List of Chinese monarchs



The Chinese monarchs were the rulers of China during its Ancient and Imperial periods. The earliest rulers in traditional Chinese historiography are of mythological origin, and followed by the Xia dynasty of highly uncertain and contested historicity. During the subsequent Shang (c. 1600–1046 BCE) and Zhou (1046–256 BCE) dynasties, rulers were referred to as Wang 王, meaning king. China was fully united for the first time by Qin Shi Huang ((r. undefined – undefined)259–210 BCE), who established the first Imperial dynasty, adopting the title Huangdi (皇帝), meaning Emperor, which remained in use until the Imperial system's fall in 1912.

At no point during Ancient or Imperial China was there a formalized means to confer legitimate succession between rulers. From the Zhou dynasty onwards, monarchs justified their reigns by claiming the Mandate of Heaven (天命; Tianming). The mandate held that a ruler and their successors had permission from the heavens to rule as long as they did so effectively. It also declared a ruler the Son of Heaven (天子; Tianzi), giving them the right to rule "all under heaven" (天下; Tianxia). Given the Mandate's subjective nature, rulers also utilized a variety of methods to retain support and justify their accession. This ranged from military enforcement, political patronage, establishing peace and solidity, institutional reform, and historical revisionism to legitimize the dissolution previous dynasties and their own succession. For most of Imperial China, the wuxing (五行; "Five Elements") philosophical scheme was also central to justify dynastic succession.

Most Chinese monarchs had many names. They were given a personal name (名字; Mingzi) at birth, but later referred to by a posthumous name (謚號; Shihao)—which memorialized their accomplishments or character—due to a cultural naming taboo. Most emperors of the Imperial period also received a temple name (廟號; Miaohao), used to venerate them in ancestor worship. From the rule of Emperor Wu of Han ((r. undefined – undefined)141–87 BCE) onwards, emperors also adopted one or several era names (年號; Nianhao), or "reign mottos", to divide their rule by important events or accomplishments. Ming (1368–1644) and Qing (1644–1912) rulers are referred to solely by their era names, of which they only had one.

Apart from ethnic Han rulers, China was also ruled by various non-Han monarchs, including Jurchen, Khitan, Manchu, Mongol and Tangut and many others. To justify their reign, non-Han rulers sometimes aligned themselves with the Confucian sages or the Chakravarti of Chinese Buddhism. There are numerous lengthy periods where many competing kingdoms claimed the throne, many of whose legitimacy is still debated by scholars.

Mythological rulers
In traditional Chinese historiography, various models of mythological founding rulers exist. The relevancy of these figures to the earliest Chinese people is unknown, since most accounts of them were written from the Warring States period (c. 475–221 BCE) onwards. The sinologist Kwang-chih Chang has generalized the typical stages: "the first period was populated by gods, the second by demigods/culture hero, and the third by the legendary kings." The primordial god Pangu is given by many texts as the earliest figure and is credited with forming the world by separating heaven and earth. Other gods include Nüwa, who repaired heaven; Hou Yi, a mythical archer; and Gonggong, a serpent-like water deity.

Demigod and hero rulers from hero myths—the largest group Chinese myths—are attributed the invention of specific items, practices or traditions. Among the more important of them are Fuxi, the inventor of hunting; Suiren, who invented fire; and Shennong, who invented both agriculture and medicine. The subsequent legendary kings began with the Yellow Emperor (黃帝), known as Huangdi, a major culture hero of Chinese civilization whose reign was considered exemplary. Succeeding rulers include some combination of Shaohao, Zhuanxu, Emperor Ku, Emperor Yao and Emperor Shun. Since the late Warring States onwards, early Chinese monarchs have traditionally been ground into the concept of the Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors; however, the chosen figures of this grouping varies considerably between sources. Generally, most accounts include at least Fuxi and Shennong among the Three Sovereigns as well as the Yellow Emperor, Yao and Shun among the Five Emperors.

Xia dynasty
The Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors period was followed by the Xia dynasty in traditional historiography. Founded by Yu the Great, both the dynasty and its rulers are of highly uncertain and controversial historicity.

{{legend|#EBEBEB|(#) – Uncertain legitimacy}}

Shang dynasty (c. 1600–1046 BCE)
Unlike the Xia, the Shang dynasty's historicity is firmly established, due to written records on divination objects known as Oracle bones. The oldest such oracle bones date to the Late Shang (c. 1250—1046 BCE), during the reign of Wu Ding (1250–1192), putting the exact details of earlier rulers into doubt.

{{legend|#EBEBEB|(#) – Uncertain legitimacy}}

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center; width:100%;" ! scope="col" rowspan="2" width="15%" | Posthumous name ! scope="col" rowspan="2" width="15%" | Personal name ! scope="col" colspan="2" width="20%" | Tentative reign (BCE) ! rowspan="2" scope="col" width="20%" | Traditional succession ! scope="col" rowspan="2" width="10%" | Residence ! scope="col" rowspan="2" width="20%" | Purported life details ! XSZ Project ! CHAC
 * + Shang dynasty (商朝; c. 1600–1046/c. 1570—1045 BCE)
 * colspan="9" data-sort-value="ZZZZ9999" |
 * colspan="9" data-sort-value="ZZZZ9999" |

Early Shang
Da Yi 大乙 ! colspan="7" | Tai Ding (#) 太丁 ! colspan="7" | ! colspan="7" | ! colspan="7" | ! colspan="7" | Qiang Ding 羌丁 ! colspan="7" | Da Geng 大庚 Da Wu 大戊 Qiang Jia 羌甲
 * Tang 汤
 * Tang 汤
 * Zi Lü 子履
 * Defeated the purportedly tyrannous Jie of Xia at the Battle of Mingtiao and established the Shang dynasty
 * Bo, then Shangyi
 * Traditionally considered a noble and virtuous ruler
 * Bo, then Shangyi
 * Traditionally considered a noble and virtuous ruler
 * -style="background-color: #EAECF0"
 * Da Ding (#) 大丁
 * unknown
 * Son of Tang
 * Uncertain whether he was ever enthroned; may have died before succeeding his father
 * Son of Tang
 * Uncertain whether he was ever enthroned; may have died before succeeding his father
 * Uncertain whether he was ever enthroned; may have died before succeeding his father
 * Wai Bing 外丙
 * Zi Sheng 子勝
 * Son of Tang
 * Bo
 * Son of Tang
 * Bo
 * Bo
 * -style="background-color: #EAECF0"
 * Zhong Ren (#) 中壬
 * Zi Yong 子庸
 * Son of Tang
 * Bo
 * Not listed in the oracle bones inscriptions
 * Bo
 * Not listed in the oracle bones inscriptions
 * Tai Jia 太甲
 * Zi Zhi 子至
 * Son of Da Ding
 * Bo
 * Traditionally considered an autocratic and cruel ruler
 * Son of Da Ding
 * Bo
 * Traditionally considered an autocratic and cruel ruler
 * -style="background-color: #EAECF0"
 * Wo Ding (#) 沃丁
 * Zi Xuan 子絢
 * Son of Tai Jia
 * Bo
 * His name is not found in oracle bone inscriptions, making his certainty as a ruler less secure.
 * Bo
 * His name is not found in oracle bone inscriptions, making his certainty as a ruler less secure.
 * Tai Geng 太庚
 * Tai Geng 太庚
 * Zi Bian 子辯
 * Son of Tai Jia
 * Bo
 * Xiao Jia 小甲
 * Zi Gao 子高
 * Son of Tai Geng
 * Bo
 * Yong Ji 雍己
 * Zi Zhou 子伷
 * Son of Tai Geng
 * Bo
 * May have reigned after Tai Wu
 * Tai Wu 太戊
 * Yong Ji 雍己
 * Zi Zhou 子伷
 * Son of Tai Geng
 * Bo
 * May have reigned after Tai Wu
 * Tai Wu 太戊
 * Son of Tai Geng
 * Bo
 * May have reigned after Tai Wu
 * Tai Wu 太戊
 * Tai Wu 太戊
 * Zi Mi 子密
 * Son of Tai Geng
 * Bo
 * Said to have had a particularly long reign; one source records 75 years. The astronomer Wuxian was active under him
 * Zhong Ding 仲丁
 * Zi Zhung 子莊
 * Son of Tai Wu
 * Ao
 * May have succeeded Yong Ji
 * Wai Ren 外壬
 * Zi Fā 子發
 * Son of Tai Wu
 * Ao
 * He Dan Jia 河亶甲
 * Zi Zheng 子整
 * Son of Tai Wu
 * Xiang
 * Moved the capital to Xiang (相) and engaged in military campaigns
 * Zu Yi 祖己
 * Zi Teng 子滕
 * Son of Zhong Ding
 * Geng
 * The dynasty flourished particularly during his reign
 * Zu Xin 祖辛
 * Zi Dan 子旦
 * Son of Zu Yi
 * Bi
 * Wo Jia 沃甲
 * Xiang
 * Moved the capital to Xiang (相) and engaged in military campaigns
 * Zu Yi 祖己
 * Zi Teng 子滕
 * Son of Zhong Ding
 * Geng
 * The dynasty flourished particularly during his reign
 * Zu Xin 祖辛
 * Zi Dan 子旦
 * Son of Zu Yi
 * Bi
 * Wo Jia 沃甲
 * Zi Dan 子旦
 * Son of Zu Yi
 * Bi
 * Wo Jia 沃甲
 * Bi
 * Wo Jia 沃甲
 * Wo Jia 沃甲
 * Wo Jia 沃甲
 * Zi Yu 子踰
 * Son of Zu Yi
 * Bi
 * Zu Ding 祖丁
 * Zi Xin 子新
 * Son of Zu Xin
 * Bi
 * Nan Geng 南庚
 * Zi Geng 子更
 * Son of Wo Jia
 * Bi, then Yan
 * Moved the capital from Bi (庇) to Yan (奄)
 * Yang Jia 陽甲
 * Zi He 子和
 * Son of Zu Ding
 * Yan
 * His reign marked the decline of the Shang
 * Pan Geng 盤庚
 * Zi Xun 子旬
 * rowspan="3" | 1300–1251 (0 years years)
 * Son of Zu Ding
 * Yan, then Yin
 * Traditionally said to have moved the dynasty's capital from Yan (奄) to Yin (殷) Led a prosperous reign
 * Xiao Xin 小辛
 * Zi Song 子颂
 * Son of Zu Ding
 * Yin
 * His reign saw the continuation of the Shang's decline
 * Xiao Yi 小乙
 * Zi Lian 子敛
 * Son of Zu Ding
 * Yin
 * colspan="9" data-sort-value="ZZZZ9999" |
 * rowspan="3" | 1300–1251 (0 years years)
 * Son of Zu Ding
 * Yan, then Yin
 * Traditionally said to have moved the dynasty's capital from Yan (奄) to Yin (殷) Led a prosperous reign
 * Xiao Xin 小辛
 * Zi Song 子颂
 * Son of Zu Ding
 * Yin
 * His reign saw the continuation of the Shang's decline
 * Xiao Yi 小乙
 * Zi Lian 子敛
 * Son of Zu Ding
 * Yin
 * colspan="9" data-sort-value="ZZZZ9999" |
 * Zi Lian 子敛
 * Son of Zu Ding
 * Yin
 * colspan="9" data-sort-value="ZZZZ9999" |
 * colspan="9" data-sort-value="ZZZZ9999" |
 * colspan="9" data-sort-value="ZZZZ9999" |
 * colspan="9" data-sort-value="ZZZZ9999" |

Late Shang
! colspan="7" | ! colspan="7" | Kang Ding 康丁 Wen Ding 文丁
 * Wu Ding 武丁
 * Zi Zhao 子昭
 * 1250–1192 (0 years years)
 * ?–1189
 * Son of Xiao Yi
 * Yin
 * A powerful king with a lengthy reign. Made his wife Fu Hao the a military general and is purportedly defeated the mostly-unknown Guifang people. The first ruler whose name is included in oracle bones which date to his reign.
 * Zu Geng 祖庚
 * Zi Yue 子躍
 * rowspan="6" | 1191–1148 (0 years years)
 * 1188–1178 (0 years years)
 * Son of Wu Ding
 * Yin
 * Possibly commissioned the Houmuwu ding in memory of his mother Fu Jing
 * Zu Jia 祖甲
 * Zi Zai 子載
 * 1177–1158 (0 years years)
 * Son of Wu Ding
 * Yin
 * Reformed the ritual and calendar systems, as recording in the Book of Documents
 * Son of Wu Ding
 * Yin
 * Reformed the ritual and calendar systems, as recording in the Book of Documents
 * -style="background-color: #EAECF0"
 * Lin Xin (#) 廩辛
 * Zi Xian 子先
 * 1157–1149 (0 years years)
 * Son of Zu Jia
 * Yin
 * Due to inconsistencies in the oracle bone inscriptions, it is possible he did not reign.
 * Geng Ding 庚丁
 * Geng Ding 庚丁
 * Zi Xiao 子囂
 * 1148–1132 (0 years years)
 * Son of Zu Jia
 * Yin
 * His reign accelerated the dynasty's decline
 * Wu Yi 武乙
 * Zi Qu 子瞿
 * 1147–1131 (0 years years)
 * 1131–1117 (0 years years)
 * Son of Geng Ding
 * Yin, Hebei, then Mo
 * Engaged in numerous military campaigns, including against the state of Yiqu. Traditionally held to have been killed by a lightning strike, considered a bad omen
 * Wen Wu Ding 文武丁
 * Wen Wu Ding 文武丁
 * Wen Wu Ding 文武丁
 * Zi Tuo 子托
 * 1112–1102 (0 years years)
 * 1116–1106 (0 years years)
 * Son of Wu Yi
 * Yin
 * The Predynastic Zhou rose in power during his reign, led by Ji, King of Zhou
 * Di Yi 帝乙
 * Zi Xian 子羡
 * 1101–1076 (0 years years)
 * 1105–1087 (0 years years)
 * Son of Wen Wu Ding
 * Yin
 * Supposedly married his daughter to King Wen of Zhou, or married his sister to Ji, King of Zhou
 * Di Xin 帝辛 (紂)
 * Zi Shou 子受
 * 1075–1046 (0 years years)
 * 1086–1045 (0 years years)
 * Son of Di Yi
 * Yin
 * Killed by Ji Fa during the Battle of Muye
 * }
 * Killed by Ji Fa during the Battle of Muye
 * }

Zhou dynasty (1046–256 BCE)
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center; width:100%;" ! scope="col" rowspan="2" width="15%" | Posthumous name ! scope="col" rowspan="2" width="15%" | Personal name ! scope="col" colspan="2" width="25%" | Tentative reign (BCE) ! scope="col" rowspan="2" width="20%" | Traditional succession ! scope="col" rowspan="2" width="25%" | Purported life details ! XSZ Project ! CHAC
 * +Zhou dynasty (周; c. 1046–256 BCE)
 * colspan="7" |
 * colspan="7" |

Western Zhou

 * Wu 武
 * Ji Fa 姬發
 * 1046–1043 (0 years years)
 * 1049–1043 (0 years years)
 * Son of King Wen
 * Defeated the tyrannical King Zhou of Shang in the Battle of Muye
 * Cheng 成
 * Ji Song 姬誦
 * 1042–1021 (0 years years)
 * 1042–1006 (0 years years)
 * Son of Wu
 * Most of his reign was controlled by the Duke of Zhou, who suppressed the Rebellion of the Three Guards
 * Kang 康
 * Ji Zhao 姬釗
 * 1020–996 (0 years years)
 * 1005–978 (0 years years)
 * Son of Cheng
 * His accession established Zhou primogeniture. A largely peaceful reign
 * Zhao 昭
 * Ji Xia 姬瑕
 * 995–977 (0 years years)
 * 977–957 (0 years years)
 * Son of Kang
 * Lost the Zhou–Chu War, during which he died. His reign marked the Zhou's gradual decline
 * Mu 穆
 * Ji Man 姬滿
 * 976–922 (0 years years)
 * 956–918 (0 years years)
 * Son of Zhao
 * Engaged in many destabilizing territory conflicts
 * Gong 共
 * Ji Yihu 姬繄扈
 * 922–900 (0 years years)
 * 917–900 (0 years years)
 * Son of Mu
 * Little is known of his reign
 * Yih 懿
 * Ji Jian 姬囏
 * 899–892 (0 years years)
 * 899–873 (0 years years)
 * Son of Gong
 * Little is known of his reign; may have been removed from power by Xiao
 * Xiao 孝
 * Ji Pifang 姬辟方
 * 891–886 (0 years years)
 * 872–866 (0 years years)
 * Son of Mu
 * Little is known of his reign
 * Yí 夷
 * Ji Xie 姬燮
 * 885–878 (0 years years)
 * 865–858 (0 years years)
 * Son of Yih
 * Continued decline of the Zhou
 * Li 厲
 * Ji Hu 姬胡
 * 877–841 (0 years years)
 * 857–842 (0 years years)
 * Son of Yí
 * Traditionally considered a corrupt and cruel ruler. Exiled amid a peasant rebellion
 * colspan="7" style="background-color: #D8D8D8" | Gonghe Regency (共和; 841–828)
 * Xuan 宣
 * Ji Jing 姬靜
 * colspan="2" | 827–782
 * Son of Li
 * Had military successes, aiming to restore Zhou authority
 * You 幽
 * Ji Gongnie 姬宮涅
 * 781–771 (0 years years)
 * 782–771 (0 years years)
 * Son of Xuan
 * Numerous natural disasters occurred, after which Quanrong him and overran the capital
 * colspan="7" |
 * Xuan 宣
 * Ji Jing 姬靜
 * colspan="2" | 827–782
 * Son of Li
 * Had military successes, aiming to restore Zhou authority
 * You 幽
 * Ji Gongnie 姬宮涅
 * 781–771 (0 years years)
 * 782–771 (0 years years)
 * Son of Xuan
 * Numerous natural disasters occurred, after which Quanrong him and overran the capital
 * colspan="7" |
 * colspan="7" |
 * colspan="7" |

Eastern Zhou

 * colspan="7" style="background-color: #D8D8D8" | Spring and Autumn period (春秋時代; 770–476 BCE)
 * Ping 平
 * Ji Yijiu 姬宜臼
 * colspan="2" | 770–720 (0 years years)
 * Son of You
 * Moved the capital to Luoyang
 * Huan 桓
 * Ji Lin 姬林
 * colspan="2" | 719–697 (0 years years)
 * Grandson of Ping
 * Defeated by the Duke of Zheng at the Battle of Xuge, accelerating the Zhou dynasty's decline in power
 * Zhuang 莊
 * Ji Tuo 姬佗
 * colspan="2" | 696–682 (0 years years)
 * Son of Huan
 * Royal court's authority began declining
 * Xi 釐
 * Ji Huqi 姬胡齊
 * colspan="2" | 681–677 (0 years years)
 * Son of Zhuang
 * Briefly reigned as the Duke Huan led the Qi to surpass the Zhou in power
 * Hui 惠
 * Ji Lang 姬閬
 * colspan="2" | 676–652 (0 years years)
 * Son of Xi
 * Slowed the Chu state's rise
 * Xiang 襄
 * Ji Zheng 姬鄭
 * colspan="2" | 651–619 (0 years years)
 * Son of Hui
 * Briefly deposed by his brother, but reinstated by Duke Wen
 * Qing 頃
 * Ji Renchen 姬壬臣
 * colspan="2" | 618–613 (0 years years)
 * Son of Xiang
 * Briefly reigned
 * Kuang 匡
 * Ji Ban 姬班
 * colspan="2" | 612–607 (0 years years)
 * Son of Qing
 * Increasing fighting between surrounding kingdoms
 * Ding 定
 * Ji Yu 姬瑜
 * colspan="2" | 606–586 (0 years years)
 * Son of Qing
 * Continued fighting of surrounding kingdoms
 * Jian 簡
 * Ji Yi 姬夷
 * colspan="2" | 585–572 (0 years years)
 * Son of Ding
 * Continued fighting of surrounding kingdoms
 * Ling 靈
 * Ji Xiexin 姬泄心
 * colspan="2" | 571–545 (0 years years)
 * Son of Jian
 * Weakened relations with surrounding kingdoms
 * Jing 景
 * Ji Gui 姬貴
 * colspan="2" | 544–521 (0 years years)
 * Son of Ling
 * Died without an heir, causing a power struggle and rebellion
 * Dao 悼
 * Ji Meng 姬猛
 * colspan="2" | 520 (less than a year)
 * Son of Jing (544–521)
 * Briefly ruled before being murdered by his brother
 * Jing 敬
 * Ji Gai 姬丐
 * colspan="2" | 519–476 (0 years years)
 * Son of Jing (544–521)
 * Briefly exiled during a revolt. Ruled during the lifetime of Confucius
 * colspan="7" style="background-color: #D8D8D8" | Warring States period (戰國時代; 475–221 BCE)
 * Yuan 元
 * Ji Ren 姬仁
 * colspan="2" | 475–469 (0 years years)
 * Son of Jing (519–476)
 * Decline in Zhou's power
 * Zhending 貞定
 * Ji Jie 姬介
 * colspan="2" | 468–442 (0 years years)
 * Son of Yuan
 * Continued decline of Zhou
 * Ai 哀
 * Ji Quji 姬去疾
 * colspan="2" | 441 (less than a year)
 * Son of Zhending
 * Continued decline of Zhou. Killed by Si
 * Si 思
 * Ji Shu 姬叔
 * colspan="2" | 441 (less than a year)
 * Son of Zhending
 * Continued decline of Zhou. Killed by Kao
 * Kao 考
 * Ji Wei 姬嵬
 * colspan="2" | 440–426 (0 years years)
 * Son of Zhending
 * Weilie 威烈
 * Ji Wu 姬午
 * colspan="2" | 425–402 (0 years years)
 * Son of Kao
 * An 安
 * Ji Jiao 姬驕
 * colspan="2" | 401–376 (0 years years)
 * Son of Weilie
 * Wei increased in power
 * Lie 烈
 * Ji Xi 姬喜
 * colspan="2" | 375–369 (0 years years)
 * Son of An
 * Xian 顯
 * Ji Bian 姬扁
 * colspan="2" | 368–321 (0 years years)
 * Son of An
 * Qin began to rise in power
 * Shenjing 慎靚
 * Ji Ding 姬定
 * colspan="2" | 320–315 (0 years years)
 * Son of Xian
 * Qin's power grew significantly during his reign
 * Nan 赧
 * Ji Yan 姬延
 * colspan="2" | 314–256 (0 years years)
 * Son of Shenjing
 * Longest reigning Zhou ruler, though held little power amid the divided kingdom. Conquered and deposed by King Zhaoxiang of Qin
 * }
 * An 安
 * Ji Jiao 姬驕
 * colspan="2" | 401–376 (0 years years)
 * Son of Weilie
 * Wei increased in power
 * Lie 烈
 * Ji Xi 姬喜
 * colspan="2" | 375–369 (0 years years)
 * Son of An
 * Xian 顯
 * Ji Bian 姬扁
 * colspan="2" | 368–321 (0 years years)
 * Son of An
 * Qin began to rise in power
 * Shenjing 慎靚
 * Ji Ding 姬定
 * colspan="2" | 320–315 (0 years years)
 * Son of Xian
 * Qin's power grew significantly during his reign
 * Nan 赧
 * Ji Yan 姬延
 * colspan="2" | 314–256 (0 years years)
 * Son of Shenjing
 * Longest reigning Zhou ruler, though held little power amid the divided kingdom. Conquered and deposed by King Zhaoxiang of Qin
 * }
 * Ji Yan 姬延
 * colspan="2" | 314–256 (0 years years)
 * Son of Shenjing
 * Longest reigning Zhou ruler, though held little power amid the divided kingdom. Conquered and deposed by King Zhaoxiang of Qin
 * }

Han and Xin dynasties (202 BCE – 220 CE)
{{legend|#EBEBEB|(#) – contested legitimacy}}

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center; width:100%;" ! scope="col" width="15%" | Posthumous name ! scope="col" width="15%" | Personal name ! scope="col" width="25%" | Reign ! scope="col" width="15%" | Succession ! scope="col" width="30%" | Life details
 * +Han (漢朝; 202 BCE – 9 CE; 25–220 CE) and Xin (新; 9–23 CE) dynasties
 * colspan="5" data-sort-value="ZZZZ9999" |
 * colspan="5" data-sort-value="ZZZZ9999" |

Western Han (202 BCE – 9 CE)
Among the most revered Chinese emperors. Died from an arrow injury in a campaign against Ying Bu His reign was largely dominated by his mother Empress Lü. Died from an unknown illness ! colspan="5" | An infant emperor whose reign was completely dominated by Empress Lü. Deposed and put under house arrest; unknown date of death after 184 ! colspan="5" | An infant emperor whose reign was completely dominated by Empress Lü. Put to death by the House of Lü ! colspan="5" |
 * Gaozu 高祖 Gao 高帝
 * Liu Bang 劉邦
 * 28 February 202– 1 June 195 BCE
 * Unified China and proclaimed himself Emperor after victory in the Chu–Han Contention
 * 256 – 1 June 195 BCE (aged 61)
 * 256 – 1 June 195 BCE (aged 61)
 * Hui 惠帝
 * Liu Ying 劉盈
 * 23 June 195 – 26 September 188 BCE
 * Son of Gao
 * 210 – 26 September 188 BCE (aged 22)
 * 210 – 26 September 188 BCE (aged 22)
 * -style="background-color: #EAECF0"
 * Qianshao (#) 前少帝
 * Liu Gong 劉恭
 * 19 October 188 – 15 June 184 BCE
 * Purportedly a son of Hui
 * ? – after 184 BCE
 * -style="background-color: #EAECF0"
 * -style="background-color: #EAECF0"
 * Houshao (#) 後少帝
 * Liu Yi 劉盈 Liu Hong 劉弘
 * 15 June 184 – 15 August 180 BCE
 * Purportedly a son of Hui
 * ? – 14 November 180
 * Wen 文帝
 * Liu Heng 劉恆
 * 14 November 180 – 6 July 157 BCE  Era(s)
 * 14 November 180 – 6 July 157 BCE  Era(s)

Died of natural causes
 * Qianyuan (前元) 25 November 180 – 14 November 164 BCE
 * Houyuan (後元) 15 November 164 – 28 October 157 BCE
 * Son of Gao
 * 203/202 – 6 July 157 BCE (aged 46)
 * Jing 景帝
 * Liu Qi 劉啟
 * 14 July 157 – 10 March 141 BCE  Era(s)
 * 14 July 157 – 10 March 141 BCE  Era(s)

Died of natural causes
 * Qianyuan (前元) 29 October 157 – 10 November 150 BCE
 * Zhongyuan (中元) 11 November 149 – 3 November 144 BCE
 * Houyuan (後元) 4 November 143 – 31 October 141 BCE
 * Son of Wen
 * 188 – 10 March 141 BCE (aged 47)
 * Wu 武帝
 * Liu Che 劉徹
 * 10 March 141 – 29 March 87 BCE (1847 years, 3 months, 11 days) Era(s)
 * 10 March 141 – 29 March 87 BCE (1847 years, 3 months, 11 days) Era(s)

Among the longest reigning and highly regarded Chinese emperors. Expanded the Han dynasty considerably. Died from an unknown illness
 * Jianyuan (建元) 1 November 141 – 25 October 135 BCE
 * Yuanguang (元光) 26 October 135 – 17 November 129 BCE
 * Yuanshuo (元朔) 18 November 129 – 11 November 123 BCE
 * Yuanshou (元狩) 12 November 123 – 5 November 117 BCE
 * Yuanding (元鼎) 6 November 117 – 14 May 110 BCE
 * Yuanfeng (元封) 15 May 110 – 24 June 104 BCE
 * Taichu (太初) 25 June 104 – 5 February 100 BCE
 * Tianhan (天漢) 6 February 100 – 22 January 96 BCE
 * Taishi	(太始) 23 January 96 – 6 February 92 BCE
 * Zhenghe (征和) 7 February 92 – 23 January 88 BCE
 * Houyuan (後元) 24 January 88 – 29 March 87 BCE
 * Son of Jing
 * 157/156 – 29 March 87 BCE (aged 69)
 * Zhao 昭帝
 * Liu Fuling 劉弗陵
 * 30 March 87 – 5 June 74 BCE  Era(s)
 * 30 March 87 – 5 June 74 BCE  Era(s)

Died from natural causes ! colspan="5" | Briefly installed by Huo Guang and not often considered legitimate. Died from natural causes ! colspan="5" |
 * Shiyuan (始元) 1 February 86 – 25 January 80 BCE
 * Yuanfeng (元鳳) 26 January 80 – 18 February 74 BCE
 * Yuanping (元平) 19 February 74 – 8 February 73 BCE
 * Son of Wu
 * 94 – 5 June 74 BCE (aged 20)
 * -style="background-color: #EAECF0"
 * None, known as Marquis of Haihun (#) 海昏侯
 * Liu He 劉賀
 * 18 July – 14 August 74 BCE (27 days)
 * Grandson of Wu
 * 92–59 BCE (aged 32–33)
 * Xuan 宣帝
 * Liu Bingyi 劉病已 Liu Xun 劉詢
 * 10 September 74 – 10 January 48 BCE (73 years, 4 months, 20 days) Era(s)
 * 10 September 74 – 10 January 48 BCE (73 years, 4 months, 20 days) Era(s)

His reign is sometimes considered a cultural and political 'renaissance'. Died from natural causes
 * Benshi (本始) 8 February 73 – 24 January 69 BCE
 * Dijie (地節) 25 January 69 – 8 February 65 BCE
 * Yuankang (元康) 9 February 65 – 25 January 61 BCE
 * Shenjue (神爵) 26 January 61 – 10 February 57 BCE
 * Wufeng (五鳳) 11 February 57 – 27 January 53 BCE
 * Ganlu (甘露) 28 January 53 – 12 February 49 BCE
 * Huanglong (黃龍) 13 February 49 – 10 January 48 BCE
 * Great-grandson Wu
 * 91 – 10 January 48 BCE (aged 43)
 * Yuan 元帝
 * Liu Shi 劉奭
 * 29 January 48 – 3 July 33 BCE  Era(s)
 * 29 January 48 – 3 July 33 BCE  Era(s)

Died from an unknown illness
 * Chuyuan (初元) 1 February 48 – 5 February 43 BCE
 * Yongguang (永光) 6 February 43 – 10 February 39 BCE
 * Jianzhao (建昭) 11 February 38 – 15 February 34 BCE
 * Jingning (竟寧) 16 February 33 – 3 July 33 BCE
 * Son of Xuan
 * 75 – 8 July 33 BCE (aged 42)
 * Cheng 成帝
 * Liu Ao 劉驁
 * 4 August 33 – 17 April 7 BCE  Era(s)
 * 4 August 33 – 17 April 7 BCE  Era(s)

Died from a stroke or possibly complications from an aphrodisiac overdose
 * Jianshi (建始) 4 February 32 – late 28 BCE
 * Heping (河平) late 28 – 10 August 25 BCE
 * Yangshuo (陽朔) 11 August 25 – 20 February 20 BCE
 * Hongjia (鴻嘉) 21 February 20 – 6 February 17 BCE
 * Yongshi (永始) 7 February 16 – 23 January 13 BCE
 * Yuanyan (元延) 24 January 12 – 8 February 8 BCE
 * Suihe (綏和) 9 February 8 – 17 April 7 BCE
 * Son of Yuan
 * 51 – 17 April 7 BCE (aged 44)
 * Ai 哀帝
 * Liu Xin 劉欣
 * 7 May 7 – 15 August 1 BCE (7 years, 6 months, 9 days) Era(s)
 * 7 May 7 – 15 August 1 BCE (7 years, 6 months, 9 days) Era(s)

Died from an unknown illness
 * Jianping (建平) 17 February 6 – 2 February 2 BCE
 * Taichu Yuan Jiang (太初元將) 9 July – September 5 BCE
 * Yuanshou (元壽) 3 February 2 – 11 February 1 CE
 * Grandson of Yuan
 * 27 – 15 August 1 BCE (aged 26)
 * Ping 平帝
 * Liu Kan 劉衎
 * 17 October 1 BCE – 3 February 6 CE  Era(s)
 * 17 October 1 BCE – 3 February 6 CE  Era(s)

His reign was dominated by Wang Zhengjun and Wang Mang. He was murdered, possibly by orders from the latter. ! colspan="5" |
 * Yuanshi (元始) 12 February 1 CE – 16 February 6 CE
 * Grandson of Yuan
 * 9 BCE – 3 February 6 CE (aged 14)
 * -style="background-color: #EAECF0"
 * None, known as Ruzi Ying (#) 孺子嬰
 * Liu Ying 劉嬰
 * 17 April 6 – 10 January 9 CE  Era(s)

A child puppet of Wang Mang; often not considered legitimate. He later attempted to succeed the Gengshi Emperor, but was killed by him ! colspan="5" |
 * Jushe (居攝) 17 February 6 – 27 January 8 CE
 * Chushi (初始) 27 January – 10 January 9 CE
 * Cousin-once-removed of Ping
 * 5 – 25 CE (aged 20)
 * colspan="5" data-sort-value="ZZZZ9999" |
 * colspan="5" data-sort-value="ZZZZ9999" |

Xin dynasty (9–23 CE)

 * Wang Mang 王莽
 * 10 January 9 – 6 October 23 CE  Era(s)
 * Wang Mang 王莽
 * 10 January 9 – 6 October 23 CE  Era(s)

Established the Xin dynasty, but his drastic reforms incited the Red Eyebrows and Lulin peasant rebellions which collapsed the dynasty.
 * Shijianguo (始建國) 15 January 9 – 19 January 14 CE
 * Tianfeng (天鳳) 20 January 14 – 13 January 20 CE
 * Dihuang (地皇) 14 January 20 – 6 October 23 CE
 * After dominating the reign of Emperor Ping, Wang Mang overthrew him and established the short-lived Xin dynasty
 * 46 BCE – 6 October 23 CE (aged 68)
 * colspan="5" data-sort-value="ZZZZ9999" |
 * colspan="5" data-sort-value="ZZZZ9999" |

Gengshi Emperor (23–25 CE)

 * -style="background-color: #EAECF0"
 * None, known by his era: Gengshi (#) 更始帝
 * Liu Xuan 劉玄
 * 11 March 23 – November 25 CE  Era(s)

Strangled on the orders of 謝祿, a leader of the Red Eyebrows. Sometimes considered a pretender and illegitimate
 * Gengshi (更始) 10 February 23 – November 25 CE
 * Descendant of Jing
 * ? – November 25 CE
 * colspan="5" data-sort-value="ZZZZ9999" |
 * colspan="5" data-sort-value="ZZZZ9999" |

Eastern Han (25–220 CE)

 * Guangwu 光武帝
 * Liu Xiu 劉秀
 * 5 August 25 – 29 March 57 CE  Era(s)
 * 5 August 25 – 29 March 57 CE  Era(s)

Died of natural causes
 * Jianwu (建武) 5 August 25 – 13 May 56 CE
 * Jianwezhongyuan (建武中元) 14 May 56 – 12 February 57 CE
 * Descendant of Jing
 * 15 January 5 BCE – 29 March 57 CE (aged 62)
 * Ming 明帝
 * Liu Yang 劉陽 Liu Zhuang 劉莊
 * 29 March 58 – 5 September 75 CE (17 years, 5 months, 13 days) Era(s)
 * 29 March 58 – 5 September 75 CE (17 years, 5 months, 13 days) Era(s)

Died of natural causes
 * Yongping (永平) 13 February 58 – 23 February 76 CE
 * Son of Guangwu
 * 28 – 5 September 75 CE (aged 48)
 * Zhang 章帝
 * Liu Da 劉炟
 * 5 September 75 – 9 April 88 CE (12 years, 7 months, 10 days) Era(s)
 * 5 September 75 – 9 April 88 CE (12 years, 7 months, 10 days) Era(s)

His reign marked the beginning of the Han's decline. Died of natural causes
 * Jianchu (建初) 24 February 76 – 26 January 84 CE
 * Yuanhe (元和) 27 January 84 – 11 September 87 CE
 * Zhanghe (章和) 12 September 87 – 29 April 88 CE
 * Son of Ming
 * 56 – 9 April 88 CE (aged 32)
 * He 和帝
 * Liu Zhao 劉肇
 * 9 April 88 – 13 February 106 CE  Era(s)
 * 9 April 88 – 13 February 106 CE  Era(s)

Died of natural causes
 * Yongyuan (永元) 30 January 89 – 17 May 105 CE
 * Yuanxing (元興) 18 May 105 – 20 February 106 CE
 * Son of Zhang
 * 79 – 13 February 106 (aged 27)
 * Shang 殤帝
 * Liu Long 劉隆
 * 13 February – 21 September 106 CE (7 months, 10 days) Era(s)
 * 13 February – 21 September 106 CE (7 months, 10 days) Era(s)

Died of natural causes
 * Yanping (延平) 21 February 106 – 9 February 107 CE
 * Son of He
 * 105 – 21 September 106 (aged 4)
 * An 安帝
 * Liu Hu 劉祜 Liu You 劉友
 * 23 September 106 – 30 April 125 CE (18 years, 7 months, 14 days) Era(s)
 * 23 September 106 – 30 April 125 CE (18 years, 7 months, 14 days) Era(s)

Died of natural causes ! colspan="5" | Briefly reigned, probably as a child; often not considered legitimate. Died of natural causes ! colspan="5" |
 * Yongchu (永初) 10 February 107 – 23 February 113 CE
 * Yuanchu (元初) 24 February 114 – 24 May 120 CE
 * Yongning (永寧) 25 May 120 – 30 September 121 CE
 * Jianguang (建光) 1 August 121 – 24 April 122 CE
 * Yanguang (延光) 25 April 122 – 30 April 125 CE
 * Grandson of Zhang
 * 94 – 30 April 125 (aged 32)
 * -style="background-color: #EAECF0"
 * None, known as Marquess of Beixiang (#) 北鄉侯
 * Liu Yi 劉懿
 * 18 May – 10 December 125 CE (6 months, 26 days)
 * Grandson of Emperor Zhang
 * ?–125 CE
 * Shun 順帝
 * Liu Bao 劉保
 * 16 December 125 – 20 September 144 (18 years, 9 months, 13 days) Era(s)
 * 16 December 125 – 20 September 144 (18 years, 9 months, 13 days) Era(s)

Died of natural causes
 * Yongjian (永建) 10 February 126 – 15 April 132 CE
 * Yangjia (陽嘉) 16 April 132 – 4 March 135 CE
 * Yonghe (永和) 5 March 136 – 25 February 142 CE
 * Han'an (漢安) 26 February 142 – 2 June 144 CE
 * Jiankang (建康) 3 June 144 – 9 February 145 CE
 * Son of An
 * 115 – 20 September 144 CE (aged 29)
 * Chong 沖帝
 * Liu Bing 劉炳
 * 20 September 144 – 15 February 145 (4 months, 28 days) Era(s)
 * 20 September 144 – 15 February 145 (4 months, 28 days) Era(s)

Died of natural causes
 * Yongxi (永嘉) 10 February 145 – 29 January 146 CE
 * Son of Shun
 * 143 – 15 February 145 CE (aged 2)
 * Zhi 質帝
 * Liu Zuan 劉纘
 * 6 March 145 – 26 July 146 (1 year, 4 months, 22 days) Era(s)
 * 6 March 145 – 26 July 146 (1 year, 4 months, 22 days) Era(s)

His reign was dominated by Liang Ji, who may have poisoned him. Otherwise he died from food poisoning
 * Benchu (本初) 30 January 146 – 17 February 147 CE
 * Cousin of Chong and great-grandson of Emperor Zhang
 * 138 – 26 July 146 CE (aged 7–8)
 * Huan 桓帝
 * Liu Zhi 劉志
 * 1 August 146 – 25 January 168 (21 years, 6 months, 2 days) Era(s)
 * 1 August 146 – 25 January 168 (21 years, 6 months, 2 days) Era(s)

Died of natural causes
 * Jianhe (建和) 18 February 147 – 14 February 150 CE
 * Heping (和平) 15 February 150 – 18 February 151 CE
 * Yuanjia (元嘉) 19 February 151 – 30 June 153 CE
 * Yongxing (永興) 1 July 153 – 4 March 155 CE
 * Yongshou (永壽) 5 March 155 – 16 July 158 CE
 * Yanxi (延熹) 17 July 158 – 11 July 167 CE
 * Yongkang (永康) 12 July 167 – 16 February 168 CE
 * Great-grandson of Zhang
 * 132 – 25 January 168 CE (aged 36)
 * Ling 靈帝
 * Liu Hong 劉宏
 * 17 February 168 – 13 May 189 (21 years, 1 month) Era(s)
 * 17 February 168 – 13 May 189 (21 years, 1 month) Era(s)

Died of an unknown illness ! colspan="5" |
 * Jianning (建寧) 17 February 168 – 23 June 172 CE
 * Xiping (熹平) 24 June 172 – 25 April 178 CE
 * Guanghe (光和) 26 April 178 – 15 February 185 CE
 * Zhongping (中平) 16 February 184 – 14 May 189 CE
 * Great-great-grandson of Zhang
 * 156 – 13 May 189 CE (aged 32–33)
 * -style="background-color: #EAECF0"
 * Prince of Hongnong (#) 弘農王
 * Liu Bian 劉辯
 * 15 May – 28 September 189 CE (6 months, 17 days) Era(s)

Briefly reigned as a child; often not considered legitimate. Poisoned by Dong Zhuo ! colspan="5" |
 * Guingxi (光熹) 15 May – 24 September 189 CE
 * Zhaoning (昭宁) 25–27 September 189 CE
 * Son of Ling
 * 173/176 – 22 March 190 CE (aged 13–14)
 * Xian 獻帝
 * Liu Xie 劉協
 * 28 September 189 – 11 December 220 (31 years, 3 months, 1 day) Era(s)
 * 28 September 189 – 11 December 220 (31 years, 3 months, 1 day) Era(s)

A puppet of Dong Zhuo and later Cao Cao. Forced to abdicate by Cao Pi, but spared. Died of natural causes
 * Yonghan (永汉) 28 September 189 – 18 February 190 CE
 * Zhongping (中平) 19–22 February 193 CE
 * Chuping (初平) 23 February 190 – 20 February 194 CE
 * Xingping (兴平) 21 February 194 – 22 February 196 CE
 * Jian'an (建安) 23 February 196 – 20 March 220 CE
 * Yankang (延康) 21 March – 11 December 220 CE
 * Son of Ling
 * 2 April 181 – 21 April 234 (aged 53)
 * colspan="5" style="background-color: #EAECF0" | Cao Cao is defeated at the Battle of Red Cliffs by Sun Quan and Liu Bei, preventing him from uniting seceded southern Han territory. The region becomes split into three competing powers: Cao Wei, Eastern Wu, and Shu Han.
 * }
 * }

Jin dynasty (266–420)
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center; width:100%;" ! scope="col" width="15%" | Posthumous name ! scope="col" width="15%" | Personal name ! scope="col" width="25%" | Reign ! scope="col" width="15%" | Succession ! scope="col" width="30%" | Life details
 * + Jin dynasty (晉朝; 266–420)
 * colspan="5" data-sort-value="ZZZZ9999" |
 * colspan="5" data-sort-value="ZZZZ9999" |

Western Jin (266–316)

 * Emperor Wu 晉武帝
 * Sima Yan 司馬炎
 * 8 February 266 – 16 May 290 (24 years, 4 months, 14 days) Era(s)
 * 8 February 266 – 16 May 290 (24 years, 4 months, 14 days) Era(s)

Died of natural causes
 * Taishi (泰始) 266–274
 * Xianning (咸寧) 275–280
 * Taikang (太康) 280–289
 * Taixi (太熙) 290
 * Son of Prince Sima Zhao, proclaimed emperor after the abdication of Cao Huan of Wei. He unified China after conquering Eastern Wu in 280
 * 236–290 (aged 53–54)
 * Emperor Hui 晉惠帝
 * Sima Zhong 司馬衷
 * 16 May 290 – 8 January 307 (16 years, 8 months) Era(s)
 * 16 May 290 – 8 January 307 (16 years, 8 months) Era(s)

Possibly mentally unstable, his reign was marked by the disastrous War of the Eight Princes. He was poisoned by Sima Yue
 * Yongxi (永熙) 290
 * Yongping (永平) 291
 * Yuankang (元康) 291–299
 * Yongkang (永康) 300–301
 * Yongning (永寧) 301–302
 * Taian (太安) 302–303
 * Yongan (永安) 304
 * Jianwu (建武) 304
 * Yongan (永安) 304
 * Yongxing (永興) 305–306
 * Guangxi (光熙) 306
 * Son of Emperor Wu, ruled under the regency of his wife, Jia Nanfeng, until her death in 300 CE
 * 259–307 (aged 47–48)
 * Sima Lun 司馬倫
 * 3 February – 30 May 301 (3 months, 26 days) Era(s)
 * Sima Lun 司馬倫
 * 3 February – 30 May 301 (3 months, 26 days) Era(s)


 * Jianshi (建始) 301
 * Prince of Zhou and son of Sima Yi, briefly usurped power from Emperor Hu
 * One of the infamous Eight Princes; often seen as an usurper. He was forced to commit suicide by Princes Jiong, Ying and Yong
 * Emperor Huai 晉懷帝
 * Sima Chi 司馬熾
 * 8 January 307 – 14 March 311 (4 years, 2 months, 6 days) Era(s)
 * 8 January 307 – 14 March 311 (4 years, 2 months, 6 days) Era(s)

His reign, dominated by Sima Yue, saw widespread ethnic rebellions. He was deposed and killed by the Han-Zhao
 * Yongjia (永嘉) 307–313
 * Younger brother of Emperor Hui
 * 284–313 (aged 30–31)
 * Emperor Min 晉愍帝
 * Sima Ye 司馬鄴
 * 14 March 313 – 7 February 316 (2 years, 11 months) Era(s)
 * 14 March 313 – 7 February 316 (2 years, 11 months) Era(s)

Killed by Liu Cong of Han-Zhao
 * Jianxing (建興) 313–317
 * Nephew of Emperor Huai, proclaimed emperor in Chang'an after the fall of Luoyang to the Five Barbarians.
 * 300 – 7 February 316 (aged 15–16)
 * colspan="5" data-sort-value="ZZZZ9999" |
 * colspan="5" data-sort-value="ZZZZ9999" |

Eastern Jin (318–420)

 * Emperor Yuan 晉元帝
 * Sima Rui 司馬睿
 * 26 April 318 – 3 January 323 (4 years, 8 months, 13 days) Era(s)
 * 26 April 318 – 3 January 323 (4 years, 8 months, 13 days) Era(s)

Died of natural causes
 * Jianwu (建武) 317–318
 * Taixing (太興) 318–322
 * Yongchang (永昌) 322–323
 * Great-grandson of Sima Yi, proclaimed himself emperor with the help of Wang Dun in Jiankang after the fall of Chang'an.
 * 276 – 323 (aged 47)
 * Emperor Ming 晉明帝
 * Sima Shao 司馬紹
 * 3 January 323 – 18 October 325 (2 years, 9 months, 19 days) Era(s)
 * 3 January 323 – 18 October 325 (2 years, 9 months, 19 days) Era(s)

His reign was dominated by Wang Dao and antagonized by Wang Dun. Died of natural causes
 * Taining (太寧) 323–326
 * Son of Emperor Yuan
 * 299 – 325 (aged 26)
 * Emperor Cheng 晉成帝
 * Sima Yan 司馬衍
 * 19 October 325 – 26 July 342 (16 years, 9 months, 14 days) Era(s)
 * 19 October 325 – 26 July 342 (16 years, 9 months, 14 days) Era(s)

Dominated by Yu Liang, he was briefly deposed in 328 by rebel Su Jun. Died of natural causes
 * Xianhe (咸和) 326–335
 * Xiankang (咸康) 335–342
 * Son of Emperor Ming, ruled initially under the regency of Yu Wenjun
 * 321 – 342 (aged 21)
 * Emperor Kang 晉康帝
 * Sima Yue 司馬岳
 * 27 July 342 – 17 November 344 (2 years, 3 months, 24 days) Era(s)
 * 27 July 342 – 17 November 344 (2 years, 3 months, 24 days) Era(s)

Died of natural causes
 * Jianyuan (建元) 343–344
 * Son of Emperor Ming
 * 322 – 344 (aged 22)
 * Emperor Mu 晉穆帝
 * Sima Dan 司馬聃
 * 18 November 344 – 10 July 361 (16 years, 7 months, 28 days) Era(s)
 * 18 November 344 – 10 July 361 (16 years, 7 months, 28 days) Era(s)

The youngest Chinese emperor. Died of natural causes
 * Yonghe (永和) 345–357
 * Shengping (升平) 357–361
 * Son of Emperor Kang, "ruled" under the regency of Empress Dowager Chu until 357
 * 343 – 361 (aged 18)
 * Emperor Ai 晉哀帝
 * Sima Pi 司馬丕
 * 13 July 361 – 30 March 365 (3 years, 8 months, 21 days) Era(s)
 * 13 July 361 – 30 March 365 (3 years, 8 months, 21 days) Era(s)

Died of drug poisoning
 * Longhe (隆和) 362–363
 * Xingning (興寧) 363–365
 * Son of Emperor Cheng, reigned alongside Empress Dowager Chu
 * 341 – 365 (aged 24)
 * none, known as: Emperor Fei 晉廢帝
 * Sima Yi 司馬奕
 * 31 March 365 – 6 January 372 (6 years, 9 months, 12 days) Era(s)
 * 31 March 365 – 6 January 372 (6 years, 9 months, 12 days) Era(s)

Deposed by Huan Wen, later dying of natural causes
 * Taihe (太和) 366–372
 * Son of Emperor Cheng
 * 342 – 386 (aged 44)
 * Emperor Jianwen 晉簡文帝
 * Sima Yu 司馬昱
 * 6 January – 19 August 372 (7 months, 16 days) Era(s)
 * 6 January – 19 August 372 (7 months, 16 days) Era(s)

Died of natural causes
 * Xianan (咸安) 372
 * Son of Emperor Yuan and great-great-grandson of Sima Yi, enthroned by Huan Wen
 * 320 – 372 (aged 52)
 * Emperor Xiaowu 晉孝武帝
 * Sima Yao 司馬曜
 * 19 August 372 – 6 November 396 (24 years, 2 months, 25 days) Era(s)
 * 19 August 372 – 6 November 396 (24 years, 2 months, 25 days) Era(s)

His army's defeat of the Former Qin army at the Battle of Fei River led to the eventual collapse of the Former Qin. Killed by a jealous concubine
 * Ningkang (寧康) 373–376
 * Taiyuan (太元) 376–397
 * Son of Emperor Jianwen
 * 362 – 396 (aged 34)
 * Emperor An 晉安帝
 * Sima Dezong 司馬德宗
 * 7 November 396 – 28 January 419 (22 years, 2 months, 27 days) Era(s)
 * 7 November 396 – 28 January 419 (22 years, 2 months, 27 days) Era(s)

Dominated by Sima Daozi, Huan Xuan and Liu Yu, he was killed by the latter
 * Longan (隆安) 397–402
 * Yuanxing (元興) 402–405
 * Yixi (義熙) 405–419
 * Son of Emperor Xiaowu
 * 382/3 – 419 (aged 36–37)
 * Emperor Gong 晉恭帝
 * Sima Dewen 司馬德文
 * 28 January 419 – 5 July 420 (1 year, 5 months, 9 days) Era(s)
 * 28 January 419 – 5 July 420 (1 year, 5 months, 9 days) Era(s)

Abdicated in favor of Liu Yu (Emperor Wu of Song), later assassinated
 * Yuanxi (元熙) 419–420
 * Son of Emperor Xiaowu
 * 386 – 12 November 421 (aged 35)
 * }

Tang and Zhou dynasties (618–907)
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center; width:100%;" ! scope="col" width="10%" | Portrait ! scope="col" width="15%" | Temple name ! scope="col" width="15%" | Personal name ! scope="col" width="23%" | Reign ! scope="col" width="12%" | Succession ! scope="col" width="25%" | Life details
 * + Tang (唐; 618–690; 705–907) and (Wu) Zhou ((武)周; 690–705) dynasties
 * colspan="6" |
 * colspan="6" |

Early Tang (618–690)
Other names
 * TangGaozu.jpg
 * Gaozu 高祖
 * Gaozu 高祖


 * Posthumous name (635) Emperor Taiwu (太武皇帝)
 * Posthumous name (674) Emperor Shenyao (神堯皇帝)
 * Posthumous name (754) Emperor Shenyao Dasheng Daguang Xiao (神堯大聖大光孝皇帝)
 * Li Yuan 李淵
 * 18 June 618 – 4 September 626 (8 years, 2 months, 20 days) Era(s)

Abdicated in favor of his son following the Xuanwu Gate Incident. A fair and capable ruler, his reign is said to have started a golden age in Chinese history, although imperial propaganda often underestimated his reign to exalt that of his son Other names
 * Wude (武德) 18 June 618 – 22 January 627
 * Son of Li Bing, Duke of Tang and officer of Northern Zhou. Claimed descent from Li Gao, founder of Western Liang
 * 566 – 25 June 635 (aged 69)
 * TangTaizong- cropped.jpg
 * Taizong 太宗
 * Taizong 太宗


 * Posthumous name (649): Emperor Wen (文皇帝)
 * Posthumous name (754): Emperor Wen Wu Dasheng Daguang Xiao (文武大聖大廣孝皇帝)
 * Li Shimin 李世民
 * 4 September 626 – 10 July 649 (23 years, 10 months, 15 days) Era(s)

Considered one of the greatest emperors in Chinese history, both as a conqueror and administrator. His reign saw a territorial expansion and economic growth not seen since the Han dynasty. Died after a period of prolonged illness, possibly due to alchemical elixir poisoning Other names
 * Zhenguan (貞觀) 23 January 627 – 6 February 650
 * Son of Gaozu; named heir after the murder of Crown Prince Li Jiancheng in the Xuanwu Gate Incident
 * 23 January 597/99 – 10 July 649 (aged 50–52)
 * Gaozong of Tang.jpg
 * Gaozong 高宗
 * Gaozong 高宗


 * Posthumous name (683): Great Emperor Tianhuang (天皇大皇帝)
 * Posthumous name (754): Emperor Tianhuang Dasheng Dahong Xiao (天皇大聖大弘孝皇帝)
 * Li Zhi 李治
 * 15 July 649 – 27 December 683 (34 years, 5 months, 23 days) Era(s)

A well-meaning but ineffectual ruler, his reign was dominated by several successive regencies. Suffered a serious stroke in late 660, whereafter the government was run by his wife, the future Empress Wu Zetian. Died after several years of illness Other names
 * Yonghui (永徽) 7 February 650 – 6 February 656
 * Xianqing (顯慶) 7 February 656 – 3 April 661
 * Longshuo (龍朔) 4 April 661 – 1 February 664
 * Linde (麟德) 2 February 664 – 13 February 666
 * Qianfeng (乾封) 14 February 666 – 21 April 668
 * Zongzhang (總章) 22 April 668 – 26 March 670
 * Xianheng (咸亨) 27 March 670 – 19 September 674
 * Shangyuan (上元) 20 September 674 – 17 December 676
 * Yifeng (儀鳳) 18 December 676 – 14 July 679
 * Tiaolu (調露) 15 July 679 – 21 September 680
 * Yonglong (永隆) 22 September 680 – 14 November 681
 * Kaiyao (開耀) 15 November 681 – 1 April 682
 * Yongchun (永淳) 2 April 682 – 26 December 683
 * Hongdao (弘道) 27 December 683 – 22 January 684
 * Son of Taizong
 * 20 July 628 – 27 December 683 (aged 55)
 * Tang Zhongzong.png
 * Zhongzong 中宗
 * Zhongzong 中宗


 * Posthumous name (710): Emperor Xiaohe (孝和皇帝)
 * Posthumous name (754): Emperor Dahe Dasheng Dazhao Xiao (大和大聖大昭孝皇帝)
 * Li Xian 李顯
 * 3 January 684 – 26 February 684 (1 month, 24 days) Era(s)

Deposed by his mother after challenging her authority Other names
 * Sisheng (嗣聖) 23 January – 26 February 684
 * Son of Gaozong and Wu Zetian
 * 26 November 656 – 3 July 710 (aged 53)
 * Tang Ruizong.png
 * Ruizong 睿宗
 * Ruizong 睿宗


 * Posthumous name (716): Great Emperor Shengzhen (大圣真皇帝)
 * Posthumous name (754): Emperor Xuanzhen Dasheng Daxing Xiao (玄真大聖大興孝皇帝)
 * Li Dan 李旦
 * 27 February 684 – 16 October 690 (6 years, 7 months, 23 days) Era(s)

A complete puppet of his mother; forced to abdicate
 * Wenming(文明) 27 February – 18 October 684
 * Guangzhai(光宅) 19 October 684 – 8 February 685
 * Chuigong(垂拱) 9 February 685 – 26 January 689
 * Yongchang(永昌) 27 January – 17 December 689
 * Zaichu(載初) 18 December 689 – 15 October 690
 * Son of Gaozong and Wu Zetian
 * 22 June 662 – 13 July 716 (aged 54)
 * colspan="6" |
 * colspan="6" |

Wu Zhou (690–705)
Other names
 * A Tang Dynasty Empress Wu Zetian.JPG
 * none, known as Wu Zetian  武則天
 * none, known as Wu Zetian  武則天


 * Dynastic name: Emperor Jinlun (金輪皇帝)
 * Posthumous name (706): Emperor Zetian Dasheng (則天大聖皇帝)
 * Posthumous name (710): Holy Empress (大聖天后)
 * Posthumous name (716): Empress Zetian (則天皇后)
 * Posthumous name (749): Holy Empress Zetianshun (則天順聖皇后)
 * Wu Zhao 武曌
 * 16 October 690 – 21 February 705 (14 years, 4 months, 11 days) Era(s)

Only female sovereign in Chinese history. Notable for her contribution to the Imperial examination system and her support for Buddhism, but also for her violent methods of enforcement. Deposed by Zhang Jianzhi; died of natural causes
 * Tianshou (天授) 16 October 690 – 21 April 692
 * Ruyi (如意) 22 April – 22 October 692
 * Changshou (長壽) 23 October 692 – 8 June 694
 * Yanzai (延載) 9 June 694 – 21 January 695
 * Zhengsheng (證聖) 22 January – 21 October 695
 * Tiancewansui (天冊萬歲) 22 October 695 – 19 January 696
 * Wansuidengfeng (萬歲登封) 20 January – 21 April 696
 * Wansuitongtian (萬歲通天) 22 April 696 – 28 September 697
 * Shengong (神功) 29 September – 19 December 697
 * Shengli (聖曆) 20 December 697 – 26 May 700
 * Jiushi (久視) 27 May 700 – 14 February 701
 * Dazu (大足) 15 February – 25 November 701
 * Chang'an (長安) 26 November 701 – 21 February 705
 * Former consort of emperors Taizong and Gaozong; regent since November 660, de facto ruler since January 683
 * 623/625 – 12 December 706 (aged 81–83)
 * colspan="6" |
 * colspan="6" |

Tang restoration (705–907)

 * Tang Zhongzong.png
 * Zhongzong (second reign)
 * Li Xian 李顯
 * 23 February 705 – 3 July 710 (5 years, 4 months, 11 days) Era(s)
 * 23 February 705 – 3 July 710 (5 years, 4 months, 11 days) Era(s)

A weak ruler; he died after eating a poisoned cake delivered by his wife, Empress Wei
 * Shenlong (神龍) 21 February 705 – 4 October 707
 * Jinglong (景龍) 5 October 707 – 4 July 710
 * Restored to the throne by Tang loyalists
 * 26 November 656 – 3 July 710 (aged 53)
 * colspan="2" | none, known as Emperor Shang 唐殤帝
 * Li Chongmao 李重茂
 * 8 July 710 – 25 July 710 (17 days) Era(s)
 * 8 July 710 – 25 July 710 (17 days) Era(s)

Second shortest-reigning emperor; deposed in a palace coup
 * Tanglong (唐隆) 5 July – 18 August 710
 * Son of Zhongzong; installed by Empress Wei
 * 698–714 (aged 16)
 * Tang Ruizong.png
 * Ruizong (second reign)
 * Li Dan 李旦
 * 25 July 710 – 8 September 712 (2 years, 1 month, 16 days) Era(s)
 * 25 July 710 – 8 September 712 (2 years, 1 month, 16 days) Era(s)

Spent his reign in a constant power struggle with his sister, Princess Taiping. Abdicated in favor of his son to undermine her influence Other names
 * Jingyun (景雲) 19 August 710 – 28 February 712
 * Taiji (太極) 1 March – 20 June 712
 * Yanhe (延和) 21 June – 11 September 712
 * Restored to the throne by detractors of Empress Wei
 * 22 June 662 – 13 July 716 (aged 54)
 * 李隆基像.jpg
 * Xuanzong 玄宗
 * Xuanzong 玄宗


 * Posthumous name (long): Emperor Zhidao Dasheng Daming Xiao (至道大聖大明孝皇帝)
 * Posthumous name (short): Emperor Ming (明皇帝)
 * Li Longji 李隆基
 * 8 September 712 – 12 August 756 (43 years, 11 months, 19 days) Era(s)

One of the greatest and longest reigning Chinese emperors. The Tang empire reached its peak during his early reign, but fell of grace at the end as a result of the disastrous An Lushan Rebellion. Abdicated in favor of his son Other names
 * Xiantian (先天) 12 September 712 – 21 December 713
 * Kaiyuan (開元) 22 December 713 – 9 February 742
 * Tianbao (天寶) 10 February 742 – 11 August 756
 * Son of Ruizong
 * 8 September 685 – 3 May 762 (aged 76)
 * TangSuzong.jpg
 * Suzong 肅宗
 * Suzong 肅宗


 * Posthumous name: Emperor Wenming Wude Dasheng Daxuan Xiao (文明武德大聖大宣孝皇帝)
 * Li Jun 李浚
 * 12 August 756 – 16 May 762 (5 years, 9 months, 8 days) Era(s)

Recaptured Chang'an in November 757. During his reign the eunuchs grew increasingly powerful. Other names
 * Zhide (至德) 12 August 756 – 17 March 758
 * Qianyuan (乾元) 18 March 758 – 6 June 760
 * Shangyuan (上元) 7 June 760 – 22 October 761
 * Yuannian (元年) 23 October 761 – 13 May 762
 * Baoying (上元) 14 May 762 – 23 August 763
 * Son of Xuanzong; proclaimed emperor in Lingwu
 * 711 – 16 May 762 (aged 51)
 * Tang Daizong.jpg
 * Daizong 代宗
 * Daizong 代宗


 * Posthumous name: Emperor Ruiwen Xiaowu (睿文孝武皇帝)
 * Li Chu 李俶
 * 18 May 762 – 10 June 779 (17 years, 27 days) Era(s)

Ended the An–Shi Rebellion, but failed to maintain control over the far provinces Other names
 * Guangde (廣德) 24 August 763 – 25 January 765
 * Yongtai (永泰) 26 January 765 – 17 December 766
 * Dali (大曆) 18 December 766 – 10 February 780
 * Son of Suzong; proclaimed emperor in Chang'an
 * 9 January 727 – 10 June 779 (aged 52)
 * Tang Dezong.jpg
 * Dezong 德宗
 * Dezong 德宗


 * Posthumous name: Emperor Shenwu Xiaowen (神武孝文皇帝)
 * Li Kuo 李适
 * 12 June 779 – 25 February 805 (25 years, 8 months, 25 days) Era(s)

Notable for his tax reforms, he also attempted to control regional jiedushi, but this backfired and caused a military mutiny in 783 Other names
 * Jianzhong (建中) 11 February 780 – 26 January 784
 * Xingyuan (興元) 27 January 784 – 13 February 785
 * Zhenyuan (貞元) 14 February 785 – 31 August 805
 * Son of Daizong
 * 27 May 742 – 25 February 805 (aged 62)
 * colspan="2" | Shunzong 順宗
 * colspan="2" | Shunzong 順宗


 * Posthumous name: Emperor Zhide Dasheng Da'an Xiao (至德大聖大安孝皇帝)
 * Li Song 李誦
 * 28 February – 28 August 805 (6 months) Era(s)

Aphasic, weak and ill, he was urged to abdicate by the court eunuchs Other names
 * Yongzhen (永貞) 1 September 805 – 24 January 806
 * Son of Dezong
 * February 761 – 11 February 806 (aged 45)
 * TangXianzong.jpg
 * Xianzong 憲宗
 * Xianzong 憲宗


 * Posthumous name: Emperor Zhaowen Zhangwu Dasheng Zhishen Xiao (昭文章武大聖至神孝皇帝)
 * Li Chun 李純
 * 5 September 805 – 14 February 820 (14 years, 5 months, 15 days) Era(s)

Ended the warlord threat, but ended up becoming a puppet of the eunuchs. A drug addict, he was poisoned to death by eunuch Chen Hongzhi Other names
 * Yuanhe (元和) 25 January 806 – 8 February 810
 * Son of Shunzong
 * March 778 – 14 February 820 (aged 41)
 * Muzong.jpg
 * Muzong 穆宗
 * Muzong 穆宗


 * Posthumous name: Emperor Ruisheng Wenhui Xiao (睿聖文惠孝皇帝)
 * Li Heng 李恆
 * 20 February 820 – 25 February 824 (4 years, 6 days) Era(s)

Suffered a serious stroke in 822 (while playing polo), whereafter the government was run by eunuchs Wang Shoucheng and Li Fengji. Other names
 * Changqing (長慶) 9 February 821 – 28 January 825
 * Son of Xianzong
 * July 795 – 25 February 824 (aged 28)
 * [[File:帝鉴图说.Recueil Historique des Principaux Traits de la Vie des Empereurs Chinois.95帧图.彩绘册页.约18世纪 (唐敬宗) (cropped).jpg|100px]]
 * Jingzong 敬宗
 * Jingzong 敬宗


 * Posthumous name: Emperor Ruiwu Zhaomin Xiao (睿武昭湣孝皇帝)
 * Li Zhan 李湛
 * 29 February 824 – 9 January 827 (2 years, 10 months, 15 days) Era(s)

A reckless player of football; he was killed by eunuchs Other names
 * Baoli (寶曆) 29 January 825 – 13 March 827
 * Son of Muzong
 * 22 July 809 – 9 January 827 (aged 17)
 * TangWenzongAlt.jpg
 * Wenzong 文宗
 * Wenzong 文宗


 * Posthumous name: Emperor Yuansheng Zhaoxian Xiao (元聖昭獻孝皇帝)
 * Li Ang 李昂
 * 13 January 827 – 10 February 840 (13 years lacking 3 days) Era(s)

Attempted to eradicate the eunuchs in the Sweet Dew incident (835), but ended up making them stronger. Died of natural causes Other names
 * Taihe (太和) 14 March 827 – 21 January 836
 * Kaicheng (開成) 22 January 836 – 3 February 841
 * Son of Muzong
 * 20 November 809 – 10 February 840 (aged 30)
 * Tang Wuzong.jpg
 * Wuzong 武宗
 * Wuzong 武宗


 * Posthumous name: Emperor Zhidao Zhaosu Xiao (至道昭肅孝皇帝)
 * Li Yan 李炎
 * 20 February 840 – 22 April 846 (6 years, 2 months and 2 days) Era(s)

Notable for his persecution of Buddhism. Died of drug overdose Other names
 * Huichang (會昌) 4 February 841 – 5 February 847
 * Son of Muzong
 * 2 July 814 – 22 April 846 (aged 31)
 * Tangxuanzong.jpg
 * Xuanzong 宣宗
 * Xuanzong 宣宗


 * Posthumous name: Emperor Yuansheng Zhiming Chengwu Xianwen Ruizhi Zhangren Shencong Yidao Daxiao (元聖至明成武獻文睿智章仁神聰懿道大孝皇帝)
 * Li Chen 李忱
 * 25 April 846 – 7 September 859 (13 years, 4 months, 18 days) Era(s)

Arguably the last capable Tang emperor. Notable for his campaigns against the Tibetan Empire. Died of drug overdose Other names
 * Dazhong (大中) 6 February 847 – 16 December 860
 * Son of Xianzong
 * 27 July 810 – 7 September 859 (aged 49)
 * TangYizong.jpg
 * Yizong 懿宗
 * Yizong 懿宗


 * Posthumous name: Emperor Zhaosheng Gonghui Xiao (昭聖恭惠孝皇帝)
 * Li Cui 李漼
 * 13 September 859 – 15 August 873 (13 years, 11 months, 10 days) Era(s)

A devout Buddhist, but also a cruel and unstable ruler. His reign, which was dominated by eunuchs, saw various revolts that severely weakened imperial power Other names
 * Xiantong (咸通) 17 December 847 – 16 December 860
 * Son of Xuanzong
 * 28 December 833 – 15 August 873 (aged 39)
 * 唐僖宗帝（殘唐五代史演義傳）.jpg
 * Xizong 僖宗
 * Xizong 僖宗


 * Posthumous name: Emperor Huisheng Gongding Xiao (惠聖恭定孝皇帝)
 * Li Xuan 李儇
 * 16 August 873 – 20 April 888 (14 years, 8 months, 11 days) Era(s)

A puppet of Tian Lingzi, had to flee Chang'an twice due to internal strife
 * Qianfu (乾符) 17 December 874 – 13 February 880
 * Guangming (廣明) 14 February 880 – 8 August 881
 * Zhonghe (中和) 9 August 881 – 1 April 885
 * Guangqi (光啟) 2 April 885 – 4 April 888
 * Wende (文德) 5 April 888 – 3 February 889
 * Son of Yizong
 * 8 June 862 – 20 April 888 (aged 25)
 * colspan="2" | None, known by his personal name
 * Li Yun 李熅
 * 31 October 886 – January 887 (3 months) Era(s)
 * 31 October 886 – January 887 (3 months) Era(s)

Killed by Xizong's forces; often seen as an usurper Other names
 * Jianzhen (建貞) 7 June 886 – January 887
 * Great-grandson of Suzong, took power in Chang'an
 * Died in 887
 * Zhaozong.jpg
 * Zhaozong 昭宗
 * Zhaozong 昭宗


 * Posthumous name: Emperor Shèngmù Jǐngwén Xìao (聖穆景文孝皇帝)
 * Li Ye 李曄
 * 20 April 888 – 22 September 904 (12 years, 7 months, 17 days) Era(s)

His reign saw the final collapse of imperial authority and the rise of new powerful warlords. He was killed by rebel Zhu Wen Other names
 * Longji (龍紀) 4 February 889 – 24 January 890
 * Dashun (大順) 25 January 890 – 1 February 891
 * Jingfu (景福) 2 February 892 – 9 February 894
 * Qianning (乾寧) 10 February 894 – 15 September 898
 * Guanghua (光化) 16 September 898 – 12 May 901
 * Tianfu (天復) 13 May 901 – 27 May 904
 * Tianyou (天佑) 28 May 904 – 1 June 907
 * Son of Yizong
 * 31 March 867 – 22 September 904 (aged 37)
 * colspan="2" | better known as Emperor Ai 唐哀帝
 * colspan="2" | better known as Emperor Ai 唐哀帝

Installed, deposed, and later killed by Zhu Wen
 * Temple name: Jǐngzōng (景宗)
 * Alternate posthumous name: Emperor Zhaoxuan (昭宣帝)
 * Li Zhu 李柷
 * 26 September 904 – 1 June 907 (2 years, 8 months, 8 days)
 * Son of Zhaozong, proclaimed emperor in Luoyang
 * 27 October 892 – 25 March 908 (aged 15)
 * }

Song dynasty (960–1279)
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center; width:100%;" ! scope="col" width="10%" | Portrait ! scope="col" width="15%" | Temple name ! scope="col" width="15%" | Personal name ! scope="col" width="23%" | Reign ! scope="col" width="12%" | Succession ! scope="col" width="25%" | Life details
 * + Song dynasty (宋朝; 960–1279)
 * + Song dynasty (宋朝; 960–1279)
 * colspan="6" |
 * colspan="6" |

Northern Song (960–1127)
Other names
 * Song Taizu.jpg
 * Taizu 太祖
 * Taizu 太祖


 * Posthumous name: Emperor Qiyun Liji Yingwu Ruiwen Shende Shenggong Zhiming Daxiao (啓運立極英武睿文神德聖功至明大孝皇帝)
 * Zhao Kuangyin 趙匡胤
 * 4 February 960 – 14 November 976 (16 years, 9 months, 18 days) Era(s)

Significantly reduced the power of the military in favor of civilian officers. Died in uncertain circumstances, probably illness Other names
 * Jianlong (建隆) 4 February 960 – 3 December 963
 * Qiande (乾德) 4 December 963 – 15 December 968
 * Kaibao (開寶) 16 December 968 – 13 January 977
 * Proclaimed emperor after deposing Chai Zongxun of Later Zhou. Unified most of China under his rule
 * 21 March 927 – 14 November 976 (aged 49)
 * Emperor Taizong of Song.tif
 * Taizong 太宗
 * Taizong 太宗


 * Posthumous name: Emperor Zhiren Yingdao Shengong Shengde Wenwu Ruilie Daming Guangxiao (至仁應道神功聖德文武睿烈大明廣孝皇帝)
 * Zhao Jiong 趙炅
 * 14 November 976 – 8 May 997 (20 years, 6 months) Era(s)

Conquered the last remaining Chinese state in 978, but failed the reconquer former Tang territories, like Vietnam. Died of natural causes Other names
 * Taiping Xingguo (太平興國) 14 January 977 – 5 December 984
 * Yongxi (雍熙) 6 December 984 – 7 February 988
 * Duangong (雍熙) 8 February 988 – 29 January 990
 * Chunhua (淳化) 30 January 990 – 2 February 995
 * Zhidao (至道) 3 February 995 – 30 January 998
 * Younger brother of Taizu
 * 20 November 939 – 8 May 997 (aged 57)
 * Portrait assis de l'empereur Song Zhenzong.jpg
 * Zhenzong 真宗
 * Zhenzong 真宗


 * Posthumous name: Emperor Yingfu Jigu Shengong Rangde Wenming Wuding Zhangsheng Yuanxiao (膺符稽古神功讓德文明武定章聖元孝皇帝)
 * Zhao Heng 趙恆
 * 8 May 997 – 23 March 1022 (24 years, 10 months, 24 days) Era(s)

Suffered significant defeats to the northern Liao dynasty, leading to the Chanyuan Treaty. Died after a prolonged period of illness Other names
 * Xianping (咸平) 31 January 998 – 24 January 1004
 * Jingde (景德) 25 January 1004 – 9 February 1008
 * Dazhongxiangfu (大中祥符) 10 February 1008 – 30 January 1017
 * Tianxi (天禧) 31 January 1017 – 3 February 1022
 * Qianxing (乾興) 4 February 1022 – 24 January 1023
 * Son of Taizong
 * 23 December 968 – 23 March 1022 (aged 53)
 * Song Renzong.jpg
 * Renzong 仁宗
 * Renzong 仁宗


 * Posthumous name: Emperor Titian Fadao Jigong Quande Shenwen Shengwu Ruizhe Mingxiao (體天法道極功全德神文聖武睿哲明孝皇帝)
 * Zhao Zhen 趙禎
 * 23 March 1022 – 30 April 1063 (41 years, 1 month, 18 days) Era(s)

Ruled under the regency of Empress Liu until 1033. His long reign, the longest of the Song dynasty, saw several developments in culture, philosophy and arts
 * Tiansheng (天聖) 25 January 1023 – 10 December 1032
 * Mingdao (明道) 11 December 1032 – 22 January 1034
 * Jingyou (景祐) 23 January 1034 – 15 December 1038
 * Baoyuan (寶元) 16 December 1038 – 4 April 1040
 * Kangding (康定) 5 April 1040 – 15 December 1041
 * Qingli (慶曆) 16 December 1041 – 4 February 1048
 * Huangyou (皇祐) 5 February 1049 – 25 April 1054
 * Zhihe (至和) 26 April 1054 – 22 October 1056
 * Jiayou (嘉祐) 23 October 1056 – 20 January 1064
 * Son of Zhenzong
 * 30 May 1010 – 30 April 1063 (aged 52)
 * Song Yingzong 1.jpg
 * Yingzong 英宗
 * Yingzong 英宗

Other names


 * Posthumous name: Emperor Tiyuan Xiandao Fagu Lixian Dide Wanggong Yingwen Liewu Qinren Shengxiao (體元顯道法古立憲帝德王功英文烈武欽仁聖孝皇帝)
 * Zhao Shu 趙曙
 * 1 May 1063 – 25 January 1067 (3 years, 9 months) Era(s)

Ruled initially under the regency of Empress Dowager Cao. Died after several years of illness
 * Zhiping (治平) 21 January 1064 – 5 February 1068
 * Son of Zhao Yunrang, a grandson of Emperor Taizong, and adopted son of Emperor Renzong
 * 16 February 1032 – 25 January 1067 (aged 34)
 * Shenzong.jpg
 * Shenzong 神宗
 * Shenzong 神宗

Other names


 * Posthumous name: Emperor Xianyuan Jidao Shide Yanggong Qinwen Ruiwu Qisheng Zhaoxiao (憲元繼道世德揚功欽文睿武齊聖昭孝皇帝)
 * Zhao Xu 趙頊
 * 25 January 1067 – 1 April 1085 (18 years, 2 months, 11 days) Era(s)

Best known by the implementation of the "New Policies". Died of illness
 * Xining (熙宁) 6 February 1068 – 22 December 1077
 * Yuanfeng (元豐) 23 December 1077 – 17 January 1086
 * Son of Yingzong
 * 25 May 1048 – 1 April 1085 (aged 36)
 * Zhezong.jpg
 * Zhezong 哲宗
 * Zhezong 哲宗

Other names


 * Posthumous name: Emperor Tiqian Yingli Longgong Shengde Xianwen Suwu Ruisheng Xuanxiao (體乾應歷隆功盛德憲文肅武睿聖宣孝皇帝)
 * Zhao Xu 趙煦
 * 1 April 1085 – 23 February 1100 (14 years, 7 months) Era(s)

Ruled under the regency of Empress Dowager Gao until 1093. Died of illness
 * Yuanyou (元祐) 18 January 1086 – 28 April 1094
 * Shaosheng (紹聖) 29 April 1094 – 1 July 1098
 * Yuanfu (元符) 2 July 1098 – 30 January 1101
 * Son of Shenzong
 * 4 January 1077 – 23 February 1100 (aged 23)
 * Seated Portrait of Emperor Song Huizong.tif
 * Huizong 徽宗
 * Huizong 徽宗

Other names


 * Posthumous name: Emperor Tishen Hedao Junlie Xungong Shengwen Rende Xianci Xianxiao (體神合道駿烈遜功聖文仁德憲慈顯孝皇帝)
 * Zhao Ji 趙佶
 * 23 February 1100 – 18 January 1126 (25 years, 11 months, 5 days) Era(s)

A remarkable patron of the arts and an artist himself, but a weak ruler and politician. Abdicated during the Jurchen Jin siege of Kaifeng. Captured by the Jin shortly after; died in captivity Other names
 * Jianzhongjingguo (建中靖國) 31 January 1101 – 20 January 1102
 * Chongning (崇寧) 21 January 1102 – 25 January 1107
 * Daguan (大觀) 26 January 1107 – 9 February 1111
 * Zhenghe (政和) 10 February 1111 – 14 December 1118
 * Chonghe (重和) 15 December 1118 – 15 March 1119
 * Xuanhe (宣和) 16 March 1119 – 24 January 1125
 * Son of Shenzong
 * 7 June 1082 – 4 June 1135 (aged 52)
 * Songqinzong Chinghong.jpg
 * Qinzong 欽宗
 * Qinzong 欽宗


 * Posthumous name: Emperor Gongwen Shunde Renxiao (恭文順德仁孝皇帝)
 * Zhao Huan 趙桓
 * 19 January 1126 – 25 March 1127 (1 year, 2 months, 5 days) Era(s)

Refused to negotiate with the Jin, which led to a second invasion. Captured alongside his father during the Jingkang incident; died in captivity
 * Jingkang (靖康) 25 January 1126 – 11 June 1127
 * Son of Huizong
 * 23 May 1100 – 14 June 1161 (aged 62)
 * colspan="6" |
 * colspan="6" |

Southern Song (1127–1279)
Other names
 * Song Gaozong.png
 * Gaozong 高宗
 * Gaozong 高宗


 * Posthumous name: Emperor Shouming Zhongxing Quangong Zhide Shengshen Wuwen Zhaoren Xianxiao (受命中興全功至德聖神武文昭仁憲孝皇帝)
 * Zhao Gou 趙構
 * 12 June 1127 – 24 July 1162 (35 years, 1 month, 21 days)  Era(s)

A competent ruler that managed to preserve the Song dynasty, but often criticized for his military defeats and political failures. Abdicated in favor of his adopted son, later dying of natural causes
 * Jianyan (建炎) 12 June 1127 – 30 January 1131
 * Shaoxing (紹興) 31 January 1131 – 22 December 1162
 * Son of Huizong, proclaimed emperor in Jiankang after fleeing the Jurchen invasion of the North
 * 12 June 1107 – 9 November 1187 (aged 80)
 * colspan=2 | None, known by his personal name
 * Zhao Fu 趙旉
 * March – April 1129 (1 month or less) Era(s)
 * March – April 1129 (1 month or less) Era(s)

Other names
 * Mingshou (明受) 1–22 April 1129
 * Son of Gaozong, proclaimed emperor during a mutiny
 * An infant installed by officers Miao Fu and Liu Zhengyan. They lost power within a month
 * Xiaozong.jpg
 * Xiaozong 孝宗
 * Xiaozong 孝宗


 * Posthumous name: Emperor Shaotong Tongdao Guande Zhaogong Zhewen Shenwu Mingsheng Chengxiao (紹統同道冠德昭功哲文神武明聖成孝皇帝)
 * Zhao Shen 趙眘
 * 24 July 1162 – 18 February 1189 (26 years, 7 months, 6 days) Era(s)

Often regarded as the most peaceful and stable ruler of the Southern Song. Abdicated in favour of his son, later dying of natural causes Other names
 * Longxing (隆興) 23 December 1162 – 12 February 1165
 * Qiandao (乾道) 13 February 1165 – 3 February 1174
 * Chunxi (淳熙) 3 February 1174 – 7 February 1190
 * Son of Zhao Zicheng, a descendant of the first Song Emperor, and adopted son of Gaozong
 * 27 November 1127 – 28 June 1194 (aged 66)
 * Guangzong.jpg
 * Guangzong 光宗
 * Guangzong 光宗


 * Posthumous name: Emperor Xundao Xianren Minggong Maode Wenwen Shunwu Shengzhe Cixiao (循道憲仁明功茂德溫文順武聖哲慈孝皇帝)
 * Zhao Dun 趙惇
 * 18 February 1189 – 24 July 1194 (5 years, 5 months, 7 days) Era(s)

Forced to abdicate in favor of his son, allegedly because of his mental instability. Died of natural causes Other names
 * Shaoxi (紹熙) 7 February 1190 – 8 December 1194
 * Son of Xiaozong
 * 30 September 1147 – 17 September 1200 (aged 53)
 * Song Ningzong 1.png
 * Ningzong 寧宗
 * Ningzong 寧宗


 * Posthumous name: Emperor Fatian Beidao Chunde Maogong Renwen Zhewu Shengrui Gongxiao (法天備道純德茂功仁文哲武聖睿恭孝皇帝)
 * Zhao Kuo 趙擴
 * 24 July 1194 – 17 September 1224 (30 years, 2 months, 3 days) Era(s)

A weak and indecisive ruler who spent most of his life in isolation at the palace. Died of illness Other names
 * Qingyuan (慶元) 11 February 1195 – 1201)
 * Jiatai (嘉泰) 1201–1204)
 * Kaixi (開禧) 1205–1207)
 * Jiading (嘉定) 1207–1224)
 * Son of Guangzong
 * 19 November 1168 – 17 September 1224 (aged 66)
 * Song Lizong.jpg
 * Lizong 理宗
 * Lizong 理宗

Era(s)
 * Posthumous name: Emperor Jiandao Beide Dagong Fuxing Liewen Renwu Shengming Anxiao (建道備德大功復興烈文仁武聖明安孝皇帝)
 * Zhao Yun 趙昀
 * 17 September 1224 – 16 November 1264 (40 years, 2 months, 9 days)

An emperor devoted to philosophy and the arts, he had to face the first Mongol incursions following the fall of the Jin. Died of illness Other names
 * Baoqing (寶慶; 1225–1227)
 * Shaoding (紹定; 1228–1233)
 * Duanping (端平; 1234–1236)
 * Jiaxi (嘉熙; 1237–1240)
 * Chunyou (淳祐; 1241–1252)
 * Baoyou (寶祐; 1253–1258)
 * Kaiqing (開慶; 1259)
 * Jingding (景定; 1260–1264)
 * Son of Zhao Xilu, a descendant of the first Song Emperor, Taizu
 * 26 January 1205 – 16 November 1264 (aged 59)
 * Duzong.jpg
 * Duzong 度宗
 * Duzong 度宗


 * Posthumous name: Emperor Duanwen Mingwu Jingxiao (端文明武景孝皇帝)
 * Zhao Qi 趙禥
 * 16 November 1264 – 12 August 1274 (9 years, 9 months, 1 day) Era(s)

Relegated most imperial duties to his officers. Died of sudden illness Other names
 * Xianchun (咸淳) 18 January 1265 – 28 January 1275
 * Son of Zhao Yurui, a brother of Lizong
 * 2 May 1240 – 12 August 1274 (aged 34)
 * Song Gongdi2.jpg
 * Gongzong 恭宗
 * Gongzong 恭宗


 * Posthumous name: Duke Ying (瀛國公, Yíng Guó Gōng)
 * Zhao Xian 趙㬎
 * 12 August 1274 – 21 February 1276 (1 year, 6 months, 9 days) Era(s)

Ruled under the regency of Empress Xie, who was forced to surrender to the Mongols. Became a monk in Tibet, but was later executed of forced to commit suicide; died in Gansu Other names
 * Deyou (德祐) 29 January 1275 – 13 June 1276
 * Son of Duzong
 * 2 November 1270 – 1323
 * ZhaoShiDuanzong.png
 * Duanzong 端宗
 * Duanzong 端宗


 * Posthumous name: Duke Jian (建國公, Jiàn Guó Gōng)
 * Zhao Shi 趙昰
 * 14 June 1276 – 8 May 1278 (1 year, 11 months, 4 days) Era(s)

Spent most of his life fleeing from the Mongols by sea. Died of illness after barely surviving the sinking of his ship
 * Jingyan (景炎) 14 June 1276 – 22 May 1278
 * Son of Duzong, proclaimed emperor in Fuzhou after the fall of the capital
 * 1268 – 8 May 1278 (aged 10)
 * Song Modi.jpg
 * None, known by his personal name
 * Zhao Bing 趙昺
 * 10 May 1278 – 19 March 1279 (10 months, 13 days) Era(s)
 * 10 May 1278 – 19 March 1279 (10 months, 13 days) Era(s)

Thrown into the Xi River during the Battle of Yamen alongside several soldiers and officers as part of a mass suicide
 * Xiangxing (祥興) 23 May 1278 – 19 March 1279
 * Son of Duzong
 * 1271 – 19 March 1279 (aged 8)
 * }