Thiosulfate

Thiosulfate (IUPAC-recommended spelling; sometimes thiosulphate in British English) is an oxyanion of sulfur with the chemical formula S2O3(2-). Thiosulfate also refers to the compounds containing this anion, which are the salts of thiosulfuric acid, such as sodium thiosulfate Na2S2O3 and ammonium thiosulfate (NH4)2S2O3. Thiosulfate salts occur naturally. It rapidly dechlorinates water and is notable for its use to halt bleaching in the paper-making industry. Thiosulfate salts are mainly used in dying in textiles and the bleaching of natural substances.

Structure and bonding
Thiosulfate is tetrahedral at the central S atom. Thiosulfate ion has C3v symmetry. The external sulfur atom has a valence of 2 while the central sulfur atom has a valence of 6. The oxygen atoms have a valence of 2. The S-S distance is appropriate for a single bond. The S-O distances are slightly shorter than the S-O distances in sulfate.

Formation
Thiosulfate ion is produced by the reaction of sulfite ion with elemental sulfur, and by incomplete oxidation of sulfides (e.g. pyrite oxidation). Sodium thiosulfate can be formed by disproportionation of sulfur dissolving in sodium hydroxide (similar to phosphorus).

Reactions
Thiosulfate ions reacts with acids to give sulfur dioxide and various sulfur rings:
 * 8 S2O3(2-) + 16 H+ → 8 SO2 + S8 + 8 H2O

This reaction may be used to generate sulfur colloids and demonstrate the Rayleigh scattering of light in physics. If white light is shone from below, blue light is seen from sideways and orange light from above, due to the same mechanisms that color the sky at midday and dusk.

Thiosulfate ions react with iodine to give tetrathionate ions:
 * 2 S2O3(2-) + I2 → S4O6(2-) + 2 I-

This reaction is key for iodometry. With bromine (X = Br) and chlorine (X = Cl), thiosulfate ions are oxidized to sulfate ions:
 * S2O3(2-) + 4 X2 + 5 H2O → 2 SO4(2-) + 8 X- + 10 H+

Reactions with metals and metal ions
Thiosulfate ion extensively forms diverse complexes with transition metals. This reactivity is related to its role in of silver-based photography.

Also reflecting its affinity for metals, thiosulfate ion rapidly corrodes metals in acidic conditions. Steel and stainless steel are particularly sensitive to pitting corrosion induced by thiosulfate ions. Molybdenum improves the resistance of stainless steel toward pitting (AISI 316L hMo). In alkaline aqueous conditions and medium temperature (60 °C), carbon steel and stainless steel (AISI 304L, 316L) are not attacked, even at high concentration of base (30%w KOH), thiosulfate ion (10%w) and in presence of fluoride ion (5%w KF).

In the era of silver-based photography, thiosulfate salts were consumed on a large scale as a "fixer" reagent. This application exploits thiosulfate ion's ability to dissolve silver halides. Sodium thiosulfate, commonly called hypo (from "hyposulfite"), was widely used in photography to fix black and white negatives and prints after the developing stage; modern "rapid" fixers use ammonium thiosulfate as a fixing salt because it acts three to four times faster.

Thiosulfate salts have been used to extract or leach gold and silver from their ores as a less toxic alternative to cyanide ion.

Biochemistry
The enzyme rhodanase (thiosulfate sulfurtransferase) catalyzes the detoxification of cyanide ion by thiosulfate ion by transforming them into thiocyanate ion and sulfite ion:


 * CN- + S2O3(2-) -> SCN- + SO3(2-)

Sodium thiosulfate has been considered as an empirical treatment for cyanide poisoning, along with hydroxocobalamin. It is most effective in a pre-hospital setting, since immediate administration by emergency personnel is necessary to reverse rapid intracellular hypoxia caused by the inhibition of cellular respiration, at complex IV.

It activates thiosulfate sulfurtransferase (TST) in mitochondria. TST is associated with protection against obesity and type II (insulin resistant) diabetes.

Thiosulfate can also work as electron donor for growth of bacteria oxidizing sulfur, such as Chlorobium limicola forma thiosulfatophilum. These bacteria use electrons from thiosulfate (and other sources) and carbon from carbon dioxide to synthesize carbon compounds through reverse Krebs cycle.

Some bacteria can metabolise thiosulfates.

Minerals
Thiosulfate ion is a component of the very rare mineral sidpietersite Pb4(S2O3)O2(OH)2. The presence of this anion in the mineral bazhenovite was disputed.

Nomenclature
Thiosulfate is an acceptable common name and used almost always

The functional replacement IUPAC name is sulfurothioate; the systematic additive IUPAC name is trioxidosulfidosulfate(2−) or trioxido-1κ3O-disulfate(S—S)(2−).

Thiosulfate also refers to the esters of thiosulfuric acid, e.g. O,S-dimethyl thiosulfate CH3\sO\sS(\dO)2\sS\sCH3. Such species are rare.