Napoleonic Wars casualties

The casualties of the Napoleonic Wars (1803–1815), direct and indirect, are broken down below:

Note that the following deaths listed include both killed in action as well as deaths from other causes: diseases such as those from wounds; of starvation; exposure; drowning; friendly fire; and atrocities. Medical treatments were changed drastically at this time. 'Napoleon's Surgeon', Baron Dominique Jean Larrey, used horse-drawn carts as ambulances to quickly remove the wounded from the field of battle. This method became so successful that he was subsequently asked to organize the medical care for the 14 armies of the French Republic. With the partial exception of the United Kingdom, all of the states at the time did not keep especially accurate records, so calculating losses is to a certain extent a matter of conjecture.

France

 * 306,000 French killed in action
 * 1,800,000 French and allies dead in action, disease, wounds and missing summary over Napoleonic Wars

Peninsular War:
 * 180,000–240,000 dead
 * 91,000 killed in action

Invasion of Russia:
 * 334,000 dead
 * 100,000 killed in action (70,000 French and 30,000 allied)

The effect of the war on France over this time period was considerable. Estimates of the total French losses during the wars vary from 500,000 to 3 million dead. Tom Philo estimated 1,706,000 including 600,000 civilians between 1792–1815. According to David Gates, the Napoleonic Wars cost France at least 916,000 men from 1803 to 1815. This represents 38% of the conscription class of 1790–1795. This rate is over 14% higher than the losses suffered by the same generation one hundred years later fighting Imperial Germany. The French population suffered long-term effects through a low male-to-female population ratio. At the beginning of the Revolution, the numbers of males to females was virtually identical. By the end of the conflict only 0.857 males remained for every female. Combined with new agrarian laws under the Napoleonic Empire that required landowners to divide their lands to all their sons rather than the first born, France's population never recovered. By the middle of the 19th century France had lost its demographic superiority over Germany and Austria and the United Kingdom (UK).

Coalition forces


The below figures only include deaths in major battles in the years of 1803 to 1815. Dumas suggests multiplying the former total by three to include disease deaths.


 * 120,000 Italian dead or missing.
 * Russian: 289,000 killed in major battles, ~867,000 total military dead
 * Prussian: 134,000 killed in major battles, ~402,000 total military dead
 * Austrian: 376,000 killed in major battles, ~1,128,000 total military dead
 * Spanish: more than 300,000 military deaths, total – more than 586,000 killed.
 * Portuguese: up to 250,000 dead or missing.
 * British: 311,806 dead or missing.
 * Killed in battle: 560,000–1,869,000
 *  Total: 2,380,000–5,925,084

Royal Navy, 1804–1815:
 * killed in action: 6,663
 * shipwrecks, drownings, fire: 13,621
 * wounds, disease: 72,102

Total: 92,386

British Army, 1804–1815:
 * killed in action: 25,569
 * wounds, accidents, disease: 193,851

Total: 219,420

Total dead and missing
 Total: 3,500,000 casualties
 * 2,500,000 military personnel in Europe
 * 1,000,000 civilians were killed in Europe and in rebellious French overseas colonies.

David Gates estimated that 5,000,000 died in the Napoleonic Wars. He does not specify if this number includes civilians or is just military.

Charles Esdaile says 5,000,000–7,000,000 died overall, including civilians. These numbers are subject to considerable variation. Erik Durschmied, in his book The Hinge Factor, gives a figure of 1.4 million French military deaths of all causes. Adam Zamoyski estimates that around 400,000 Russian soldiers died in the 1812 campaign alone. By contrast, Micheal Clodfelter gives the figure of 289,000 in Russian battles between 1805-1814. Civilian casualties in the 1812 campaign were probably comparable. Alan Schom estimates some 3 million military deaths in the Napoleonic wars. Common estimates of more than 500,000 French dead in Russia in 1812 and 250,000–300,000 French dead in Iberia between 1808 and 1814 give a total of at least 750,000, and to this must be added hundreds of thousands of more French dead in other campaigns—probably around 150,000 to 200,000 French dead in the German campaign of 1813, for example. Thus, it is fair to say that the estimates above are highly conservative.

Civilians deaths are impossible to accurately estimate. While military deaths are invariably put at between 2.5 million and 3.5 million, civilian death tolls vary from 750,000 to 3 million. Given the above estimates of military and civilian deaths, the total death count is between 3,250,000 to 6,500,000.