French Institute for Research in Computer Science and Automation)
 * INSERM (French Institute of Health and Medical Research)
 * Institut des Hautes Études Scientifiques (Institute of Advanced Scientific Studies)
 * INRA (French National Institute for Agricultural Sciences)
 * ONERA (National Board of Study and Aerospace Research)
 * SOLEIL (national synchrotron facility)
 * Pascal Institute - University of Paris-Saclay
 * Institute of Theoretical Physics

Academic programs
Each member school of the Paris-Saclay University organizes training in a given scientific field. Depending on the needs of their registered program, a student enrolled in a particular graduate school will have access to academic resources from other schools.

The various fields of study available at Paris-Saclay University are broadly categorized into the following:
 * Biodiversity, Agriculture and Food, Society, Environment (Biodiversité, Agriculture et Alimentation, Société, Environnement);
 * Biology, Medicine, Pharmaceutical studies (Biologie, Médecine, Pharmacie);
 * Law, Political Science (Droit et Science Politique);
 * Humanities (Humanités);
 * Engineering, Sciences and Information Technologies (Ingénierie, Sciences et Technologies de l'information);
 * Sport and Human Motion Sciences (Sciences du Sport et du Mouvement Humain);
 * Basic Sciences (Sciences Fondamentales);
 * Social Sciences (Sciences Sociales).

The academic programs in each of the 8 schools is expected to follow the Anglo-American model:
 * Paris-Saclay Undergraduate School – The Bachelor's program is provided by Paris-Saclay faculties and the 2 public universities within Paris-Saclay, which are Versailles-Saint-Quentin University and University of Évry Val-d'Essonne.
 * Paris-Saclay Graduate Schools – Master's degrees are taught in both French and English. Altogether, 49 Master's degree are offered.
 * Paris-Saclay Research or Doctoral Schools – PhD programs are offered through 20 doctoral schools. Doctoral degrees received after September 30, 2015, are awarded under the name "Paris-Saclay University", with a mention of the student's associated university or grande école.

Research programmes
The Paris-Saclay University gathers together more than 300 research units, organized into 10 doctoral schools:
 * Chemistry (Chimie)
 * Electrical engineering, optics and electronics (EOE: Ingénierie électrique, optique et électronique)
 * Mathematics (Mathématiques)
 * Mechanics, energy and physical processes (MEP: Mécanique, énergétique et procédés)
 * Subatomic physics and astrophysics (P2I: Physique des deux infinis)
 * Wave and matter physics (PHOM: Physique des ondes et de la matière)
 * Planetary science and cosmology (SPU: Sciences de la planète et de l'Univers)
 * Life sciences (SDV: Sciences de la Vie)
 * Human and social sciences (SHS: Sciences de l'Homme et de la Société)
 * Information and communication sciences and technologies (STIC: Sciences et technologies de l'information et de la communication).

University rankings
The university is remarkably acclaimed for Mathematics, Physics and Computer Science, which are rank 1st national in many reputable global rankings such as QS World University Rankings, Times Higher Education World University Rankings, Academic Ranking of World Universities, U.S. News & World Report, ... and many domestic magazines.

It is also connected with two grande écoles: École polytechnique and CentraleSupélec, which are known as the top 2 engineering schools in France.

In June 2020, Paris-Saclay University ranked 14th in Shanghai Ranking's top 1000 universities in the world, and first worldwide for Mathematics by Academic Ranking of World Universities (ARWU) and 9th worldwide for Physics (1st in Europe).

Nobel and Fields laureates
Paris-Saclay University formally replaced several pre-existing Parisian universities, grande écoles and research institutes. These continue to exist as departments within the broader structure of Paris-Saclay. The list below therefore includes those pre- and post-2019 laureates whose institutions were later subsumed by the university.

Nobel laureates

 * 2022: Alain Aspect – BA, PhD and Professor, ENS Paris-Saclay, IOGS, Paris-Sud University Nobel in Physics
 * 2007: Albert Fert – Professor, Paris-Sud University (LPS, CNRS/Thales) – Nobel in Physics
 * 1991: Pierre-Gilles de Gennes – Professor, CEA, Paris-Sud University (LPS) – Nobel in Physics
 * 1935: Irène Joliot-Curie and Frédéric Joliot-Curie – Founders of the Orsay Faculty of Sciences, commissioners of the CEA – Nobel in Chemistry

Fields medalists

 * 2022: Hugo Duminil-Copin – Master and Professor, IHES
 * 2010: Cédric Villani – IHES-University of Lyon Chair
 * 2010: Ngô Bảo Châu – PhD and Professor, Paris-Sud University (Institut de mathématique d'Orsay)
 * 2006: Wendelin Werner – Professor – Paris-Sud University (Institut de mathématique d'Orsay)
 * 2002: Laurent Lafforgue – PhD and Professor – Paris-Sud University, IHES
 * 1998: Maxim Kontsevich – Professor – IHES
 * 1994: Jean-Christophe Yoccoz – PhD and Professor, Paris-Sud University
 * 1994: Jean Bourgain – Professor, IHES
 * 1982: Alain Connes – Professor, IHES
 * 1978: Pierre Deligne – PhD and Professor, Paris-Sud University
 * 1966: Alexandre Grothendieck – Professor, IHES
 * 1958: René Thom – Professor, IHES