User:Cindydaily/sandbox

Article Evaluation
Cat anatomy

Article seems unbiased and most information if not all, is from a reliable source.
 * (Nose section) Plagiarism "The color varies according to the genotype" and "the rhinarium (the leathery part of the nose we see) is quite tough, to allow it to absorb rather rough treatments"
 * What do they even mean by rough treatments? Necessary for the paragraph?
 * (Legs section) Citation needed "All cats are capable of walking very precisely. Like all felines, they directly register; that is, they place each hind paw almost directly in the print of the corresponding forepaw, minimizing noise and visible tracks"
 * (Claws section) Citation needed and possible addition:
 * include that keratin is present in claws and nails which is an extremely strong protein
 * "They may extend their claws in hunting or self-defense, climbing, "kneading", or for extra traction on soft surfaces (bedspreads, thick rugs, skin, etc.). It is also possible to make a cooperative cat extend its claws by carefully pressing both the top and bottom of the paw. The curved claws can become entangled in carpet or thick fabric, which can cause injury if the cat is unable to free itself."
 * (Scuff section) Citation needed
 * "This technique can be useful when attempting to treat or move an uncooperative cat. However, since an adult cat is heavier than a kitten, a pet cat should never be carried by the scruff, but should instead have its weight supported at the rump and hind legs, and at the chest and front paws."
 * (Muscle section):
 * lack of citations on most paragraphs

In class discussion

 * Blog posts and press releases are considered poor sources of reliable information. Why?
 * Both are poor sources because they tend to be bias. This could be due to getting paid/sponsored or personal opinion (Janet said this). The blog posts or press releases won't have multiple people making sure the information is correct.
 * What are some reasons you might not want to use a company's website as a main source of information about that company?
 * There could be bias, they don't think out of the box. They might want to make themselves look good (Janet added this to our discussion)
 * What is the difference between a copyright violation and plagiarism
 * A copy right violation is not crediting someone correctly, while plagiarism is using someones exact words or paraphrasing and claiming the writing as yours.
 * What are some good techniques to avoid close paraphrasing?
 * Read an article, take notes (make sure notes aren't exactly what is written on the source) and then re-write in your own words

Editing an Existing Article: "Cats Anatomy" - Nose section

 * One of the first changes I made was "the nose color is dictated by the genetic makeup of the cat" which im scared is close paraphrasing to the original citation.
 * I removed the " quite tough, to allow it to absorb rather rough treatment sometimes." section and replaced it with information about the moisture of a cats nose because the rough treatment part just didn't make sense to me. New citation was added (citation #2)
 * The second change was "Dedicated genes could potentially have an influence on the color of anterior leathery part of the nose." because the previous sentence --> "A cat's skin has the same color as the fur, but the color of the nose leather is probably dictated by a dedicated gene." was plagiarized. Im still wondering whether the "dedicated genes" section is essential for this paragraph, I don't really know what dedicated genes are and couldn't find an explanation online. The source this sentence was found in also doesn't have an explanation.
 * I also deleted the sentences that talked about the cats fur and skin. I don't think the nose section of this article is the most adequate for that information.

Nose
Cats are highly territorial, and secretion of odors plays a major role in cat communication. The nose helps cats to identify territories, other cats and mates, to locate food, and has various other uses. A cat's sense of smell is believed to be about fourteen times more sensitive than that of humans. The rhinarium (the leathery part of the nose we see) is quite tough, and moist in a healthy cat. The genetic make up of a cat dictates the color of its nose. Dedicated genes could potentially have an influence on the color of anterior leathery part of the nose. article

Continuation of Editing an Existing Article... "Cats Anatomy" - Claws section

 * Included "An essential component of cats claws is Keratin which is a strong protein."
 * I couldn't find where sentence "They may extend their claws in hunting or self-defense, climbing, "kneading", or for extra traction on soft surfaces (bedspreads, thick rugs, skin, etc.). It is also possible to make a cooperative cat extend its claws by carefully pressing both the top and bottom of the paw. The curved claws can become entangled in carpet or thick fabric, which can cause injury if the cat is unable to free itself." was found from but I did find this page which has a strong resemblance with the majority of the things stated in the cat anatomy wikipedia article. I don't know if that would be considered plagiarism since its from wikia.org and I don't know if its connected with wikipedia? https://psychology.wikia.org/wiki/Domestic_cat

Claws
Like nearly all members of the family Felidae, cats have protractable claws. In their normal, relaxed position, the claws are sheathed with the skin and fur around the toe pads. This keeps the claws sharp by preventing wear from contact with the ground and allows the silent stalking of prey. The claws on the forefeet are typically sharper than those on the hind feet. Cats can voluntarily extend their claws on one or more paws. They may extend their claws in hunting or self-defense, climbing, "kneading", or for extra traction on soft surfaces (bedspreads, thick rugs, skin, etc.). It is also possible to make a cooperative cat extend its claws by carefully pressing both the top and bottom of the paw. The curved claws can become entangled in carpet or thick fabric, which can cause injury if the cat is unable to free itself. An essential component of cats claws is Keratin which is a strong protein.

Most cats have a total of 18 digits and claws. 5 on each forefoot, the 5th digit being the dewclaw; and 4 on each hind foot. The dewclaw is located high on the foreleg, is not in contact with the ground and is non-weight bearing.

Some cats can have more than 18 digits, due to a common mutation called polydactyly or polydactylism, which can result in five to seven toes per paw. [[Cat anatomy ]]

Feedback: Discussion and Adding to an Article

 * One thing I will remind you of is that plagiarism is more than not citing, it is also having too much similarity with the original work and this includes sentence structure.
 * I love how you organized your proposed edits! It is incredibly clear, easy to read and allows me to follow not only your thinking but also the changes that you propose because I know what was there before and the change you intend to make.
 * One of our sources is an "about.com" page. Those are not really vetted (peer reviewed) in any way so they probably (hopefully) got that information from another more reputable source. Time to hunt that down.
 * The claws section does look either pretty plagiarized from the source you found OR it is a duplication of content already existing in Wikipedia...which is also problematic. Perhaps looking at the sources in that page will also be helpful.
 * The same issue I pointed out above regarding the source pages is present here, so this is also a good opportunity to add much better sources to this page.
 * I think a LOT of these could be submitted to the talk page for possible consideration as edits. I know that posting is scary but a benefit of doing that is the potential feedback of other Wikipedians working on this page. They can help direct your potential edits and point you in useful directions.
 * Remember to "sign" your work after submission. Even though this is your sandbox and you do not need to do it, get into the habit as it is an expectation of good faith practice when contributing to articles or talk pages. Osquaesitor (talk) 20:47, 12 March 2021 (UTC)

1. Cat anatomy
This is one of my chosen articles because I am curious to know how the bone structure in the legs/ paws allows climb.


 * A contribution would be citations to the information about muscles. I'd also consider contributing to the topics of water conservation and the ability to swim as they lack information.
 * Related topics:
 * Digitigrade
 * Felidae
 * Kneading (cats)

2. Turtles
I am intrigued to learn more about the effects of a turtles hard shell and how it actually aids in swimming.


 * A contribution I'd consider is adding more information on aquatic turtle shells because there isn't much information about it. There's also a lack of citations which I would like to contribute to in the shell section.
 * Related topics:
 * Reptile
 * Turtle shell
 * Poikilotherm

3.Shark
I also chose sharks because i'm interesting in knowing more about their eyes, I had never considered the fact that sharks can also be colorblind so I wonder if there is more info to it.


 * I would first look for more information on colorblindness and the effects it could possibly have on sharks. I also think there is a lack of information on their fins and I would try and add more information
 * Related topics:
 * Elasmobranchii
 * Fish locomotion
 * Jaw

What can we add to the article?

 * 1) Skeletal section seems short, there should be more to contribute to
 * 2) Expansion of introduction
 * 3) Claw section is plagiarized and needs better paraphrasing
 * 4) Muscle section lacks citations

Bibliography:

 * 1) Sebastiani, Aurora M., and Dale W. Fishbeck. Mammalian Anatomy: the Cat. Morton Pub. Co., 2005.
 * P;, Orsini P;Hennet. “Anatomy of the Mouth and Teeth of the Cat.” The Veterinary Clinics of North America. Small Animal Practice, U.S. National Library of Medicine, Nov. 1992, pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1455572/.
 * 1) Jennings, Herbert Spencer, and Jacob Reighard. Anatomy of the cat. Good Press, 2019.

Week 6 - Brainstorm




Mouth


Cats have highly specialized teeth for killing prey and tearing meat. There are 4 types of permanent dentition teeth that structure the mouth: incisors, canines, premolars and molars. Modern carnivore cats have a premolar and first molar located on each side of the mouth that together are called the carnassial pair. These teeth efficiently function to shear meat like a pair of scissors. While this feature is present in canids, it is highly developed in felines. The incisors located in the front section of the lower and upper mouth are small, narrow, and have a single root.

A cat also has a deciduous dentation prior to the formation of the permanent dentition. This dentation emerges seven days after birth and it is composed of 26 teeth with slight differences. The mouth will have smaller incisors, slender and strongly curved upper canines, vertical lower canines and even smaller upper and lower molars.

The cat's tongue has 5 types of sharp spines, or papillae, useful for retaining and ripping flesh from a carcass. The 5 papillae filiform, fungiform, foliate, vallate and conical are small backward-facing hooks that contain keratin, and also assist in their grooming. The papillae also help hold water on the tongue while drinking. .

The cat's oral structures provide for a variety of vocalizations used for communication, including meowing, purring, hissing, growling, squeaking, chirping, clicking, and grunting.

Week 8 - Provide Feedback
This week I provided feedback on the User:77lemonpie/OrnothologistsL01 sandbox and User:Kanessa192/New sandbox !

Peer review: Blake
Comment: "Mouth" This section is interesting and has a lot of nice facts. I would make sure that all references are cited within text where it is needed.

Reply: I will be reviewing the section and adding more citation even to for the facts that were originally already there and had no citations, depending on whether I can find where the information originally came from

Peer review: Kelly
Comment: Mouth: This section looks good and that is odd that the number for papillae is contradicting. I would just do more research and trust the most reliable source.

Reply: According to Dr.Schutz, my resource is really reliable, I just have to re-read the information because I might be missing some important points about the papillae.

Noah McGoff – Peer Review
Comment:

- I see that you have edited and added to the ‘Mouth’ section, but it would be beneficial to the reviewer if you also included the ‘old’ or ‘original’ section in your draft so that is easier to compare what changes you have made.

- In the third paragraph, I believe the sentence “The papillae also help hold water on the tongue for drinking” could use a citation as it seems this information was taken from another source.

- Similar to the above comment, I also think that the sentence that makes up the short fourth paragraph regarding oral structures and vocalizations also needs a citation.

- This section was really easy to read, and the flow was great. Each sentence shifted from one idea to another in an order that made sense to properly convey the topic of the paragraph and overall section.

- All the content appears to be written in a neutral tone, and once the couple of citations are presented (mentioned in comments 2 and 3) there should be no plagiarism present.

- The addition of the second paragraph regarding dentation and dentition was a very worthy addition and really helped make this section better.

- Overall, wonderful job!

Reply: I will be adjusting my draft so my edits will be more visible for the reader! I might consider underlining or italics. The third paragraph sentence was information already in this article so I will try and figure out what source it came from or delete it!

Original: Mouth


Cats have highly specialized teeth for killing prey and tearing meat. The premolar and first molar, together called the carnassial pair, are located on each side of the mouth. These teeth efficiently function to shear meat like a pair of scissors. While this feature is present in canids, it is highly developed in felines.

The cat's tongue has sharp spines, or papillae, useful for retaining and ripping flesh from a carcass. These papillae are small backward-facing hooks that contain keratin, and also assist in their grooming. The papillae also help hold water on the tongue while drinking.

The cat's oral structures provide for a variety of vocalizations used for communication, including meowing, purring, hissing, growling, squeaking, chirping, clicking, and grunting.

Permanent dentition teeth:
Cats are carnivores that have highly specialized teeth. There are four types of permanent dentition teeth that structure the mouth: twelve incisors, four canines, ten premolars and four molars. The premolar and first molar are located on each side of the mouth that together are called the carnassial pair. The carnassial pair specialize in cutting food and are parallel to the jaw. The incisors located in the front section of the lower and upper mouth are small, narrow, and have a single root. They are used for grasping and biting food.

Deciduous dentition teeth:
A cat also has a deciduous dentition prior to the formation of the permanent one. This dentition emerges seven days after birth and it is composed of 26 teeth with slight differences. The mouth will have smaller incisors, slender and strongly curved upper canines, vertical lower canines, and even smaller upper and lower molars. Although the upper and lower molars are smaller than the ones that arise during permanent dentition, the similarities are striking.

Tongue:
The cat's tongue is covered in a mucous membrane and the dorsal aspect has 5 types of sharp spines, or papillae. The 5 papillae are filiform, fungiform, foliate, vallate, and conical. A cats sense of smell and taste work closely together, having a vomeronasal organ that allows them to use their tongue as scent tasters, while its longitudinal, transverse, and vertical intrinsic muscles aid in movement.