User:Electionworld/sandbox/Colonialism

{| border=0 cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" style="font-size:85%; width:100%" This scheme gives an outline for each country and dependent territory of statehood and foreign domination, A dependent territory, dependent area or dependency is a territory that does not possess full political independence or sovereignty as a sovereign state yet remains politically outside the controlling state's integral area.
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 * For this scheme various sources have been used. Generally the first source is the specific Wikipedia page about the entity. Other sources are WorldStatesmen.org and Stampworldhistory.


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Contents
Territories governed or supervised by the international community
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 * ||colspan=2|Abkhazia - Afghanistan - Akrotiri and Dhekelia - Åland Islands - Albania - Algeria - American Samoa - Andorra - Angola - Anguilla - Antigua and Barbuda - Argentina - Argentine Antarctica - Armenia - Artsakh - Aruba - Australia - Australian Antarctic Territory - Austria - Azerbaijan - Bahamas - Bahrain - Bangladesh - Barbados - Belarus - Belgium - Belize - Benin - Bermuda - Bhutan - Bolivia - Bonaire - Bosnia and Herzegovina - Botswana - Brazil - British Antarctic Territory - British Indian Ocean Territory - British Virgin Islands - Brunei - Bulgaria - Burkina Faso - Burundi - Cambodia - Cameroon - Canada - Cape Verde - Cayman Islands - Central Africa Republic - Chad - Chatham Islands - Chile - Chilean Antarctic Territory - China - Christmas Island - Cocos Islands - Colombia - Comoros - Congo-Brazzaville - Congo-Kinshasa - Cook Islands - Costa Rica - Croatia - Cuba - Curaçao - Cyprus - Czech Republic - Denmark - Djibouti - Dominica - Dominican Republic - Donetsk - East Timor - Ecuador - Egypt - El Salvador - Equatorial Guinea - Eritrea - Estonia - Ethiopia - Falkland Islands - Faroe Islands - Fiji - Finland - France - French Guiana - French Polynesia - French Southern and Antarctic Lands - Gabon - Gambia - Georgia - Germany - Ghana - Gibraltar - Greece - Greenland - Grenada - Guadeloupe - Guam - Guantanamo Bay - Guatemala - Guernsey - Guinea - Guinea-Bissau - Guyana - Haiti - Honduras - Hungary - Iceland - India - Indonesia - Iran - Iraq - Israel - Ireland - Italy - Ivory Coast - Jamaica - Japan - Jersey - Jordan - Kazakhstan - Kenya - Kiribati - Korea (North) - Korea (South) - Kosovo - Kuwait - Kyrgyzstan - Laos - Latvia - Lebanon - Lesotho - Liberia - Libya - Liechtenstein - Lithuania - Lugansk - Luxembourg - Macedonia - Madagascar - Malawi - Malaysia - Maldives - Mali - Malta - Man - Marshall Islands - Martinique - Mauritania - Mauritius - Mayotte - Mexico - Micronesia - Midway Atoll - Moldova - Monaco - Mongolia - Montenegro - Montserrat - Morocco - Mozambique - Myanmar - Namibia - Nauru - Nepal - Netherlands - New Caledonia - New Zealand - Nicaragua - Niger - Nigeria - Niue - Norfolk Island - Northern Cyprus - Northern Mariana Islands - Norway - Oman - Pakistan - Palau - Palestine - Panama - Papua New Guinea - Paraguay - Peru - Philippines - Pitcairn Islands - Poland - Portugal - Puerto Rico - Qatar - Queen Maud Land - Réunion - Romania - Ross Dependency - Russia - Rwanda - Saba - Saint Barthélemy - Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha - Saint Kitts and Nevis - Saint Lucia - Saint Martin - Saint Pierre and Miquelon - Saint Vincent and the Grenadines - Samoa - San Marino - São Tomé and Príncipe - Saudi Arabia - Senegal - Serbia - Seychelles - Sierra Leone - Singapore - Sint Eustatius - Sint Maarten - Slovakia - Slovenia - Solomon Islands - Somalia - Somaliland - South Africa - South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands - South Ossetia - South Sudan - Spain - Sri Lanka - Sudan - Suriname - Svalbard - Swaziland - Sweden - Switzerland - Syria - Taiwan - Tajikistan - Tanzania - Thailand - Togo - Tokelau - Tonga - Transnistria - Trinidad and Tobago - Tunisia - Turkey - #|Turkmenistan - Turks and Caicos Islands - Tuvalu - Uganda - Ukraine - United Arab Emirates - United Kingdom - United States of America - United States Virgin Islands - Uruguay - Uzbekistan - Vanuatu - Vatican City - Venezuela - Vietnam - Wake Island - Wallis and Futuna - Western Sahara - Yemen - Zambia - Zimbabwe


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International supervision

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Abkhazia (disputed)
Abkhazia - Republic of Abkhazia
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 * ||colspan=2|''Abkhazia is a de facto republic, not recognized by Georgia, and only recognized by Russia, Nicaragua, and Venezuela as well as South Ossetia, Transnistria and Artsakh.
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 * rowspan=2| ||Georgia||See for the development before 1992 →Georgia.
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 * Republic of Abkhazia||1992: The Abkhazian government declares independence from ↑Georgia, but is generally still recognized as part of Georgia and can be considered as a Russian client state. A war commences between Georgia and the separatists, supported by Russia., 1993: The war ends with the de facto independence of Abkazia. 1998: An insurgency of ethnic Georgians against the Abkhazian secessionist government and the following war leads to an Abkhazian victory. 2008: After a Georgian attempt to regain control over Abkhazia, Russia intervenes in Georgia to secure its de facto independence. Georgia loses the area of Abkhazia it controlled. Russia recognizes the independence of Abkhazia. ᐃ


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Afghanistan
🇦🇫 Afghanistan - Islamic Republic of Afghanistan
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 * ||colspan=2|Afghanistan is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
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 * rowspan=13| ||Afghan Emirate||1709: The Afghan emirate is established by Mirwais Hotak ending a long time of Persian rule.
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 * ''Persia||1738: The Emirate is defeated and annexed to Persia.
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 * Kingdom of Aghanistan ||1747: Ahmad Shah Durrani founds the Kingdom of Aghanistan].
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 * Emirate of Afghanistan ||1823: The Kingdom of Aghanistan is succeeded by the Emirate of Afghanistan. 1838: The first Colonialism establishment in Afghanistan takes place with the United Kingdom marching into Afghanistan and replacing emir Dost Mohammad with Shah Shuja. The United Kingdom takes a big influence on Afghan government. The First Anglo-Afghan War starts. 1842: The British are defeated and the independence of Afghanistan is restored. 1878: The United Kingdom invades Afghanistan for a second time and starts the Second Anglo-Afghan War. 1880: After the Battle of Kandahar emir Abdur Rahman Khan ensures British control of Afghanistan's foreign policy in exchange for protection and a subsidy. 1919: Emir Amanullah Khan starts the third Third Anglo-Afghan War, leading to the defeat of the British and full independence of Afghanistan
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 * Kingdom of Afghanistan||1926: Afghanistan becomes the Kingdom of Afghanistan.
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 * Republic of Afghanistan||1973: Afghanistan becomes the Republic of Afghanistan.
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 * Democratic Republic of Afghanistan||1979: After a communist coup d'etat the Soviet Union invades and establishes the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan.
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 * Republic of Afghanistan||1987: Afghanistan is renamed into the Republic of Afghanistan. 1989: The Soviet Union withdraws from Afghanistan. The civil war in Afghanistan continues.
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 * Islamic State of Afghanistan||1992: Afghanistan becomes the Islamic State of Afghanistan.
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 * Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan||1996: De facto most of Afghanistan is ruled by the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan.
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 * Islamic State of Afghanistan||2001: The Islamic State of Afghanistan is restored.
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 * Transitional Islamic State of Afghanistan||2002: Afghanistan becomes the Transitional Islamic State of Afghanistan.
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 * Islamic Republic of Afghanistan||2004: Afghanistan is continued as the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan. ᐃ


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Akrotiri and Dhekelia
'' Akrotiri and Dhekelia - Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia
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 * ||colspan=2|''Akrotiri and Dhekelia is a 🇬🇧 British overseas territory.
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 * rowspan=2| ||Cyprus||See for the development before 1960 →Cyprus.
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 * Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia||1960: With the independence of ↑Cyprus, the United Kingdom establishes the sovereign bases of Akrotiri and Dhekelia, separated from Cyprus. ᐃ


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Åland Islands
''🇦🇽 Åland Islands - Region of Åland
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 * ||colspan=2|''The Åland Islands are by treaty autonomous and a region of 🇫🇮 Finland.
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 * rowspan=7| ||Kingdom of Sweden||12th century: the Åland Islands are conquered by Sweden.
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 * Grand Duchy of Finland||1809: Sweden cedes the Swedish Åland Islands together with Finland to Russia, that establishes the Grand Duchy of Finland.
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 * State of Finland||1917: When Finland secedes from Russia, the Åland Islands remains part of Finland.
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 * Kingdom of Finland||1918: The Kingdom of Finland is proclaimed. the Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic is proclaimed as a contra-government.
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 * ''Republic of Finland||1919: Finland becomes the Republic of Finland.The citizens of Åland vote in a plebiscite for cession to Sweden.
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 * Province of Åland ''inside Republic of Finland||1922: The Åland Islands become after a decision of the League of Nations in 1921, the autonomous province of Åland under international treaty.
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 * Region of Åland ''inside Republic of Finland||2009: After a restructuring of the Finish regional government system, Åland is reorganized into a autonomous region of Finland. ᐃ


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Albania
🇦🇱 Albania - Republic of Albania
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 * ||colspan=2|Albania is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
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 * ||colspan=2|Other entities in Albania include the states of the Dardani (393 BCE-168 BCE) and Ardiaei (260 BCE-168 BCE), Valona (1332–1417), Berat (1335-1417), Gjirokastër (1386–1418), and Dukagjini (1370-1479)]] as well as the puppet states of Northern Epirus (1914) and Korçë (1916-1920). Parts of Albania were part of or occupied by neighbouring countries, e.g. (Ancient) Epirus, Despotate of Epirus, Serbia, Montenegro, Greece and Italy.
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 * rowspan=8|1/3||Roman Empire||168 BCE: Present-day Albania is conquered and annexed by the Roman Empire.
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 * Byzantine Empire||395: After the partition of the Roman Empire, the region becomes part of the Byzantine Empire.
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 * Principality of Arbanon||1190: Partially autonomous of the Byzantine Empire, the Principality of Arbanon is established.
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 * Despotate of Epirus||1255: Arbanon is dissolved and annexed to the Despotate of Epirus.
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 * Kingdom of Albania||1272: The Kingdom of Albania is established, only ruling over a small part of Albania.
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 * Duchy of Durazzo||1332: The Kingdom of Albania is continued by the Duchy of Durazzo.
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 * Principality of Albania||1368: Durazzo is annexed to the Principality of Albania.
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 * Venetian Albania||1392: Venice conquers the city of Durazzo. 1420: Venice establishes Venetian Albania around its cities of Durazzo and →Cattaro. 1501: Durazzo is conquered by the Ottoman Empire. →1501
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 * rowspan=13|2/3||Princedom of Albania||1358: The Princedom of Albania is established. 1368: Albania annexes Durazzo. 1389: Kastrioti secedes from Albania.
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 * Lordship of Krujë||1392: After losing Durazzo to →Venice, Albania is continued by the Lordship of Krujë.
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 * Ottoman Empire||1415: The ↑Ottoman Empire settles in Albania and establishes the Ottoman Sanjak of Albania, defeating the Lordship of Krujë, the ↑Principality Kastrioti and others. The area is mainly populated by Albanian tribes. In the upcoming decades the Ottomans enlarge its possessions in Albania. 1443: →Kastrioti secedes from the Ottoman Empire, founding in 1444 the League of Lezhë. 1479: The ↑League of Lezhë is defeated and all Albanian principalities are conquered by the Ottoman Empire as is Epirus. 1501: The Venetian stronghold of ↑Durazzo is conquered by the Ottoman Empire.
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 * Albania||1912: Albania becomes independent. Part of Albania is annexed by Serbia, another part, Northern Epirus, by Greece. 1913: Serbian occupied Albania is restored to Albania.
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 * Principality of Albania||1914: The Principality of Albania is proclaimed. 1921: Northern Epirus is restored to Albania.
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 * Albanian Republic||1925: Albania becomes a republic as the Albanian Republic.
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 * Albanian Kingdom||1928: Albania becomes a monarchy as the Albanian Kingdom.
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 * Albanian Kingdom||1939: Italy invades and conquers Albania and establishes a personal union of Italy with Albania.
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 * Albanian Kingdom||1943: Germany occupies Albania and establishes the kingdom as a satellite state.
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 * Albania||1944: The independence of Albania is restored.
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 * People's Republic of Albania||1946: Albania is renamed into People's Republic of Albania.
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 * People's Socialist Republic of Albania||1979: Albania is renamed into People's Socialist Republic of Albania.
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 * Republic of Albania||1992: Albania is continued by the Republic of Albania. ᐃ
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 * rowspan=4|3/3||Principality of Kastrioti''||1389: The Principality of Kastrioti secedes from ↑Albania.
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 * Ottoman Empire||1415: Kastrioti is conquered by the Ottoman Empire.
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 * Principality of Kastrioti''||1443: The Principality of Kastrioti is restored in rebellion against the Ottomans.
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 * League of Lezhë''||1444: Kastrioti becomes the leading member of the League of Lezhë. 1479: The League of Lezhë is finally defeated by the Ottoman Empire. →1479


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Algeria
🇩🇿 Algeria - People's Democratic Republic of Algeria
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 * ||colspan=2|Algeria is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
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 * rowspan=3|1/6||Barbary Coast||1505: Castile (Spain) starts with the conquest of Mazalquivir, formerly part of Tlemcen and a stronghold of the Barbary pirates, the Spanish establishment at the Barbary Coast. 1509: It conquers from Mazalquivir Oran. 1510: It conquers →Tripoli and adds it to its Barbary Coast settlements. 1530: Spain grants Tripoli to the →Knights Hospitaller. 1535/1550: Spain enlarges its possessions at the Barbary Coast into →Bizerte, Tunis, La Goulette and Mahdia. 1574: Spain abandons its possessions in present-day Tunisia.
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 * Ottoman Empire||1708: The Ottoman Empire occupies Oran and Mazalquivir, the last Spanish settlements.
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 * Barbary Coast||1732: The Spanish rule in Oran and Mazalquivir is restored. 1792: Spain abandons Oran and Mazalquivir and leaves them to the Ottoman Empire. →1792
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 * rowspan=5|2/6||Regency of Algiers||1536: The Ottoman Empire conquers parts of present-day Algeria, known as part of the Barbary Coast, and establishes the Regency of Algiers. 1671: Algiers is ruled by semi-autonomous Deys. 1708: The Ottoman Empire occupies ↑Oran and Mazalquivir, the last Spanish settlements. 1710: ↑Bone is conquered by the Ottoman Empire. 1732: The Spanish rule in →Oran and Mazalquivir is restored. 1792: Spain abandons ↑Oran and Mazalquivir and leaves them to the Ottoman Empire. 1799: France abandons ↑La Calle and leaves it to the Ottomans.
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 * Algiers||1830: France invades Algiers in Ottoman Algeria and defeats the Ottoman Empire. It annexes the area and establishes French rule over Algiers. In the upcoming decades the French expand to the south. 1837: →Constantine is conquered by France ending the Ottoman rule in Algeria.
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 * Algeria||1839: Algiers is renamed into (French) Algeria.
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 * French Departments of Algeria||1848: ↑Constantine is incorporated into Algeria and French Algeria is reorganized into departments. 1954: The liberation war against French rule started. 1848: France declares the occupied lands an integral part of France. 1852: Algeria is brought under military control. 1870: France declares French Algeria an integral part of France. 1881: France conquers the Sahara south of Algeria, defeating the Tuaregs. 1902: Algeria is divided into Algeria proper and the →Southern Territories. 1954: The Algerian War of Independence starts.
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 * People's Democratic Republic of Algeria||1962: The war ends with the signing of the Évian Accords, approved in referenda in France and Algeria. Algeria and ↑French Sahara become together independent as Algeria. ᐃ
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 * 3/6||La Calle||1553: French traders establishes a French concession at the Barbary Coast named La Calle, part of the ↑Ottoman Empire. 1799: France abandons La Calle and leaves it to the Ottoman Bey of Constantine. →1799
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 * 4/6||Bone||1641: Genoa acquires from the ↑Ottoman Empire the city of Bone at the Barbary Coast. 1710: Bone is conquered by the Ottoman Empire. →1710.
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 * 5/6||Constantine||1837: Constantine, the last Ottoman stronghold in ↑Ottoman Algeria, is conquered by France and the last Bey is deposed. 1848: Constantine is incorporated into Algeria. →1848
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 * rowspan=2|6/6||Territories of the South||1902: France divides ↑Algeria into Algeria proper and the Territories of the South.
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 * French Departments of Sahara||1957: The Southern Territories are continued by the French Departments of Sahara. 1962: Sahara becomes part of independent Algeria. →1962


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American Samoa
''🇦🇸 American Samoa - Territory of American Samoa
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 * ||colspan=2|''American Samoa is a 🇺🇸 United States unincorporated unorganized territory.
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 * rowspan=2| ||Tutuila||1899: Germany and the United States abolish the Kingdom of Samoa. 1900: Part of Samoa is occupied by the United States. Tutuila and Aunu'u Islands are officially ceded to the United States by local chiefs, rendered as the U.S. Naval Station Tutuila. 1904: The Manu'a Islands and Rose Atoll are ceded to the United States.
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 * Territory of American Samoa||1911: Tutuila is renamed into American Samoa. 1925: Swains Island is annexed. 1929: The Territory of American Samoa is established with retroactive effect to 1904. 1960: American Samoa gets autonomy. ᐃ


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Andorra
🇦🇩 Andorra - Principality of Andorra
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 * ||colspan=2|Andorra is a sovereign and internationally recognized co-principality.
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 * rowspan=7| ||Principality of Andorra||1278: The County of Foix and the Diocese of Urgell agree to establish the Principality of Andorra in which they share co-rulership.
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 * occupied Andorra||1396: Aragon occupies Andorra.
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 * Principality of Andorra||1396: The Aragonese occupation ends and the principality is restored.
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 * occupied Andorra||1512: Aragon occupies Andorra.
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 * Principality of Andorra||1396: The Aragonese occupation ends and the principality is restored.
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 * France||1812: France annexes Andorra.
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 * Principality of Andorra||1396: The independence of the Principality of Andorra is restored.


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Angola
🇦🇴 Angola - Republic of Angola
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 * ||colspan=2|Angola is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
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 * 1/3||Kingdom of Kongo||c.1390: Lukeni lua Nimi is said to have found the Kingdom of Kongo in present-day Congo-Kinshasa and Angola. 1857: The king of Kongo, Pedro V, swears a treaty of vassalage with Portugal. 1885: Part of Kongo becomes the Portuguese colony of →Portuguese Congo. 1914: The kingdom is abolished and fully annexed to Angola. →1914
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 * rowspan=7|2/3||State of West Africa||1575: Portugal starts the colonization of Angola. It founds the city of Luanda in 1576 in what was part of the Kingdom of Kongo and establishes the colony of Portuguese West Africa, a.k.a. Angola.
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 * Loango-Angola||1640: The Dutch West India Company (WIC) conquers Portuguese Angola and renames its capital Luanda into Fort Aardenburgh. The WIC establishes the colony of Loango-Angola.
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 * State of West Africa||1648: The Dutch withdraw from Loango-Angola and Portuguese rule is restored. 1671: Portugal defeats and annexes the Kingdom of Ndongo. 1884: Portugal annexes part of the Kingdom of Lunda. 1914: The ↑Kingdom of Kongo is abolished and integrated in Portuguese Angola. 1920s: ↑Portuguese Congo is integrated into Portuguese Angola.
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 * Overseas Province of Angola||1951: Angola becomes an overseas province. 1964: The Portuguese Colonial War starts in Angola.
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 * State of Angola||1971: The status of Angola is changed by Portugal into state.
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 * People's Republic of Angola||1975: After the overthrow of the dictatorship in Portugal, Portugal agrees to the independence of Angola.
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 * Republic of Angola||1992: Angola is renamed into the Republic of Angola. ᐃ
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 * 3/3||Portuguese Congo||1885: Portugal establishes the exclave of Portuguese Congo, a.k.a. as Cabinda, out of a part of ↑Kongo. 1920s: Portuguese Congo is integrated into Angola. →1920s


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Anguilla
''🇦🇮 Anguilla - Anguilla
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 * ||colspan=2|''Anguilla is a 🇬🇧 British overseas territory.
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 * rowspan=13| ||Anguilla||1631: The Dutch West India Company (WIC) establish a fort on Anguilla, earlier claimed but not colonized by Spain. The island is inhabited by Arawaks or Caribs. . 1633: The Dutch settlement is destroyed by Spanish forces and the Dutch withdraw from the island.
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 * Saint Christopher||1650: England colonizes Anguilla from Saint Christopher.
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 * Anguilla||1666: Anguilla is occupied by France.
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 * Saint Christopher||1667: Anguilla is restored to England.
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 * Colony of the Leeward Islands||1671: Saint Christopher is united with ↑Antigua, ↑Nevis, and the ↑English Virgin Islands into the Leeward Islands.
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 * Saint Christopher||1816: After the dissolution of the Leeward Islands, Anguilla remains part of the colony of Saint Christopher.
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 * ''Antigua||1833: Anguilla is as part of the colony of Saint Christopher is incorporated into the colony of Antigua.
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 * Federal Colony of the Leeward Islands||1871: The colony of Antigua is united with →Dominica into the Leeward Islands.Leeward Islands. 1940: Dominica is separated from the Leeward Islands and becomes part of the colony of the →Windward Islands.
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 * ''Saint Christopher||1956: After the dissolution of the Leeward Islands, Anguilla becomes part of the colony of Saint Christopher.
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 * West Indies Federation||1958: Saint Christopher unites with ↑Antigua (with ↑Montserrat, that becomes a separate province), ↑Barbados, ↑Dominica, ↑Grenada, ↑Jamaica (with the ↑Cayman Islands and the ↑Turks and Caicos Islands), ↑Saint Lucia, ↑Saint Vincent, and Trinidad and Tobago in the West Indies Federation in preparation of a joint independence.
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 * ''Saint Christopher||1962: After the dissolution of the West Indies Federation, Anguilla becomes part of the colony of Saint Christopher.
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 * Saint Christopher-Nevis-Anguilla||1967: Saint Christopher becomes an associated state of the United Kingdom and is renamed into Saint Christopher-Nevis-Anguilla. The independence of Anguilla is proclaimed, not recognized by the United Kingdom. 1969: The Republic of Anguilla is proclaimed, not recognized by the United Kingdom. The same year British rule restored under emergency powers.
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 * Anguilla||1971: Anguilla is formally detached from Saint Christopher-Nevis and becomes de facto a separate dependency. 1980: The legal separation is completed. 1983: The crown colony is referred to as a British dependent territory. 2002: The British dependent territory is referred to as a British overseas territory. ᐃ


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Antartica
🇦🇶 Antarctica
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 * ||colspan=2|''See →Argentine Antarctica, →Australian Antarctic Territory, →British Antarctic Territory, →Chilean Antarctic Territory→French Southern and Antarctic Lands, →Norway, and →Ross Dependency. ᐃ


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Antigua and Barbuda
🇦🇬 Antigua and Barbuda - Antigua and Barbuda
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 * ||colspan=2|Antigua and Barbuda is a sovereign and internationally recognized Commonwealth realm.
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 * rowspan=10|1/2||Saint Mary of Antigua||1493: Cristoforo Colombo discovers the island he names Saint Mary of Antigua and the island of →Barbuda and claims it for Castile (Spain). The islands remains uncolonized and are inhabited by Caribs.
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 * Antigua||1632: The English, who already control ↑Barbuda, conquer Antigua and unite Antigua and Barbuda into the colony of Antigua. It creates from Antigua the first settlement on →Montserrat.
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 * Antigua||1666: Antigua is occupied by France'''
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 * Antigua||1667: Antigua is restored to England'''
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 * Colony of the Leeward Islands||1671: Antigua is united with Saint Christopher, Nevis, and the ↑English Virgin Islands into the Leeward Islands.
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 * Antigua||1816: The Leeward Islands are dissolved, Antigua, Barbuda and ↑Montserrat are governed as the colony of Antigua, the other islands as the colony of →Saint Christopher. 1833: The colony of Saint Christopher is united into the colony of Antigua.
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 * Federal Colony of the Leeward Islands||1871: The colony of Antigua is united with →Dominica into the Leeward Islands. 1872: Redonda is annexed by the United Kingdom to Antigua inside the Leeward Islands. 1940: Dominica is separated from the Leeward Islands and becomes part of the colony of the →Windward Islands.
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 * Antigua||1956: After the dissolution of the Leeward Islands, Antigua is restored as a separate entity.
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 * West Indies Federation||1958: Antigua unites with ↑Barbados, ↑Dominica, ↑Grenada, ↑Jamaica (with the ↑Cayman Islands and the ↑Turks and Caicos Islands), ↑Saint Christopher (with Nevis and ↑Anguilla), ↑Saint Lucia, ↑Saint Vincent, and Trinidad and Tobago into the West Indies Federation in preparation of a joint independence. Within the federation →Montserrat becomes a separate provinde.
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 * Antigua and Barbuda||1962: The West Indies Federation is dissolved and its province of Antigua becomes as Antigua and Barbuda a separate colony. 1967: Antigua and Barbuda become an associated state of the United Kingdom. 1981: Antigua and Barbuda becomes independent. ᐃ
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 * rowspan=2|2/2||Barbuda||1493: Cristoforo Colombo lands for Spain at Barbuda, mainly populated by Caribs, and claims it for Castile (Spain). Barbuda is not colonized.
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 * Barbuda||1624: Barbuda is colonized by the English. 1632: Barbuda becomes part of the colony of Antigua. →1632


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Argentina
🇦🇷 Argentina - Argentine Republic
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 * ||colspan=2|Argentina is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
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 * ||colspan=2 style="background: khaki|
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 * rowspan=6| ||Governorate of New Andalusia||1536: Spain starts the colonization of present-day Argentina, relatively sparsely populated by indigenous people's. It becomes part of the Governorate of New Andalusia, together with present-day →Uruguay and →Paraguay
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 * Governorate of the Río de la Plata||1542: New Andalusia is succeeded by the Governorate of the Río de la Plata, part of the Viceroyalty of Peru. 1617: The Governorate of →Paraguay is separated from Río de la Plata.
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 * Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata||1776: Río de la Plata is separated from Peru and becomes a Viceroyalty.. It includes present-day Argentina, →Bolivia (Upper Peru), →Paraguay and →Uruguay (Banda Oriental). 1806: After a short conquest of Buenos Aires, a British invasion is defeated. 1810: The Argentine War of Independence starts. 1811: →Paraguay secedes as an independent republic. 1814: Upper Peru is re-incorporated into the Viceroyalty of Peru.
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 * United Provinces of the Rio de la Plata||1816: Rio de la Plata declares independence. The same year Brazil invades the Banda Oriental. 1818: Spain is defeated. It stays in power in →Upper Peru. 1820: Possession is taken of the ↑Malvine Island. 1825: →Banda Oriental becomes part of Rio de la Plata. 1828: Uruguay becomes independent.
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 * Argentina||1831: Rio de la Plata is renamed into Argentine Confederation. 1833: The Argentine settlement on the →Malvine Islands is removed.
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 * Argentine Republic||1860: Argentine is renamed into Argentine Republic. 1982: Argentine conquers the ↑Falkland or Malvine Islands and ↑South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, but lose them to the United Kingdom the same year. ᐃ
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Argentine Antarctica
'' Argentine Antarctica - Argentina Antarctica
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 * ||colspan=2|''Argentine Antarctica the 🇦🇷 Argentine claim on a division of Antarctica.
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 * ||Argentine Antarctica||Claims in Antarctica are established by Argentina (1904), →United Kingdom (1908), →New Zealand (1923), →France (1924), →Australia (1933), →Norway (1939), →Germany (1939), and →Chile (1940). 1904: Part of Antarctica is claimed by Argentina as Argentine Antartic Territory, the validity of this claim is not recognised universally. 1961: The Antarctic Treaty System is signed, in which no territorial sovereignty claims are recognized or established. All claims are frozen. ᐃ


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Armenia
🇦🇲 Armenia - Republic of Armenia
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 * ||colspan=2|Armenia is a sovereign republic, recognized by most countries with the exception of Pakistan.
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 * rowspan=6| ||Russia||1813: Russia wins a war with Persia and annexes part of Armenia. 1828: Russia annexes the whole of present-day Armenia.
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 * Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic||1918: Armenia secedes from russia as one of the constituent republics of Transcaucasia from Russia.
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 * Democratic Republic of Armenia||1918: Shortly after Armenia becomes independent.
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 * Union of Soviet Socialist Republics||1922: After a Soviet invasion, Armenia joins Transcaucasia, that becomes a constituent state of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.
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 * Republic of Armnia||1991: Armenia becomes an independent republic. It develops a close relation with Nagorno-Karabakh. ᐃ
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Artsakh (disputed)
 Artsakh - Republic of Artsakh
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 * ||colspan=2|''Artsakh is a de facto republic, not recognized by Azerbaijan, and only recognized by Abkhazia, South Ossetia and Transnistria.
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 * rowspan=3| ||Azerbaijan||See for the development before 1991 →Azerbaijan.
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 * Nagorno Karabakh Republic||1991: In reaction to the independence of ↑Azerbaijan, Nagorno-Karabakh, mainly populated by Armenians, secedes as an unrecognized republic from Azerbaijan. 1994: The Bishkek Protocol between Nagorno-Karabakh, Azerbaijan and Armenia leads to a cease fire and the de facto independence of Nagorno-Karabakh, more or less as a Armenian protectorate.
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 * Republic of Arsakh||2017: Nagorno-Karabakh is renamed into Artsakh. ᐃ


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Aruba
''🇦🇼 Aruba - Aruba
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 * ||colspan=2|''Aruba is a constituent country of the 🇳🇱 Kingdom of the Netherlands|- valign=top
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 * rowspan=7| ||Aruba||1499: The island of Aruba, inhabited by Arawak, is discovered by Alonso de Ojeda and colonized by Castile (Spain).
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 * Curaçao||1636: Aruba is conquered from Spain by the Dutch West India Company (WIC) and annexed to Curaçao. 1647: Curaçao is subordinated to →New Netherland. 1664: Curaçao becomes a separate colony. 1792: The WIC is dissolved and its possessions are nationalized by the Dutch Republic. 1804: Aruba is occupied by British forces. 1804: Aruba is restored to the Batavian Republic the same year. 1805: Aruba is occupied by British forces, but restored to the Batavian Republic the same year. 1806: Aruba is occupied by Venezuelan separatists, the Dutch resumes control the same year. 1807: Aruba is occupied by British forces. 1817: Aruba is restored to the Netherlands.
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 * West Indian Possessions||1828: ↑Suriname, Curaçao and ↑Sint Eustatius are united into the Dutch West Indies.
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 * Curaçao and Dependencies||1845: The Dutch West Indies are dissolved and partitioned into Curaçao and →Suriname. Aruba becomes part of Curaçao and Depencies. 1936: The colony is renamed into Territory of Curaçao.
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 * Netherlands Antilles||1946: Curaçao is renamed into the Netherlands Antilles. 1954: The Netherlands Antilles become a country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands.
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 * Aruba||1986: Aruba is seceded from the Netherlands Antilles and becomes a separate country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. ᐃ


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Australia
🇦🇺 Australia - Commonwealth of Australia
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 * ||colspan=2| is a sovereign and internationally recognized Commonwealth realm.
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 * 1/9||New Holland||From 1606: Dutch explorers charter what they called New Holland, but don't settle there.
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 * 2/9||Dirk Hartog Island||1772: Louis Aleno de St Aloüarn lands on Dirk Hartog Islands in uncolonized New Holland and takes possession of the island and surroundings in the name of France. The colonization fails.
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 * 3/9||New South Wales||1770: After earlier attempts by the Dutch and French, Great Britain claims part of Australia and names it New South Wales. 1788: The Crown Colony of New South Wales is established. The continent is sparsely populated by what is now known as Aboriginal Australians. 1817: The governor of New South Wales is given legal authority over the area of present-day →New Zealand. 1836: →South Australia is separated from New South Wales. 1841: →New Zealand is separated from New South Wales. 1851: →Victoria is separated from New South Wales. 1859: →Queensland is separated from New South Wales. 1901: New South Wales becomes part of independent Australia. →1901
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 * rowspan=2|4/9||Van Diemen’s Land||1825: The United Kingdom establishes the colony of Van Diemen's Land on present-day Tasmania, mainly inhabited by Palawah.
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 * Tasmania||1856: Van Diemen's Land is renamed into the Colony of Tasmania. 1901: Tasmania becomes part of independent Australia. →1901
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 * rowspan=2|5/9||Swan River Colony||1829: The United Kingdom establishes the Swan River Colony.
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 * Western Australia||1832: The Swan River Colony is renamed into the Colony of Western Australia. 1901: Western Australia merges into the Commonwealth of Australia. 1901: Western Australia becomes part of independent Australia. →1901
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 * 6/9||South Australia||1836: South Australia is separated from ↑New South Wales. 1901: South Australia becomes part of independent Australia. →1901
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 * 7/9||Victoria||1851: Victoria is separated from ↑New South Wales. 1901: Victoria becomes part of independent Australia. →1901
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 * 8/9||Queensland||1859: Queensland is separated from ↑New South Wales. 1901: Queensland becomes part of independent Australia. →1901
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 * rowspan=2|9/9||Commonwealth of Australia||1901: ↑New South Wales, ↑Western Australia, ↑Victoria, ↑South Australia, ↑Queensland, and ↑Tasmania become part of independent Australia as a dominion of the British Empire. 1931: The parliament of the United Kingdom passes the Statute of Westminster 1931 effectively establishing the legislative independence of the self-governing dominions of the British Empire from the United Kingdom. 1942: The Statute of Westminster of 1931 is adopted in Australia with effect since 1939. Australia becomes an independent Commonwealth realm, retaining the British monarch as its head of state. ᐃ
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Australian Antarctic Territory
'' Australian Antarctic Territory - Australian Antarctic Territory
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 * ||colspan=2|''The Australian Antarctic Territory is the 🇦🇺 Australian claim on a division of Antarctica.
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 * ||Australian Antarctic Territory||Claims in Antarctica are established by →Argentina (1904), →United Kingdom (1908), →New Zealand (1923), →France (1924), Australia (1933), →Norway (1939), →Germany (1939), and →Chile (1940). 1933/1936: Part of Antarctica is claimed by Australia as Australian Antartic Territory, the validity of this claim is not recognised universally. 1961: The Antarctic Treaty System is signed, in which no territorial sovereignty claims are recognized or established. All claims are frozen. ᐃ


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Austria
🇦🇹 Austria - Republic of Austria
 * - valign=top
 * ||colspan=2|Austria is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
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 * ||colspan=2 style="background: khaki|
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 * rowspan=2| ||Republic of Austria||1945: After the surrender of Germany, Austria is re-seceded from Germany and under international occupation. Both the country and the city of Vienna are divided into zones, occupied by the United States, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and France. The zones become part of the Republic of Austria with an own government. 1955: The occupation ends and sovereignty of Austria is restored. ᐃ
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Azerbaijan
🇦🇿 Azerbaijan - Republic of Azerbaijan
 * - valign=top
 * ||colspan=2|Azerbaijan is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
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 * ||colspan=2 style="background: khaki|
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 * rowspan=5|1/2||Russia||1813: Russia wins a war with Persia and annexes part of Azerbaijan. 1828: Russia annexes the whole of present-day Azerbaijan.
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 * Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic||1918: Azerbaijan secedes from Russia as one of the constituent republics of Transcaucasia from Russia.
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 * Azerbaijan Democratic Republic||1918: Shortly after Azerbaijan becomes independent.
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 * Union of Soviet Socialist Republics||1922: Azerbaijan joins the Transcaucasia, that becomes a constituent state of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.
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 * Republic of Azerbaijan||1991: Azerbaijan becomes an independent republic. 1991: In reaction to the independence →Nagorno-Karabakh secedes as an unrecognized republic from Azerbaijan. The secession is internationally not recognized. ᐃ
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 * rowspan=2|2/2||Nagorno Karabakh||1991: ''See Artsakh for the unrecognized secession.
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 * Artsakh||2017: ''See Artsakh for the unrecognized secession.


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The Bahamas
 The Bahamas - Commonwealth of The Bahamas
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 * ||colspan=2| is a sovereign and internationally recognized Commonwealth realm.
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 * rowspan=11| ||Eleuthera||1648: English settlers from Bermuda establish a colony Eleuthera, administered by the Company of Eleutheran Adventurers. The archipelago is inhabited by Taíno and Lucayans. 1657: The colony is abandoned.
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 * New Providence||1670: On New Providence in the Bahamas a British proprietary colony is established. 1684: The colony is abandoned after an Spanish attack. 1686: The colony is restored.
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 * abandoned Bahama Islands||1703: New Providence at the Bahamas is occupied by Spanish and French forces, after wich the colony is abandoned.
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 * Republic of Pirates||1706: The abandoned colony is ruled by pirates.
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 * Crown Colony of the Bahama Islands||1718: After the proprietors resigned the administration of the Bahamas to the British crown, the scarcely inhabited Bahamas become a British crown colony.
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 * occupied Bahama Islands||1776: The Bahamas are occupied by American separatist forces.
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 * Crown Colony of the Bahama Islands||1776: The Bahamas are re-conquered by the British the same year.
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 * occupied Bahama Islands||1782: The Bahamas are occupied by Spain.
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 * Crown Colony of the Bahama Islands||1783: The Bahamas are restored to the British. 1799: The ↑Turks and Caicos Islands are annexed by Great Britain to the Bahamas. 1848: The →Turks and Caicos Islands become a separate colony.
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 * Commonwealth of the Bahamas Islands||1969: The crown colony is renamed into the Commonwealth of the Bahama Islands.
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 * Commonwealth of the Bahamas||1973: The Bahamas become an independent Commonwealth realm, retaining the British monarch as its head of state. ᐃ


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Bahrain
🇧🇭 Bahrain - Kingdom of Bahrain
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 * ||colspan=2|Bahrain is a sovereign and internationally recognized monarchy.
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 * rowspan=2| ||Bahrain||1521: Part of the Eastern Arabian coast, including Bahrain and Qatar, dominated by Bani Khalid, is seized by Portugal from the Jabrid ruler of Eastern Arabia Migrin ibn Zamil. The Portuguese rule is disputed by the rulers of Al-Hasa. 1602: The Portuguese are expelled and Bahrain is taken by Persia.
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 * Bahrain||1820: Bahrain (with →Qatar) participates in the General Maritime Treaty of friendship with the United Kingdom. 1868: The Hakim of Bahrain, Muhammad ibn Khalifah Al Khalifa, agrees to make Bahrain a British protectorate. 1971: After a referendum, Bahrain becomes independent. ᐃ


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Bangladesh
🇧🇩 Bangladesh - People's Republic of Bangladesh
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 * ||colspan=2|Bangladesh is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
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 * rowspan=3|1/2||Dutch Bengal||1627: The Dutch United East India Company (VOC) establishes trading posts at the Ganges River in the Mughal Empire. 1655: The VOC establishes the directorate of Dutch Bengal around the trading posts at the Ganges.
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 * British India|||1795: Bengal is occupied by British forces.
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 * Dutch Bengal||1814: Dutch Bengal is restored to the Netherlands. 1825: The Dutch possessions in India are ceded to the United Kingdom. →1825
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 * 2/2||British India||'1757: The British East India Company defeats in the Battle of Plassey the Mughal Empire and conquers Bengal. 1765: The British establishes the Bengal Presidency. 1795: ↑Dutch Bengal is occupied by British forces. 1814: →Dutch Bengal is restored to the Netherlands. 1825: The Dutch possessions in ↑Bengal are ceded to the United Kingdom. 1858: The British dependencies and protectorates in India are united into the British Raj, a structure comprising British India (a quasi-federation of presidencies and provinces directly governed by the British Crown and the Princely states, governed by Indian rulers, under the suzerainty of the British Crown. 1877: British India is styled Empire of India. 1919: With the Government of India Act, 1919, British India gets more autonomy. 1935: Bengal gets limited self-rule inside British India. 1936: The Government of India Act 1935 provides for self-government. 1947: British India is partitioned between the independent states of →India and Pakistan. East Bengal, mainly populated by muslims, becomes as East Pakistan part of Pakistan, an independent Commonwealth realm, retaining the British monarch as its head of state, until 1956. Pakistan also includes present-day Pakistan. ' 1971: East Pakistan secedes from Pakistan as Bangladesh. ᐃrowspan=1|


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Barbados
🇧🇧 Barbados - Barbados
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 * ||colspan=2|Barbados is a sovereign and internationally recognized Commonwealth realm.
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 * ||colspan=2 style="background: khaki|
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 * rowspan=5| ||Barbados||1625: Barbados becomes an English colony. Barbados is inhabited by Caribs.
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 * Windward Islands||1833: Barbados forms together with ↑Grenada, ↑Saint Lucia, ↑Saint Vincent and ↑Tobago the British Windward Islands.
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 * Barbados||1885: Barbados is seceded from the Windward Islands.
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 * West Indies Federation||1958: Barbados joins ↑Antigua (with ↑Montserrat, that becomes a separate province), ↑Dominica, ↑Grenada, ↑Jamaica (with the ↑Cayman Islands and the ↑Turks and Caicos Islands), ↑Saint Christopher (with Nevis and ↑Anguilla), ↑Saint Lucia, ↑Saint Vincent, and Trinidad and Tobago in the West Indies Federation in preparation of a joint independence.
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 * Barbados||1962: The West Indies Federation is dissolved. 1966: Barbados becomes an independent Commonwealth realm, retaining the British monarch as its head of state. ᐃ


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Belarus
🇧🇾 Belarus - Republic of Belarus
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 * ||colspan=2|Belarus is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
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 * ||colspan=2 style="background: khaki|
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 * rowspan=2| ||Russia||1772: The Russian victory over the Bar Confederation in Poland leads to the first partition of Poland. Part of present-day Belarus is annexed by Russia. 1795: In a reaction to an uprising Russia, Prussia and Austria decide to wipe out Poland-Lithuania and with the third partition they divide the country between themselves. The whole of present-day Belarus becomes part of Russia. 1918: Belarus becomes independent. 1920: The western part of Belarus becomes part of Poland.
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 * Union of Soviet Socialist Republics||1922: Belarus becomes a constituent state of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. 1939: The Polish part of Belarus is annexed by the USSR. 1941: The western part of the USSR, including Belarus, is conquered and occupied by Nazi Germany. 1944: Soviet rule is restored. 1991: Belarus becomes an independent republic. ᐃ


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Belgium
🇧🇪 Belgium - Kingdom of Belgium
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 * ||colspan=2| is a sovereign and internationally recognized federal monarchy.
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 * rowspan=4| ||Spanish Netherlands||1556: Felipe, who became after the abdication of emperor Charles V ruler in the Netherlands, becomes king Felipe II of Spain. He rules the Netherlands as a Spanish dependency, including present-day Belgium, the →Netherlands and →Luxembourg. 1566: The Eighty Years' War between Dutch resistance and the Spanish rulers start. 1648: The northern part of the Netherlands become de jure independent as the →Netherlands.
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 * Austrian Netherlands||1713: The Spanish Netherlands fall to Austria. 1790: The Austrian Netherlands secede from Austria as the United Belgian States.
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 * Austrian Netherlands||1790: Austrian rule is restored the same year. 1792: The Austrian Netherlands are annexed to France. 1815: The former Austrian Netherlands become part of the →Netherlands. 1830: Belgium secedes from the Netherlands, recognized in 1839. 1914: Belgium is occupied by Germany. 1918: Belgium is restored. 1940: Belgium is occupied by Germany. 1944: Belgium is restored. ᐃ
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Belize
🇧🇿 Belize - Belize
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 * ||colspan=2|Belize is a sovereign and internationally recognized Commonwealth realm.
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 * 1/2||Guatemala||1506: Spain claims but doesn't settle what is now Belize, inhabited by Maya. 1542: Spain establishes the Real Audiencia of Guatemala inside the Viceroyalty of New Spain and considers the region to be part of it. 1638: →Englishmen settle in the region. It is disputed between Spain and England. 1609: The Captaincy General of Guatemala as a province of New Spain is established. 1786: Great Britain creates an administration for the region. 1798: With the Battle of St. George's Caye the colonists and the British defeat the Spanish. →1798
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 * rowspan=2|2/2||British Honduras||1638: Englishmen settle in a part of the Spanish colony of ↑Guatemala. It is disputed between Spain and England. 1786: Great Britain creates an administration for the region. 1798: With the Battle of St. George's Caye the colonists and the British defeat the Spanish. 1821: Guatemala claims the region.
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 * Belize||1973: British Honduras is renamed into Belize. 1981: Belize becomes an independent Commonwealth realm, retaining the British monarch as its head of state. ᐃ


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Benin
🇧🇯 Benin - Republic of Benin
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 * ||colspan=2|Benin is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
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 * 1/6||Slave Coast||1660: The Dutch West India Company (WIC) starts establishing various settlements at what they name the Slave Coast in present-day Nigeria and Benin. Part of their settlements belonged to the Kingdom of Allada. 1760: The WIC abandons the last settlement at the Slave Coast and leaves it de facto to Dahomey. 1797: France abandons ↑Fort Saint Louis. 1812: The United Kingdom abandons ↑Fort William. 1838: France establishes a protectorate over →Porto-Novo. 1844: Brazil abandons ↑Ajudá. 1865: Porto-Novo is left by the French to Dahomey. The same year Portugal reclaims →Ajudá. 1882: France establishes a protectorate over →Porto-Novo. 1894: France conquers Dahomey. →1894
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 * 2/6||Fort Saint Louis||1671: France establishes Fort Saint Louis at Ouidah in the Kingdom of Whydah. 1797: France abandons the fort and leaves it de facto to the Kingdom of Dahomey. →1797
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 * rowspan=3|3/6||Ajudá||1680: Portugal establishes a fort in Ouidah in the Kingdom of Ouidah. 1721: The fort is named Forte de São João Baptista de Ajudá.
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 * Ajudá||1822: The Forte de São João Baptista de Ajudá falls to Brazil. 1844: Brazil abandons the fort and leaves it de facto to Dahomey.
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 * Ajudá||1865: The Forte de São João Baptista de Ajudá is reclaimed by Portugal and subordinated to the governors of São Tomé and Príncipe. 1961: The fort is occupied and annexed by to the Kingdom of Dahomey. →1961
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 * 4/6||Fort William||1681: England establishes Fort William at Ouidah, a.k.a. as Whydah. 1812: The fort is abandoned and de facto left to the Kingdom of Dahomey. →1812
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 * rowspan=4|5/6||Porto-Novo||1838: France returns and establishes a protectorate over Porto-Novo in ↑Dahomey. 1865: The protectorate is ended and Porto-Novo is left to the Kingdom of Dahomey. →1865
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 * Porto-Novo||1882: France establishes a new protectorate over Porto-Novo in Dahomey.
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 * Gulf of Benin Settlements||1886: Porto-Novo and ↑Cotonou are united into the Gulf of Benin Settlements.
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 * Dahomey||1894: After the Second Franco-Dahomean War France takes over the area of the Kingdom of Dahomey and reorganizes the Gulf of Benin Settlements into the colony of Dahomey and dependencies. 1904: Dahomey becomes part of French West Africa. 1946: France establishes the French Union, of which French West Africa becomes a constituent part. 1958: France grants autonomy to the Republic of Dahomey inside the French Community. 1960: Dahomey becomes independent. 1961: Portugal leaves its fort at ↑Ajudá to Dahomey. 1975: Dahomey is renamed into Benin. ᐃ
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 * 6/6||Cotonou||1868: France establishes a protectorate over Cotonou. 1886: Coutonou becomes part of the Gulf of Benin Settlements. →1886


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Bermuda
''🇧🇲 Bermuda - Bermuda
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 * ||colspan=2|''Bermuda is a 🇬🇧 British overseas territory.
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 * rowspan=4| ||Bermuda||1503: The uninhabited island of Bermuda is claimed by Spain, but not colonized.
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 * Virginia||1609: Bermuda, claimed by Spain, becomes part of the English colony of Virginia.
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 * Somers Isles||1615: Bermuda becomes a separate colony, administered by the Somers Isles Company.
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 * Bermuda||1684: Bermuda is administered by the English crown. 1983: The crown colony is referred to as a British dependent territory. 2002: The British dependent territory is refered to as a British overseas territory. ᐃ


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Bhutan
🇧🇹 Bhutan - Kingdom of Bhutan
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 * ||colspan=2|Bhutan is a sovereign and internationally recognized monarchy.
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 * ||Bhutan||1865: After the Bhutan War, the United Kingdom confirms in a treaty with the Druk Desi of Bhutan, Tshewang Sithub, the independence of Bhutan. Bhutan loses parts of its territory. 1910: The United Kingdom confirms in the Treaty of Punakha with the first king of the Kingdom of Bhutan, Ugyen Wangchuck, the independence of Bhutan, but takes control of Bhutanese foreign relations. 1947: The treaty expires with the independence of India, making Bhutan independent from the United Kingdom. ᐃ


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Bolivia
🇧🇴 Bolivia - Plurinational State of Bolivia
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 * ||colspan=2|Bolivia is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
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 * rowspan=2| ||Charcas||1524: Spain starts the conquest of the Inca Empire. 1533: Present-day Bolivia is annexed by Spain. The region is known as Charcas. 1542: Charcas becomes part of the Viceroyalty of Peru.
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 * Upper Peru||1776: Charcas, then known as Upper Peru, becomes part of the new Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata. 1810: The war of independence of Upper Peru starts. 1814: The Viceroyalty is dissolved. Upper Peru is re-incorporated into the Viceroyalty of Peru. 1821: Peru declares its independence as the Republic of Peru. 1824: Spain is defeated and Peru becomes independent. Upper Peru remains under control by Spain. 1825: Upper Peru becomes independent as Bolivia. ᐃ


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Bonaire
'' Bonaire - Public body of Bonaire
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 * ||colspan=2|''Bonaire is a public body of the 🇳🇱 Netherlands.
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 * rowspan=10| ||Bonaire||1499: The island of Bonaire, inhabited by Arawak, is discovered by Alonso de Ojeda and colonized by Castile (Spain).
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 * Curaçao||1635: Bonaire is conquered by the Dutch West India Company (WIC) and annexed to Curaçao.
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 * Bonaire||1642: Bonaire is occupied by Spain.
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 * Curaçao||1642: Bonaire]] is restored to the Dutch the same year. 1647: Curaçao is subordinated to →New Netherland. 1664: Curaçao becomes a separate colony. 1792: The WIC is dissolved and its possessions are nationalized by the Dutch Republic.
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 * Bonaire||1807: Bonaire is occupied by British forces.
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 * Curaçao||1815: Bonaire is restored as part of Curaçao to the Netherlands.
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 * West Indian Possessions||1828: ↑Suriname, Curaçao and ↑Sint Eustatius are united into the Dutch West Indies.
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 * Curaçao||1845: The Dutch West Indies are dissolved and partitioned into Curaçao and →Suriname. Bonaire becomes part of Curaçao and Depencies. 1936: The colony is renamed into Territory of Curaçao.
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 * Netherlands Antilles||1946: Curaçao is renamed into the Netherlands Antilles. 1954: The Netherlands Antilles become a country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. →2010
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 * Bonaire||2010: Bonaire becomes with the dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles an overseas part of the Netherlands. ᐃ


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Bosnia and Herzegovina
🇧🇦 Bosnia and Herzegovina - Bosnia and Herzegovina
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 * ||colspan=2|Bosnia and Herzegovina is a sovereign and internationally recognized federal republic under international supervision.
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 * rowspan=3 | ||Ottoman Empire||1463: The Ottoman Empire defeats Bosnia and annexes it.
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 * Bosnia and Herzegovina||1878: Bosnia and Herzegovina are occupied by Austria-Hungary, while staying formally part of the Ottoman Empire. 1908: Bosnia and Hercegovina are fully annexed by Austria-Hungary. 1918: After the Austrian defeat in World War I, Bosnia and Herzegovina becomes part of the independent State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs, continued the same year by Yugoslavia. 1992: Bosnia and Herzegovina secedes from Yugoslavia. A civil war starts.
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 * Bosnia and Herzegovina||1995: The civil war in Bosnia and Herzegovina ends with the Dayton Agreement. The IFOR (Implementation Force) becomes responsible for implementing military aspects of the agreement. The High Representative for Bosnia and Herzegovina is charged with the task of civil implementation. Independent Bosnia and Herzegovina becomes a independent country under international supervision. ᐃ
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Botswana
🇧🇼 Botswana - Republic of Botswana
 * - valign=top
 * ||colspan=2|Botswana is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
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 * 1/2||Tati Concessions Lands||1872: The Matabele king Lobengula awards the Tati Consession to the British. 1893: The Tati Concessions Lands are administered from the Bechuanaland Protectorate. 1911: The Tati Concessions Lands are annexed to the Bechuanaland Protectorate. →1911
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 * 2/2||Bechuanaland 1885|Bechuanaland||1885 : The area inhabited by Tswana is divided. One part becomes as British Bechuanaland part of the Cape of Good Hope. The northern part becomes as Bechuanaland Protectorate a protectorate of the United Kingdom. 1911: The ↑Tati Concessions Lands are annexed to the Bechuanaland Protectorate. 1966: The Bechuanaland Protectorate becomes independent as Botswana. ᐃ


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Brazil
🇧🇷 Brazil - Federative Republic of Brazil
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 * ||colspan=2|Brazil is a sovereign and internationally recognized federal republic.
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 * rowspan=6|1/9||Brazil||1500: With the arrival of the Portuguese fleet commanded by Pedro Álvares Cabral, present-day Brazil, inhabited by many indigenous peoples, labeled as Indians, is claimed for Portugal. 1532: Portugal founds the first settlement. 1534: Colonization effectively begins with the division in fifteen private and autonomous Captaincy Colonies of Brazil. 1549: Portugal creates the Governorate General of Brazil. 1555: France establishes in Portuguese Brazil the colony of →Antarctic France. 1567: The French are defeated by the Portuguese and ↑Antarctic France is abolished.
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 * Rio de Janeiro||1572: Brazil is divided into the Governorates General of Rio de Janeiro and →Bahia.
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 * Brazil||1578: Rio de Janeiro and ↑Bahia are re-united as Brazil.
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 * Rio de Janeiro||1607: Brazil is divided into Rio de Janeiro and →Bahia. 1612: In the area of Portuguese Rio de Janeiro France establishes the colony of →Equinoctial France.
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 * Brazil||1613: Rio de Janeiro and ↑Bahia are re-united as Brazil. 1615: The French in ↑Equinoctial France are defeated by the Portuguese. 1621: Brazil is divided in the State of Brazil and the State of →Maranhão. 1630: The Dutch West India Company (WIC) conquers a part of Brazil and establishes the colony of →New Holland, a.k.a. Dutch Brazil. 1654: The Dutch are defeated by the Portuguese and ↑New Holland is annexed to Brazil. 1775: The states of ↑Grão-Pará and Rio Negro and ↑Maranhão and Piauí are merged into the State of Brazil. 1777: The island of →Santa Catarina is occupied by Spain. 1778: ↑Santa Catarina is restored to Portugal. 1809: ↑French Guiana is occupied by Brazil. 1815: The State of Brazil becomes as Kingdom of Brazil a constituent kingdom of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil, and the Algarves. 1817: Portugal conquers the ↑Banda Oriental and annexes it to Brazil. The same year →Guiana is restored to France. 1822: The regent of Brazil, prince Pedro declares the independence as Brazil of which he becomes emperor. Brazil includes the Banda Oriental until its independence as Uruguay in 1828 and ↑Trindade. 1825: The independence is recognized by Portugal. Banda Oriental falls to Rio de la Plata. 1826: When emperor Pedro inherits the Portuguese crown, both countries are in a personal union. He abdicates the same year in Portugal. 1895: Trindade is occupied by the →United Kingdom. 1896: ↑Trindade are restored to Brazil. ᐃ
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 * rowspan=2|2/9||Bahia||1572: ↑Brazil is divided into the Governorates General of →Rio de Janeiro and Bahia. 1578: Rio de Janeiro and Bahia are united into Brazil. →1578
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 * Bahia||1607: Brazil is divided into →Rio de Janeiro and Bahia. 1613: Rio de Janeiro and Bahia are re-united as Brazil. →1613
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 * rowspan=4|3/9||Maranhão||1621: ↑Brazil is divided, leading to the establishment of the State of Maranhão.
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 * Maranhão and Grão-Pará||1654: Maranhão is reconstituted as Maranhão and Grão-Pará.
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 * Grão-Pará and Maranhão||1751: Maranhão and Grão-Pará is renamed into Grão-Pará and Maranhão.
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 * Maranhão and Piauí||1772: Grão-Pará and Maranhão is split into the Maranhão and Piauí and in →Grão-Pará and Rio Negro. 1775: Maranhão and Piauí is merged into Brazil. →1775
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 * 4/9||Grão-Pará and Rio Negro||1772: ↑Grão-Pará and Maranhão is split into the State of Grão-Pará and Rio Negro and the State of →Maranhão and Piauí. 1775: Grão-Pará and Rio Negro is merged into Brazil. →1775
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 * 5/9||Antarctic France||1555: France establishes in Portuguese ↑Brazil the colony of Antarctic France. 1567: The French are defeated by the Portuguese and the colony is abolished. →1567
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 * 6/9||Equinoctial France||1612: In the area of Portuguese ↑Rio de Janeiro France establishes the colony of Equinoctial France. 1615: The French are defeated by the Portuguese and the colony is abolished. →1615
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 * 7/9||New Holland||1630: The Dutch West India Company (WIC) conquers a part of ↑Brazil and establish the colony of New Holland, a.k.a. Dutch Brazil. 1654: The Dutch are defeated by the Portuguese and the colony is abolished. →1654
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 * 8/9||Santa Catarina||1777: Spain occupies the island of Santa Catarina, part of Brazil. 1778: Santa Catarina is restored to Portugal. →1778
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 * rowspan=3|9/9||Trindade||1781: The Portuguese Brazilian island of Trindade is occupied by Great Britain.
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 * Brazil||1782: British held Trindade becomes a Portuguese possession, part of Brazil. 1822: Trindade becomes part of independent Brazil.
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 * South Trinidad||1895: The Brazilian island of Trindad is occupied by the United Kingdom as South Trinidad. 1896: The islands are restored to Brazil. →1896
 * South Trinidad||1895: The Brazilian island of Trindad is occupied by the United Kingdom as South Trinidad. 1896: The islands are restored to Brazil. →1896


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British Antarctic Territory
'' British Antarctic Territory - British Antarctic Territory
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 * ||colspan=2|'' The British Antarctic Territory is the 🇬🇧 British claim on a division of Antarctica.
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 * ||British Antarctic Territory||Claims in Antarctica are established by →Argentina (1904), United Kingdom (1908), →New Zealand (1923), →France (1924), →Australia (1933), →Norway (1939), →Germany (1939), and →Chile (1940). 1908: The United Kingdom claims part of the Antarctic. 1961: Norway, the United Kingdom, France and other countries signs the Antarctic Treaty System, in which no territorial sovereignty claims are recognized or established. All claims are frozen 1962: The United Kingdom establishes the British Antarctic Territory, governed as part of the Falkland Islands Dependencies. 1985: The dependency is divided into the →South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands and the British Antarctic Territory. 2002: The British territory is referred to as a British overseas territory. ᐃ


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British Indian Ocean Territory
''🇮🇴 British Indian Ocean Territory - British Indian Ocean Territory
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 * ||colspan=2|''The British Indian Ocean Territory is a 🇬🇧 British overseas territory.
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 * rowspan=3| ||Isle de France||1721: France conquers the uninhabited Chagos Archipelago and annexes it to Isle de France.
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 * Mauritius||1810: The Chagos Archipelago is as part of Isle de France annexed to the United Kingdom, that renames the colony into Mauritius.
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 * British Indian Ocean Territory||1965: The British secede the Chagos Archipelago from Mauritius and merge it with the islands of Aldabra, Farquhar and Desroches from the ↑Seychelles to form the British Indian Ocean Territory. 2002: The territory is referred to as a British overseas territory. ᐃ


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British Virgin Islands
 British Virgin Islands - Virgin Islands
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 * ||colspan=2|''The British Virgin Islands are a 🇬🇧 British overseas territory.
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 * 1/2||Dutch Virgin Islands||1625: The Dutch West India Company (WIC) establish a permanent settlement at the eastern part of →Saint Croix in the present-day United States Virgin Islands, starting the Dutch Virgin Islands. 1628: The WIC establish a permanent settlement at Virgin Gorda. 1648: The WIC establishes a permanent settlement on Ter Tholen. 1650: The WIC leaves →Saint Croix to England. 1657: The WIC establishes itself on Saint Thomas in the present-day United States Virgin Islands. 1672: England captures →Ter Tholen, Saint Thomas falls to Denmark. 1680: Virgin Gorda is lost to England. →1680
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 * rowspan=6|2/2||Colony of the Leeward Islands||1672: England captures ↑Ter Tholen from the Dutch and adds it to the Saint Christopher in the Leeuward Islands. The name Ter Tholen develops into Tortola. 1680: The Dutch withdraw their last posts at Anegada and Virgin Gorda and leave them to the English 1816: The Leeward Islands are dissolved.
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 * Saint Christopher||1816: After the dissolution of the Leeward Islands, Saint Christopher becomes a separate colony, including the Virgin Islands.
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 * Antigua||1833: Saint Christopher is incorporated into Antigua.
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 * Federal Colony of the Leeward Islands||1871: The colony of Antigua is united with →Dominica into the Leeward Islands. 1940: Dominica is separated from the Leeward Islands and becomes part of the colony of the →Windward Islands.
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 * Saint Christopher||1956: The Leeward Islands are dissolved, the Virgin Islands become part of Saint Christopher.
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 * British Virgin Islands||1958: When Saint Christopher joins the West Indies Federation, the British Virgin Islands become a separate colony. 1983: The crown colony is referred to as a British dependent territory. 2002: The British dependent territory is refered to as a British overseas territory. ᐃ


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Brunei
 Brunei - Nation of Brunei, Abode of Peace
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 * ||colspan=2|Brunei is a sovereign and internationally recognized monarchy.
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 * rowspan=6| ||Brunei||1578: Spanish troops occupy the city of Brunei.
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 * Brunei||1578: Spain abandons the city shortly after and leave it to Brunei.
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 * Brunei||1888: A treaty between Sultan Hashim Jalilul Alam Aqamaddin, ruler of the renmants of the Bruneian Empire, with the United Kingdom leads to the establishment of a British protectorate.
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 * ''occupied Brunei||1941: Japan invades and occupies Brunei.
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 * Brunei||1945: Japan is defeated and British rule is restored. 1959: Brunei becomes a self-governing state.
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 * Brunei||1974: Brunei becomes independent. ᐃ


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Bulgaria
🇧🇬 Bulgaria - Republic of Bulgaria
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 * ||colspan=2|Bulgaria is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
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 * 1/3||Philippopolis||1204: After the sack of Constantinople during the Fourth Crusade, in which Byzantine emperor Alexios V Doukas is defeated by the crusaders, the participants decide with the Partitio terrarum imperii Romaniae amongst others to create the Duchy of Philippopolis. 1230: Philippopolis is integrated into Bulgaria. 1396: The Ottoman Empire defeats and annexes the Bulgarian Empire. →1396
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 * 2/3||Ottoman Empire||1396: The Ottoman Empire defeats the ↑Bulgarian Empire and annexes most of present-day Bulgaria. 1422: The Ottoman Empire annexes the Tsardom of Vidin. 1444: The Ottoman Empire conquers Varna. 1878: Most of Bulgaria becomes de facto independent as Bulgaria. 1885: →Eastern Rumelia is de facto united with Bulgaria. 1908: Bulgaria becomes with Eastern Rumelia de jure independent. ᐃ
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 * 3/3||Eastern Rumelia||1878: When ↑Bulgaria becomes de facto independent, Eastern Rumelia remains Ottoman. 1885: Eastern Rumelia is de facto united with Bulgaria. 1908: Eastern Rumelia becomes de jure part of independent Bulgaria. →1908


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Burkina Faso
🇧🇫 Burkina Faso - Burkina Faso
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 * ||colspan=2|Burkina Faso is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
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 * rowspan=5| ||Mossi protectorates||1896: Mogho Naba Wobogo of Ouagadougou, leader of the Mossi Kingdoms, is defeated and the Mossi Kingdoms become French protectorates.
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 * divided between Upper Senegal and Niger and Ivory Coast||1904: The Mossi protectorates are divided between Upper Senegal and Niger and Ivory Coast inside French West Africa.
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 * Upper Volta||1919: After a re-division inside French West Africa, the colony of Upper Volta is established out of parts of Upper Senegal and Niger and of Ivory Coast.
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 * divided between Ivory Coast, French Sudan and Niger||1932: After a re-division Upper Volta is divided between Ivory Coast, French Sudan and Niger. 1940: The administration is loyal to Vichy France. 1946: France establishes the French Union, of which French West Africa becomes a constituent part with Ivory Coast, French Sudan and Niger as overseas territories. →1947
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 * Upper Volta||1947: Upper Volta is revived as a part of French West Africa. 1958: France grants autonomy to the Republic of Upper Volta within the French Community. 1960: Upper Volta becomes independent. 1984: Upper Volta is renamed into Burkina Faso. ᐃ


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Burma
See Myanmar.


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Burundi
🇧🇮 Burundi - Republic of Burundi
 * - valign=top
 * ||colspan=2|Burundi is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
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 * rowspan=2| ||Burundi||1899: King Mwezi IV of Burundi accepts that Burundi becomes a German protectorate within →German East Africa.
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 * Ruanda-Urundi||1916: The Kingdom of Burundi is conquered by Belgium. 1922: Burundi is together with →Ruanda administered as part of the Belgian League of Nations mandate Ruanda-Urundi. 1945: Ruanda-Urundi becomes a Belgian United Nations trust territory. 1962: Ruanda-Urundi is partitioned, Burundi becomes independent. ᐃ


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Cabo Verde
See Cape Verde.


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Cambodia
🇰🇭 Cambodia - Kingdom of Cambodia
 * - valign=top
 * ||colspan=2|Cambodia is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
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 * rowspan=6| ||Cambodia||1867: King Norodom of Cambodia seeks the protection of France against Vietnam and Siam, making Cambodia a French protectorate, administered as part of the colony of Indochina.
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 * occupied Cambodia||1941: Cambodia is occupied by Japan.
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 * Cambodia||1945: Under Japanese pressure, king Norodom Sihanouk proclaims the independence of the Kingdom of Cambodia.
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 * Cambodia||1945: After the Japanese defeat,'''French rule is restored. 1953: King Norodom Sihanouk declares Kingdom of Cambodia independent. 1970: Cambodia is renamed into Khmer. 1976: Khmer is renamed into Kampuchea.
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 * Kampuchea||1979: Vietnam invades and occupies Kampuchea. 1989: Vietnam withdraws from Kampuchea and the independence of Cambodia is restored.
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 * Cambodia||1992: To end a civil war, Cambodia is placed under United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia (UNTAC) administration. 1993: The independence of Cambodia is restored. ᐃ


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Cameroon
🇨🇲 Cameroon - Republic of Cameroon
 * - valign=top
 * ||colspan=2|Cameroon is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
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 * rowspan=2|1/3||Cameroon||1884: Germany establishes the Cameroon colony. 1887: The British ↑Ambas Bay Protectorate is ceded to German Cameroon. 1911: With the Treaty of Fez France cedes part of Gabon, Middle Congo and Ubangi-Shari-Chad as New Cameroon to German Cameroon.
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 * Cameroon||1914: France, the United Kingdom and Belgium invade German Cameroon as part of World War I. 1916: Germany surrenders and Cameroon is divided between France and the →United Kingdom. 1922: occupied Cameroon is divided by the League of Nations into the French mandate of Cameroon and the British League of Nation mandate of British Cameroons. 1946: Both mandates become United Nations trust territories, administered by France and the United Kingdom. 1955: The Cameroonian Independence War in French Cameroon starts. 1958: Cameroon becomes associated with the French Community. 1960: Former French Cameroon becomes independent as Cameroon. 1961: The southern part of southern part of British Cameroons merges into Cameroon. ᐃ
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 * 2/3||Ambas Bay||1884: The settlement of settlement of freed slaves founded by Alfred Saker becomes a British protectorate as Ambas Bay Protectorate. 1887: The protectorate is ceded to German Cameroon. →1887
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 * 3/3||Cameroons||1914: France, the United Kingdom and Belgium invade ↑German Cameroon as part of World War I. 1916: Germany surrenders and Cameroon is divided between France and the United Kingdom. 1922: Occupied Cameroon is divided by the League of Nations into the French mandate of Cameroon and the British League of Nation mandate of British Cameroons. 1946: Both mandates become United Nations trust territories, administered by France and the United Kingdom. 1961: After a plebiscite British Cameroons is divided. The northern part of →British Cameroon merges into →Nigeria. The southern part of ↑British Cameroon merges into independent Cameroon. →1961


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Canada
🇨🇦 Canada - Canada
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 * ||colspan=2|Canada is a sovereign and internationally recognized Commonwealth realm.
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 * 1/18||Vinland||ca. 1000: Norsemen from Iceland settle briefly at an area rendered as Vinland in present-day Newfoundland, until is shortly after abandoned. →1497
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 * rowspan=3|2/18||rowspan=3|Newfoundland||1497: Giovanni Caboto (John Cabot) explores and claims present-day Canada's Atlantic coast for England. The area is the domain of several native tribes, mainly the Beothuk. 1583: English start to settle in Newfoundland. 1610: The Newfoundland Colony is established as an English Colony, run by the Society of Merchant Venturers and the London and Bristol Company. Proprietary governors were appointed to establish colonial settlements on the island, including Cuper's Cove, Bristol's Hope, Renews, New Cambriol, South Falkland and Avalon. 1713: French ↑Plaisance and ↑Saint Pierre and Miquelon are conquered by the British and administered as part of Newfoundland. 1763: →Saint Pierre and Miqelon are returned to France.
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 * 1907: The Newfoundland Colony becomes as a dominion of the British Empire as Newfoundland.
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 * 1934: ↑Newfoundland governance is reverted to direct control from the United Kingdom. 1949: Newfoundland becomes a province of independent Canada. →1949
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 * 3/18||Terra Nova||1521: João Álvares Fagundes founds under license of king Manuel of Portugal a colony at Terra Nova, present-day Newfoundland and Nova Scotia, mainly inhabited by the Beothuk. 1570s: The Portuguese colony disappears. →1583
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 * rowspan=5|4/18||New France||1534: Jakez Karter (Jacques Cartier) explores the Gulf of Saint Lawrence and claims the territory as New France for France. 1603: France starts to settle in New France. New France is the domain of several native tribes, among them the Iroquois, the Wyandot people (or Hurons) and the Inuit. 1604: This leads to the establishment of the colony of →Acadia as division of New France.
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 * Canada||1608: Canada becomes the main division of New France. 1673: France begins to settle more southwards into what is named Illinois Country as part of the division of Canada. 1717: Illinois Country is seceded from Canada and becomes as Upper Louisiana part of French Louisiana.
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 * Quebec||1759: Great Britain starts the conquest of the French colony of ↑New France. 1763: Canada and ↑Upper Country, divisions of New France, come after the Seven Years’ War under British rule. The northern part is continued by the Province of Quebec. 1787: The British part of the former Illinois County of Quebec falls to the United States of America.
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 * Lower Canada||1791: The Province of Quebec is divided into the provinces of Lower Canada and →Upper Canada.
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 * Canada||1841: Lower Canada and ↑Upper Canada are united in the Province of Canada. 1867: ↑Canada, ↑New Brunswick and ↑Nova Scotia are united into the dominion of Canada. 1870: ↑Rupert’s Land with the North-Western Territory becomes part of Canada. 1871: British Columbia joins Canada as a province. 1873: ↑Prince Edward Island joins Canada. 1931: The parliament of the United Kingdom passes the Statute of Westminster 1931 effectively establishing the legislative independence of the self-governing dominions of the British Empire from the United Kingdom. Canada becomes a fully independent Commonwealth realm, retaining the British monarch as its head of state. 1949: ↑Newfoundland joins Canada. ᐃ
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 * rowspan=2|5/18||Acadia||1604: France creates the colony of Acadia as division of ↑New France. It includes present-day New Brunswick, Nova Scotia and Maine. 1629: After claiming it in 1621, Scotland creates the colony of →Nova Scotia. This is disputed by France, that considers it part of Acadia. 1632: The Scots are defeated by the French, ↑Nova Scotia is returned to France. 1654: →Nova Scotia is conquered by England. 1670: ↑Nova Scotia is returned to France as part of Acadia.
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 * Nova Scotia||1710: Acadia and Nova Scotia are conquered by Great Britain. 1713: Great-Britain founds the colony of Nova Scotia. 1794: Nova Scotia is partitioned into the colonies of Nova Scotia and →New Brunswick. 1820: ↑Cape Breton is merged into Nova Scotia. 1867: Canada, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia are united into Canada. →1867
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 * 6/18||Upper Country||1610: Upper Country becomes separated from ↑Canada another division of →New France. 1763: Great Britain defeats the French and annexes the remaining parts of New France. →1763
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 * rowspan=3|7/18||Nova Scotia||1629: After claiming it in 1621, Scotland creates the colony of Nova Scotia, disputed by France as part of ↑Acadia. 1632: Scotland is defeated by France. →1632
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 * Acadia||1632: The Scots are defeated by the French, Nova Scotia is returned to France.
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 * Nova Scotia||1654: Nova Scotia is conquered by England. 1670: Nova Scotia is returned to France as part of Acadia. →1670
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 * 8/18||Plaisance||1640: France establishes the colony of Plaisance, a.k.a. Terre-Neuve, as part of →New France, populated by the Beothuk. 1713: Plaisance is conquered by Great Britain and added to Newfoundland. →1713
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 * 9/18||Rupert's Land||1670: Rupert's Land is created, run by the English Hudson Bay Company. The region is inhabited by Inuit and other - what is now known as - First Nations. 1793: The separate North West Company establishes the →Columbia District. 1859: The governance of the North-Western Territory is assigned to the Hudson Bay Company. 1862: The Stickeen Territories are seceded from the North-Western Territory and merged in 1863 into →British Columbia. 1870: Rupert’s Land with the North-Western Territory becomes part of Canada. →1870
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 * ||colspan=2 style="background: khaki|
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 * rowspan=2|10/18||Île-Royale||1713: France establishes the colony of Île Royale, formerly part of Acadia, as part of →New France
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 * Cape Breton||1763: Great Britain defeats the French and the French Île Royale becomes British. Île Royale becomes as Cape Breton a separate colony. 1820: Cape Breton is merged into Nova Scotia. →1820
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 * rowspan=3|11/18||Isle Saint-Jean||1713: France establishes the colony of Isle Saint-Jean, formerly part of ↑Acadia, as part of →New France.
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 * Saint John's Island||1758: Great Britain defeats the French and annexes ↑Île Saint-Jean, confirmed in 1763. 1769: Île Saint-Jean becomes the Colony of St. John 's Island.
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 * Prince Edward Island||1798: ↑St. John 's Island is renamed into Prince Edward Island. 1873: Prince Edward Islands joins Canada. →1873
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 * 12/18|||New Spain||1789: Spanish →New Spain establishes settlements in present-day British Columbia. 1795: The Spanish settlements are abandoned by Spain and left to British Columbia. →1795
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 * 13/18||Upper Canada||1791: The Province of ↑Quebec is divided into the provinces of Upper Canada and the →Province of Lower Canada. 1841: Upper and Lower Canada are united in the Province of Canada. →1841
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 * ||colspan=2 style="background: khaki|
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 * rowspan=2|14/18||Columbia||1793: The British North West Company establishes the Columbia District. 1816: The United States claim the Columbia District as the Oregon County. 1815: The North West Company establishes the →New Caledonia District. 1821: The North West Company is absorbed into the Hudson Bay Company, whereby the Columbia district is renamed into the Columbia Department. 1846: The Columbia Department is divided between the →United States and the British. 1849: Part of the Columbia district becomes the →Colony of Vancouver Island. 1853: The United Kingdom establishes the separate colony of the →Queen Charlotte Islands.
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 * British Columbia||1858: The Columbia district and ↑New Caledonia are together continued by the Colony of British Columbia. 1863: The ↑Stickeen Territories and the ↑Queen Charlotte Islands are merged into British Columbia. 1866: ↑Vancouver Island and British Columbia merge into the Colony of British Columbia. 1871: British Columbia joins Canada as a province. →1871
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 * 15/18||New Brunswick||1794: ↑Nova Scotia is partitioned into the colonies of New Brunswick and →Nova Scotia. 1867: Canada, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia are united into Canada. →1867
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 * 16/18||New Caledonia||1815: The North West Company establishes the New Caledonia District. 1858: The Columbia district and New Caledonia are together continued by British Columbia. →1858
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 * 17/18||Vancouver Island||1849: Part of the ↑Columbia district becomes the Colony of Vancouver Island. 1866: Vancouver Island and British Columbia merge into the Colony of British Columbia. →1866
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 * 18/18||Queen Charlotte Islands||1853: The United Kingdom establishes the Colony of the Queen Charlotte Islands. 1863: The Queen Charlotte Islands are merged into British Columbia. →1863


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Cape Verde (Cabo Verde)
🇨🇻 Cape Verde - Republic of Cabo Verde
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 * ||colspan=2|Cape Verde is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
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 * ||colspan=2 style="background: khaki|
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 * rowspan=2| ||rowspan=2|Cape Verde||1456: Portugal discovers the uninhabited Cape Verde Islands. 1462: Portugal starts the settlement of Cape Verde. 1951: The islands are reorganized into an overseas province.
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 * 1975: The Republic of Cape Verde becomes independent. ᐃ


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Cayman Islands
🇰🇾 Cayman Islands - Cayman Islands
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 * ||colspan=2|''The Cayman Islands are a 🇬🇧 British overseas territory.
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 * rowspan=4| ||Las Tortugas Islands||1503: Cristoforo Colombo discovers the uninhabited islands he names Las Tortugas Islands, and claims them for Castile (Spain). The island remains uncolonized.
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 * Jamaica||1661: English settlers from Jamaica arrive in the originally uninhabited Cayman Islands. 1670: With the Treaty of Madrid England takes formal control over the islands as dependencies of Jamaica.
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 * West Indies Federation||1958: Jamaica unites with ↑Antigua (with ↑Montserrat, that becomes a separate province), ↑Barbados, ↑Dominica, ↑Grenada, ↑Saint Christopher, ↑Saint Lucia, ↑Saint Vincent, and Trinidad and Tobago into the West Indies Federation in preparation of a joint independence. 1959: The Cayman Islands cease to be a dependency of Jamaica, but remain as a separate province inside the federation.
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 * Cayman Islands||1962: The federation is dissolved. The Cayman Islands become a crown colony. 1983: The crown colony is referred to as a British dependent territory. 2002: The British dependent territory is refered to as a British overseas territory. ᐃ


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Central African Republic
🇨🇫 Central African Republic - Central African Republic
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 * ||colspan=2|The Central African Republic is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
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 * rowspan=9|1/4 ||French Congo||1889: France starts from Congo and Gabon the conquest of the area north of the Ubangi River, ruled by the Sudanese warlord Rabih az-Zubayr. 1891: The area is annexed to French Congo.
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 * Upper Ubangi||1894: Upper Ubangi is separated from French Congo and becomes a separate colony. It incorporates the Sultanate of Bangassou. 1895: Belgian ↑Ubangi-Bomu is left to France.
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 * French Congo||1898: Upper Ubangi is folded back to French Congo. Inside French Congo the Upper Shari region is established.
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 * Middle Congo-Gabon||1902: The region north of the Ubangi becomes part of the Middle Congo-Gabon.
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 * Ubangi-Shari||1903: France creates out of the Upper Ubangi and Upper Shari regions of Middle Congo-Gabon the colony of Ubangi-Shari.
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 * Ubangi-Shari-Chad||1906: Ubangi-Shari merges with the French settlements around ↑Lake Chad into the territory of Ubangi-Shari-Chad. 1910: Ubangi-Shari-Chad is integrated into the federal colony of French Equatorial Africa. 1911: With the Treaty of Fez France cedes part of the colony to →German Cameroon. 1912: ↑Dar al-Kuti is fully incorporated into Ubangi-Shari-Chad. 1914: France invades Cameroon as part of World War I. 1916: Germany surrenders. The ↑ceded areas are returned to Ubangi-Shari-Chad.
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 * Ubangi-Shari||1920: Ubangi-Shari-Chad is divided into Ubangi-Shari and →Chad.
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 * French Equatorial Africa||1934: Ubangi-Shari is with ↑Middle Congo, ↑Gabon, and Chad merged into the unitary colony of French Equatorial Africa. 1937: French Equatorial Africa is divided in territories, the former colonies. 1946: France establishes the French Union, of which French Equatorial Africa with its territories becomes a constituent part.
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 * Central African Republic||1958: France dissolves French Equatorial Africa. Ubangi-Shari gets autonomy as the Central African Republic inside the French Community. 1960: The Central African Republic becomes independent. ᐃ
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 * 2/4 ||Congo Free State||1892: The Belgian Congo Free State is enlarged into Ubangi-Bomu, populated by the Zande people. 1895: Ubangi-Bomu is left to France. →1895
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 * 3/4||Dar el-Kuti||1897: The sultan of Dar el-Kuti, al Sanusi, accepts a French protectorate of the sultanate. 1912: Dar al-Kuti is fully incorporated into Ubangi-Shari-Chad. →1912
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 * 4/4||Cameroon||1911: With the Treaty of Fez France cedes part of Ubangi-Shari-Chad to German Cameroon. 1914: France, the United Kingdom and Belgium invade German Cameroon as part of World War I. 1916: Germany is defeated, the area is restored to Ubang-Shari-Chad. →1916
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Chad
🇹🇩 Chad - Republic of Chad
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 * ||colspan=2|Chad is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
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 * rowspan=5|1/2||Chad||1891-1900: France holds from French Congo military expeditions against the Muslim kingdoms. 1900: France defeats at the Battle of Kousséri the forces of the Sudanese warlord Rabih az-Zubayr in Chad. The areas conquered around Lake Chad become the Military Territory of the Lands and Protectorates of Chad.
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 * Ubangi-Shari-Chad||1906: The French settlements around Lake Chad merge with ↑Ubangi-Shari into the territory of Ubangi-Shari-Chad. 1910: Ubangi-Shari-Chad is integrated into the federal colony of French Equatorial Africa. 1911: With the Treaty of Fez France cedes part of the colony to →German Cameroon. 1914: France invades Cameroon as part of World War I. 1916: Germany surrenders. The ↑ceded areas are returned to Ubangi-Shari-Chad.
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 * Chad||1920: Ubangi-Shari-Chad is divided into →Ubangi-Shari and Chad.
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 * French Equatorial Africa||1934: Chad is together with ↑Middle Congo, ↑Gabon, and Ubangi-Shari merged into the unitary colony of French Equatorial Africa. 1937: French Equatorial Africa is divided in territories, the former colonies. 1946: France establishes the French Union, of which French Equatorial Africa with its territories becomes a constituent part.
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 * Chad||1958: France dissolves French Equatorial Africa. Chad gets autonomy inside the French Community. 1960: Chad becomes independent. ᐃ
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 * 2/2||Cameroon||1911: With the Treaty of Fez France cedes part of Ubangi-Shari-Chad to German Cameroon. 1914: France, the United Kingdom and Belgium invade German Cameroon as part of World War I. 1916: Germany is defeated, the area is restored to Ubangi-Shari-Chad. →1916
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Chatham Islands
'' Chatham Islands - Chatham Islands
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 * rowspan=2| ||Chatham Islands||1842: British New Zealand annexes the Chatman Islands.
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 * Chatham Islands||1907: New Zealand becomes a dominion, making its dependency of the ↑Chatman Islands a New Zealand dependency. ᐃ


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Chile
🇨🇱 Chile - Republic of Chile
 * - valign=top
 * ||colspan=2|Chile is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
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 * ||colspan=2 style="background: khaki|
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 * rowspan=3|1/3||New Extremadura||1520: Ferdinand Magellan (Fernão de Magalhães) the first European to set foot on what is now Chile, inhabited by Araucanians and other indigenous people's. 1540/1542: Spain starts the conquest of Chile. The area gets known as New Extremadura and is governed as part of the Viceroyalty of Peru.
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 * Chile||1609: New Extremadura is reorganized into the Captaincy General of Chile inside the Viceroyalty of Peru. 1643: A Dutch expedition conquers Chiloe Islands and Valdivia, renamed in →Brouwershaven, but withdraws the same year. 1789: The Captaincy General of Chile is separated from Peru. 1810: The Government Junta of Chile proclaims Chile an autonomous republic within the Spanish monarchy. The same year the Chilean War of Independence starts. 1812: Chile becomes more or less de facto independent. 1814: Spain reconquers part of Chile. 1817: Spain is defeated at the Battle of Chacabuco and retreats. 1818: Chile declares itself independent. Some parts of Chile, especially Chiloe Island remain under Spanish control until 1826. 1888: Chile annexes ↑Easter Island. ᐃ
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 * 2/3||Brouwershaven||1643: A Dutch expedition conquers Chiloe Island and Valdivia and establishes Brouwershaven. The same year the Dutch withdraw. →1643
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 * 3/3||Easter Island||1888: Chile annexes Easter Island, populated by the Polynesian Rapa Nui people. The island was privately owned by Alexander Ariipaea Salmon, who sold it to Chile. 1966: Easter Island becomes a department. 1974: Easter Island becomes a province of Chile. ᐃ
 * 3/3||Easter Island||1888: Chile annexes Easter Island, populated by the Polynesian Rapa Nui people. The island was privately owned by Alexander Ariipaea Salmon, who sold it to Chile. 1966: Easter Island becomes a department. 1974: Easter Island becomes a province of Chile. ᐃ


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Chilean Antarctic Territory
'' Chilean Antarctic Territory - Chilean Antarctic Territory
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 * ||colspan=2|''The Chilean Antarctic Territory is the 🇨🇱 Chilean claim on a division of Antarctica.
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 * ||colspan=2 style="background: khaki|
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 * ||Chilean Antarctic Territory||Claims in Antarctica are established by →Argentina (1904), →United Kingdom (1908), →New Zealand (1923), →France (1924), →Australia (1933), →Norway (1939), →Germany (1939), and Chile (1940). 1940: Part of Antarctica is claimed by Chile as Chilean Antartic Territory, the validity of this claim is not recognised universally. 1961: The Antarctic Treaty System is signed, in which no territorial sovereignty claims are recognized or established. All claims are frozen. ᐃ


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China
🇨🇳 China - People's Republic of China
 * - valign=top
 * ||colspan=2|China is a sovereign republic, recognized by most countries with the exception of the countries recognizing the Republic of China (Taiwan) and Bhutan.
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 * ||colspan=2 style="background: khaki|
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 * rowspan=12|1/20||Yīn||c. 1600 BCE: In parts of present-day China the Shang dynasty comes to power, establishing a kingdom known as Yīn.
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 * Zhou||c. 1046 BCE: Yīn is continued by the Zhou Kingdom. c. 475 BCE: A period of wars between entities inside and outside the Zhou Kingdom starts.
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 * China||221 BCE: The Qin dynasty comes to power, uniting the Han people in a unitary state, no known as the Chinese Empire. 202 BCE: The Qin dynasty is replaced by the Han dynasty. 9: The Han dyansty is interrupted by the Xin dynasty. 23/25: The Han dynasty is restored.
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 * disunited China||220: An era of disunity takes place.
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 * China||589: The Chinese Empire is re-united by the Sui dynasty. 618: The Tang dynasty comes to power.
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 * disunited China||907: An era of disunity takes place. In the North →Great Liao comes to existence, the rest of China is divided between may entities.
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 * Song||960: Main China is united by the Song dynasty as Song. 1271: The Mongols start the conquest of Song.
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 * Great Yuan||1271: China is conquered by the Mongols, that who conquered China, ↑Jin and ↑Xi Xia with proper ↑Mongolia into the Great Yuan, founded by Kublai Khan. 1294: The Mongol Empire gets divided making CHina part of Great Yuan. Mid 14th century: →Tibet secedes from the Great Yuan.
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 * Great Ming||1368: The Mongols withdraw from China into what is known as →Northern Yuan. The Ming dynasty comes to power, China is known as Great Ming Empire. 1557: With China renting →Macau to Portugal, foreign intervention in China, that remains independent, starts.
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 * Great Qing||1636: The Manchurian Qing dynasty starts the overthrow of the Ming dynasty. 1644: The Qing dynasty comes to power and China is known as Great Ming Empire. 1683: The last Ming loyalists are defeated. 1634: China annexes ↑Mongolia. 1720: China enlarges its empire into →Tibet. 1683: China anexes ↑Tungning at Taiwan. 1759: China enlarges its empire into ↑East Turkestan. 1841: China cedes →Hong Kong to the United Kingdom. 1845/1902: China allows foreign concessions at →Shanghai, →Tianjin (Tientsin), →Amoy, →Shameen near Canton, and →Hankou. 1895: China cedes →Taiwan to Japan. 1896: The United States renounces all jurisdiction over the concession and returns it to China. 1897: Germany conquers → Jiaozhou (Kiautschou). 1898:China leases →Weihaiwei to the United Kingdom, →Dalian to Russia and →Guangzhouwan (Kouang-Tchéo-Wan) to France. 1905: Japan takes over Dalian from Germany. 1911: →Mongolia becomes independent.
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 * China||1912: The Qing dynasty is overthrown and China becomes the Republic of China. →Tibet becomes de facto independent. 1914: Japan takes Jiaozhou from Germany. 1917: The German leases in ↑Hankou and ↑Tianjin and the Austrian lease in ↑Tianjin are terminated. 1920: China withdraws the Russian leases in ↑Hankou and ↑Tianjin.1922: Japanese held ↑Jiazhou is restored to China. 1930: The British concessions in ↑Amoy and ↑Weihaiwei are restored to China. 1931: The Belgian lease in ↑Tianjin is ended. The same year Japan conquers →Manchuria and establishes Manchukuo. 1937: Parts of Northeastern China, the Yellow River valley and the coastal provinces are occupied by →Japan. Japanese ↑Hankou is restored to China. 1943: The ↑Shanghai concession is officially retroceded to China, but is in the hands of Japan. The same goes for the British concession in ↑Tianjin. Japan occupies the Italian concession in ↑Tianjin. 1945: The Japanese are defeated: [[#China 1931|↑Manchukou and the areas occupied by Japan, including the concessions in ↑Tianjin, ↑Amoy, and ↑Kwantung as well as ↑Taiwan are restored to China. The British concession of ↑Shameen is restored to China. 1946: The French concessions in ↑Shanghai, ↑Shameen, ↑Guangzhouwan, ↑Tianjin, and ↑Hankou are restored to China. The same year the Chinese Civil War restarts. 1949: After the civil war China is continued as the People's Republic of China, Taiwan becomes de facto independent as the →Republic of China, claiming entire China.'' 1951: ↑Tibet is re-annexed to China. 1997: ↑Hong Kong is restored to China. 1999: Portuguese ↑Macau is restored to China. ᐃ
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 * rowspan=3|2/20||Great Liao||907: An era of disunity in ↑China takes place. In the north as well as in present-day Mongolia the Great Liao comes to existence, dominated by the Khitan people.
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 * Great Jin||1115: The Liao dynasty is defeated by the Jin dynasty that creates Great Jin, dominated by Jurchen people.
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 * occupied Jin||1234: The Mongol Empire conquers Great Jin. 1271: Occupied Jin becomes part of the Great Yuan. →1289.
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 * rowspan=2|3/20||Xi XIa||1038: Out of parts of →Song, →Liao and other areas Xi Xia is founded.
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 * occupied Xi Xia||1227: The Mongol Empire conquers Xi Xia. 1271: Occupied Xi Xia becomes part of the Great Yuan. →1289.
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 * rowspan=4|4/20|||Tibet||mid 14th century: Tibet secedes from ↑Great Yuan and becomes independent.
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 * occupied Tibet||1717: Tibet, ruled by the Ganden Phodrang, is invaded by the Mongol Dzungar Khanate.
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 * Qing Empire||1720: →China invades Tibet, defeats the Dzungars and brings Tibet under its suzerainity.
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 * Tibet||1912: Tibet is de facto independent from China. 1951: After an Chinese intervention in Tibet in 1950, Tibet is re-incorporated into the People's Republic of China. →1951
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 * rowspan=3|5/20||Northern Yuan||1368: Present-day Xinjiang remains part of the ↑Great Yuan continued as the Northern Yuan'''
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 * Four Oirat||1399: The Oirat tribes establish the Alliance of the four Oirats.
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 * Dzungar Khanate||1635: Part of the Alliance is continued as the Dzungar Khanate. 1759: The Dzungar Khanate is defeated and East Turkestan is annexed to the Chinese Empire. →1759
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 * ||colspan=2 style="background: khaki|
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 * rowspan=3|6/20||Macau||1557: ↑Great Ming rents Macau to Portugal, administering the city under Chinese authority and sovereignty, marking the first form of European colonialism in China. 1887: Macau becomes a colony of Portugal.
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 * Macau||1943: Japan forces the colonial authorities to accept Japanese advisors, creating a virtual Japanese protectorate over Macau. Japanese domination ended in August 1945
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 * Macau||1945: Japanese domination ends and Portugal resumes full control. 1999: Portugal transfers the sovereignty over Macau back to the People's Republic of China. →1999
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 * rowspan=3|7/20||Hong Kong||1841: Emperor Daoguang of ↑China cedes Hong Kong Island to the United Kingdom that establishes a crown colony. 1898: Hong Kong is enlarged by a lease of the so called New Territories.
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 * occupied Hong Kong||1941: Japan conquers Hong Kong.
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 * Hong Kong||1945: Japan is defeated and British rule is restored. 1983: Hong Kong becomes a British dependent territory. 1997: The United Kingdom hands over Hong Kong to the People's Republic of China, that establishes the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. →1997
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 * rowspan=3|8/20||Shanghai||1845: The United States establishes a concession in Shanghai in ↑China. 1846: China leases a concession in Shanghai to the United Kingdom. 1849: France leases a Shanghai concession from China. 1863: The American and British concessions are merged into the Shanghai International Settlement. 1937: Part of the International Settlement is occupied by →Japan. 1941: The whole settlement is occupied by →Japan. 1943: The United States and the United Kingdom officially retrocede the settlement to China.
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 * occupied China||1943: The Shanghai concession is under Japanese control.
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 * Shanghai||1945: The Shanghai concession is restored to France. 1946: The Shanghai concession is restored to the Republic of China. →1946
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 * rowspan=3|9/20||Tianjin||1860: The United States establishes de facto a concession in →Tianjin. The same year a British concession is established. 1895/1902: Japan (1895), Russia (1896), Germany (1899), France (1899), Russia (1900), Austria (1901), Belgium, and Italy (1902) establish concessions in Tianjin. 1896: The United States renounces all jurisdiction over its concession and returns it to Qing dynasty|China. 1917: China terminates the Austrian and German leases in Tianjin. 1920: China withdraws the Russian lease. 1931: The Belgian lease in ↑Tianjin is ended. 1941: →Japan occupies the British concession. 1943: The British concession is officially abolished by the United Kingdom and de jure returned to China.
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 * occupied China||1943: The French and Italian concessions are under Japanese control. 1944: Italy renounces its concession.
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 * Tianjin||1945: The Tianjin concession is restored to France. The Japanese concession is restored to China. 1946: The Tianjin concession is restored to the Republic of China. →1946
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 * 10/20||Amoy||1852: The United Kingdom leases the Amoy Concession from ↑China . 1895: Japan leases a concession in Amoy from China. 1930: The British concession is restored to China. 1945: The Amoy concession and the other Japanese possessions in China are restored to the Republic of China. →1945
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 * rowspan=3|11/20||Shameen||1859: ↑China leases a concession on Shameen Island in Canton to the British. 1861: France establishes also a concession in Shameen. 1941: The British concession is occupied by Japan.
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 * occupied China||1943: The French Shameen concession is under Japanese control.
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 * Shameen||1945: Japan is defeated. The British concession is restored to China. The French concession is restored to France. 1946: The Shameen concession is restored to the Republic of China. →1946
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 * rowspan=3|12/20||Hankou||1861: ↑China leases a concession in Hankou to the United Kingdom. 1895/1898: Germany (1895), France, Russia (1896) and Japan (1898) establish also concessions in Hankou. 1927: The British concession comes under joint British-Chinese administration. 1917: The German lease is terminated by China. 1920: China withdraws the Russian lease. 1929: The British concession is restored to China. 1937: The Japanese concession is abandoned and left to China.
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 * occupied China||1943: The French concession is under Japanese control.
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 * Hankou||1945: The Hankou concession is restored to France. 1946: The Hankou concession is restored to the Republic of China. →1946
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 * ||colspan=2 style="background: khaki|
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 * rowspan=2|13/20||Jiaozhou||1897: Germany conquers Jiaozhou from China. Emperor Guangxu of ↑China leases Jiaozhou to Germany.
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 * Jiaozhou||1914: The lease is cancelled by China, the area is conquered by Japan. 1922: Jiaozhou is returned to the Republic of China. →1922
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 * 14/20||Weihaiwei||1898: Emperor Guangxu of ↑China leases Weihaiwei to the United Kingdom. 1930: The United Kingdom returns Weihaiwei to the Republic of China. In return China allows the British to maintain an naval base at Liu-kung Island. →1930
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 * rowspan=2|15/20||Dalian||1898: Emperor Guangxu of ↑China leases Dalian to Russia.
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 * Kwantung||1905: Japan conquers Kwantung (Dalian) from Russia and takes over the lease. It gets also extraterritorial rights as the →South Manchurian Railway Zone. 1945: Kwantung is conquered by the Soviet Union and restored to the Republic of China. →1946
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 * rowspan=3|16/20||Guangzhouwan||1898: Emperor Guangxu of ↑China leases Guangzhouwan to France, that administers it as an outlet of Indochina.
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 * occupied China||1943: Guanzhouwan is under Japanese control.
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 * Guangzhouwan||1945: Guangzhouwan is restored to France. 1946: Guangzhouwan is restored to the Republic of China. →1946
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 * rowspan=2|17/20||Jiaozhou||1897: Germany conquers Jiaozhou from China. Emperor Guangxu of ↑China leases Jiaozhou to Germany.
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 * Jiaozhou||1914: The lease is cancelled by China, the area is conquered by Japan. 1922: Jiaozhou is returned to the Republic of China. →1922
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 * 18/20||South Manchurian Railway Zone||1905: Japan holds extraterritorial rights as the South Manchurian Railway Zone in ↑China. 1937: The zone is ceded to the Great Manchu State. →1931
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 * 19/20||Manchukuo||1931: Japan conquers Manchuria from ↑China. 1932: Japan establishes the puppet state of Manchukuo, a.k.a. Great Manchu State. 1945: Manchukuo is occupied by the Soviet Union and restored to the Republic of China. →1945
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 * 20/20||occupied China||1937: Japan invades and conquers parts of ↑Northeastern China, the Yellow River valley and the coastal provinces. 1945: Japan is defeated and the occupied territories are restored to the the Republic of China. →1945
 * 20/20||occupied China||1937: Japan invades and conquers parts of ↑Northeastern China, the Yellow River valley and the coastal provinces. 1945: Japan is defeated and the occupied territories are restored to the the Republic of China. →1945


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Republic of China
See Taiwan.


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Christmas Island
''🇨🇽 Christmas Island - Territory of Christmas Island
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 * ||colspan=2|''Christmas Island is a 🇦🇺 Australian overseas territory.
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 * ||colspan=2 style="background: khaki|
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 * rowspan=4}| ||Christmas Island||1888: The United Kingdom annexes the uninhabited Christmas Island. It is administrated as part of the Colony of Straits Settlements.
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 * occupied Christmas Island||1942: Japan occupies Christmas Island.
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 * Christmas Island||1945: Japan is defeated and British rule is restored. 1946: The island is administrated as part of the Colony of Singapore.
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 * Christmas Island||1958: The United Kingdom cedes Christmas Island to Australia. ᐃ


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Cocos (Keeling) Islands
🇨🇨 Cocos (Keeling) Islands - Territory of Cocos (Keeling) Islands
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 * ||colspan=2|''The Cocos (Keeling) Islands are a 🇦🇺 Australian overseas territory.
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 * ||colspan=2 style="background: khaki|
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 * rowspan=2| ||Keeling-Cocos Islands||1857: The United Kingdom annexes the Keeling-Cocos Islands, until that moment ruled by the Clunies-Ross family. 1878: The islands are administrated as part of the Colony of Ceylon. 1886: The islands are administrated as part of the Colony of Straits Settlements. 1942: When Singapore is occupied by Japan, the islands are administrated from Ceylon. 1946: The islands are administrated as part of the Colony of Singapore.
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 * Cocos (Keeling) Islands||1955: The United Kingdom cedes the Cocos (Keeling) Islands to Australia. ᐃ


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Colombia
🇨🇴 Colombia - Republic of Colombia
 * - valign=top
 * ||colspan=2|Colombia is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
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 * ||colspan=2 style="background: khaki|
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 * 1/2||New Granada||1499: The Spanish explorer Alonso de Ojeda makes landfall in present-day Colombia. The area has a heterogeneous indigenous population that belonged to several hundred tribes. 1525: The first permanent Spanish settlement is established. 1538: The area is named New Granada and is part of the Viceroyalty of New Spain. 1542: The region becomes part of the Viceroyalty of Peru. 1628: England establishes on present-day ↑Santa Catalina the colony of Providence Island. 1641: ↑Providence Island is seized by Spain. 1717: Peru is divided and the region becomes part of the new Viceroyalty of New Granada. New Granada also includes present-day Ecuador, Venezuela and Panama. 1723: This Viceroyalty is was temporarily suppressed by the king of Spain. 1739: New Granada is restored. 1777: →Venezuela is separated from New Granada as the Captaincy General of Venezuela. 1803: The archipelago of ↑San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina and the ↑Mosquito Coast are transfered from Guatemala to New Granada. 1810: Separatist declare the independence of what they call Colombia. 1811: Separatist establish New Granada and Cundinamarca. 1814: Cundinamarca is annexed to New Granada. 1816: The Colombian separatists are defeated by Spain. 1819: Separatist from Venezuela and Colombia declare their republics to be united as the Republic of Colombia. The liberation war continues. 1821: New Granada, including Panama, succeeds in the secession from Spain and become together with Venezuela independent as Colombia. The Moquito Coast becomes disputed between Colombia and →Mexico, and later →Nicaragua. 1830: Colombia falls apart and New Granada becomes a independent country, as do →Venezuela and →Ecuador. 1858: New Granada is renamed into the Granadine Confederation. 1863: The Granadine Confederation is renamed into Colombia. 1903: →Panama secedes from Colombia. ᐃ
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 * rowspan=5|2/2||San Andrés and Providencia||1510: Castile (Spain) claims the uninhhabited archipelago of San Andres and Providencia 1544: The archipelago is placed under the administration of the Captaincy General of Guatemala.
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 * Providence Island||1628: England establishes a colony on Spanish-claimed Providencia, the colony of Providence Island under the Providence Company.
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 * Guatemala||1641: Spain conquers the Providence Colony and adds the archipelago of San Andrés and Providencia to Guatemala.
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 * Providence Island||1666: England conquers Providence Island.
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 * Guatemala||1666: Spain re-conquers the Providence Colony. 1670: The islands are captured by pirates. 1689: Spanish rule is restored. 1803: The archipelago is transfered to the Viceroyalty of New Granada. →1803


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Comoros
🇰🇲 Comoros - Union of the Comoros
 * - valign=top
 * ||colspan=2|The Comoros are a sovereign and internationally recognized federal republic.
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 * ||colspan=2 style="background: khaki|
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 * rowspan=2|1/4||Bamboa||1500s: On Ngazidja, a.k.a.as Grand Comore, various sultanates are formed. One of them is the Sultanate of Bambao.
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 * Ngazidja||1886: Sultan Said Ali bin Said Omar of Bambao declares a State of Ngazidja and accepts a'''French protectorate over Ngazidja.
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 * rowspan=2|2/4||Ndzwani||c. 1500: On what is now Anjouan the Sultanate of Ndzwani is formed.
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 * Ndzwani||1886: A French protectorate is established over Ndzwani. 1887: Ndzwani is merged into the Comoros. →1908
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 * rowspan=2|3/4||Mwali||1830: The Sultanate of Mwali is formed on what is now know as Mohéli.
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 * Mwali||1886: A French protectorate is established over Mwali. 1887: Mwali is merged into the Comoros. →1908
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 * rowspan=4|4/5||Comoros||1887: The French protectorates of Ngazidja, ↑Ndzwani and ↑Mwali merge with the French colony of ↑Mayotte into a single Territory of the Comoros.
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 * Madagascar||1912: The Comoros are annexed to Madagascar as a province of that colony. →1946
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 * Comoros||1946: France establishes the French Union, in which the Comoros become a separate overseas territory of France. 1961: Internal political autonomy is granted in 1961.
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 * Comoros||1975: The Comorian parliament passes a resolution declaring unilateral independence. The deputies from Mayotte abstain. The State of Comoros become independent, →Mayotte remains French. 2008: Comoris is renamed into the Federal and Islamic Republic of Comoros. 2001: Comoros is reorganized into the Union of Comoros. ᐃ


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Congo-Brazzaville
 Congo-Brazzaville - Republic of the Congo
 * - valign=top
 * ||colspan=2|Congo-Brazzaville is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
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 * rowspan=8|1/2|||Bateke||1880: France agrees with rulers of the Bateke to establish a French protectorate.
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 * French Congo||1882: French Congo is formally established, including the Bateke protectorate.
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 * Congo and Gabon||1886: French Congo and ↑Gabon form together Congo and Gabon. 1889: France starts from Congo and Gabon the conquest of the area north of the Ubangi River.
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 * French Congo|1891: The colony of Congo and Gabon is continued as French Congo. France establishes in the conquered area north of the Ubangi River]] →Upper Ubangi as part of French Congo. The area is contested with the Congo Free State. France holds from French Congo military expeditions against the Muslim kingdoms in present-day →Chad. 1894: →Upper Ubangi becomes a separate colony. 1898: Upper Ubangi is folded back to French Congo. Inside French Congo the Upper Shari region is established. 1900: France defeats at the Battle of Kousséri between forces of the Sudanese warlord Rabih az-Zubayr in Chad. French colonial rule is established in Chad.
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 * Middle Congo-Gabon||1902: French Congo is reorganized into Middle Congo-Gabon. 1903: France creates out of Upper Ubangi and Upper Shari the separate colony of Ubangi Shari.
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 * Middle Congo||1906: Middle Congo-Gabon is partitioned into Middle Congo and →Gabon. 1910: Middle Congo is integrated into the federal colony of French Equatorial Africa. 1911: With the Treaty of Fez France cedes part of the colony to →German Cameroon. 1914: France invades Cameroon as part of World War I. 1916: Germany surrenders. The ↑ceded areas are annexed by France to Middle Congo.
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 * French Equatorial Africa||1934: Middle Congo, ↑Gabon, Ubangi-Shari and Chad are merged into the unitary colony of French Equatorial Africa. 1937: French Equatorial Africa is divided in territories, the former colonies. 1946: France establishes the French Union, of which French Equatorial Africa with its territories becomes a constituent part. →1958
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 * Congo-(Brazzaville)||1958: France dissolves French Equatorial Africa. Middle Congo gets autonomy as the Republic of the Congo, also rendered as Congo-Brazzaville. 1960: Congo-Brazzaville becomes independent as Congo. ᐃ
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 * 2/2||Cameroon||1911: With the Treaty of Fez France cedes part of ↑Middle Congo to German Cameroon. 1914: France, the United Kingdom and Belgium invade German Cameroon as part of World War I. 1916: Germany is defeated, the area is restored to Middle Congo. →1916.


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Congo-Kinshasa
 Congo-Kinshasa - Democratic Republic of the Congo
 * - valign=top
 * ||colspan=2|Congo-Kinshasa is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
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 * rowspan=2| ||Congo Free State||1879: The Belgian dominated International Association of the Congo starts to explore Central Africa. It holds areas part of the Kingdom of Kongo and enlarges further to the east, including part of the former Kingdom of Lunda. 1885: The Congo Free State is established by king Leopold II of Belgium as personal possession. 1892: The Congo Free State is enlarged into →Ubangi-Bomu. 1894: The →Lado Enclave is administered as part of the Congo Free State. 1895: Ubangi-Bomu is left to →French Upper Ubangi.
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 * Belgian Congo||1908: The Congo Free State is nationalized as Belgian Congo. 1910: The Lado Enclave is ceded to the →Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. 1960: Belgian Congo becomes independent as Congo. 1971: Congo is renamed into Zaïre. 1997: Zaïre is renamed into Congo. ᐃ


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Cook Islands]]
''🇨🇰 Cook Islands - Cook Islands
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 * ||colspan=2|''The Cook Islands are a 🇳🇿 New Zealand self-governing state, with sovereignty within the Ne Zealand realm..
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 * rowspan=2| ||Cook Islands||1888: The islands known as the Cook Islands become a British protectorate. The islands are inhabited by Polynesians. 1893: The Cook Islands are administered as one of the British Western Pacific Territories. 1901: The United Kingdom incorporates Cook Islands into New Zealand.
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 * Cook Islands||1907: New Zealand becomes a dominion, making the Cook Islands a New Zealand dependency. 1965: The Cook Islands become self-governing. →Niue is separated from the Cook Islands. ᐃ


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Costa Rica
🇨🇷 Costa Rica - Republic of Costa Rica
 * - valign=top
 * ||colspan=2|Costa Rica is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic
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 * ||Guatemala''||1502: Cristoforo Colombo makes landfall and starts the colonization for Castile (Spain). The area is inhabited by various nomadic tribes. 1524: The first Spanish colony is established. 1542: Spain establishes the Real Audiencia of Guatemala inside the Viceroyalty of New Spain, including also present-day →Guatemala, Costa Rica, →Honduras, →Nicaragua and →El Salvador. 1609: The Captaincy General of Guatemala as a province of New Spain is established. 1821: Following the Mexican War of Independence, Costa Rica becomes part of independent Mexico in 1822. 1824: Costa Rica joins Central America. 1838: Costa Rica becomes independent. ᐃ


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Côte d'Ivoire
See Ivory Coast.


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Croatia
🇭🇷 Croatia - Republic of Croatia
 * - valign=top
 * ||colspan=2|Croatia is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
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 * 1/3||Venetian Dalmatia||1409: Venice unites and enlarges its possessions in Dalmatia into Venetian Dalmatia, mainly populated by Croatians. 1797: Venetian Dalmatia becomes part of the Austrian Empire. 1805: The region becomes part of the Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy. 1809: The region is included into the French Illyrian Provinces. 1814: The region is again included into the Austrian Empire. 1918: After the Austrian defeat in World War I, Dalmatia with the rest of Croatia becomes part of the independent State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs, continued the same year by Yugoslavia. 1941: Germany establishes the puppet state of Croatia. 1945: Yugoslavia is restored. 1954: Zone B of ↑Trieste is annexed to Yugoslavia. 1991: Croatia secedes from Yugoslavia. 1996: The separatist region of →Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Sirmium is placed under supervision of the United Nations. 1998: The UN mission is concluded. ᐃ
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 * 2/3||Trieste||1947: After the defeat of Italy in World War II, Trieste and surroundings are separated from Italy. The Free Territory of Trieste under international occupation is established, partially occupied by the United Kingdom and the United States partially by Yugoslavia. 1954: The territory is divided between →Italy and within Yugoslavia between →Slovenia and Croatia. →1954
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 * 3/3||Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Sirmium||1996: The United Nations agrees to bring the separatist region of Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Sirmium under the authority of the United Nations Transitional Administration for Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Sirmium (UNTAES). 1998: The UNTAES mission is concluded, bringing the area under control of Croatia. →1998
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Cuba
🇨🇺 Cuba - Republic of Cuba
 * - valign=top
 * ||colspan=2|Cuba is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
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 * ||colspan=2 style="background: khaki|
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 * rowspan=4| ||Cuba||1492: Present-day Cuba is discovered by Cristoforo Colombo and claimed for Castile (Spain), originally named Juana, then Fernandina. The island is inhabited by Taíno and Guanahatabey. 1511: Spain establishes the colony of Cuba, subordinated to the Captaincy General of Santo Domingo. 1519: Santo Domingo with Cuba is incorporated into the Viceroyalty of New Spain. 1607: Cuba becomes the Captaincy General of Cuba.
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 * Cuba||1762: Cuba is occupied by British forces.
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 * Cuba||1763: Cuba is returned to Spain in exchange for Florida. 1868: Separatists declare independence declared as the Republic of Cuba. The Ten Years' War starts. 1878: The separatists are defeated. 1879: Rebels start the Little War. 1880: The rebels are defeated. 1895: The Cuban War of Independence begins.
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 * Cuba||1898: The Cuban War of Independence escalates into the Spanish–American War, leading in a Spanish withdrawal from Cuba. 1899: The end of the war results in subsequent United States military rule. 1902: Cuba becomes independent. When Cuba becomes independent, its constitution stipulates that the United States retains the right to intervene in Cuban affairs and to supervise its finances and foreign relations. 1903: The United States lease from Cuba →Guantanamo Bay as a naval base. 1906: Cuba is occupied by the United States. 1909: The occupation ends. 1934: With the Treaty of Relations Cuba achieves full sovereignity. ᐃ


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Curaçao
''🇨🇼 Curaçao - Curaçao
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 * ||colspan=2|''Curaçao is a constituent country of the 🇳🇱 Kingdom of the Netherlands|- valign=top
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 * rowspan=10| ||Curaçao||1499: The island of Curaçao, inhabited by Arawak, is discovered by Alonso de Ojeda and colonized by Castile (Spain).
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 * Curaçao||1634: Curaçao is conquered by the Dutch West India Company (WIC). 1647: Curaçao is subordinated to →New Netherland. 1664: Curaçao becomes a separate colony. 1792: The WIC is dissolved and its possessions are nationalized by the Dutch Republic.
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 * Curaçao||1800: Curaçao is occupied by British forces.
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 * Curaçao||1803: Curaçao is restored to the Batavian Republic.
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 * Curaçao||1807: Curaçao is occupied by British forces.
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 * Curaçao||1816: Curaçao is restored to the Netherlands.
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 * West Indian Possessions||1828: ↑Suriname, Curaçao and ↑Sint Eustatius are united into the Dutch West Indies.
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 * Curaçao||1845: The Dutch West Indies are dissolved and partitioned into Curaçao and Dependencies and →Suriname. is established. 1936: The colony is renamed into Territory of Curaçao.
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 * Netherlands Antilles||1946: Curaçao is renamed into the Netherlands Antilles. 1954: The Netherlands Antilles become a country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. →2010
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 * Curaçao||2010: The Netherlands Antilles are dissolved and Curaçao becomes a country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. ᐃ


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Cyprus
🇨🇾 Cyprus - Republic of Cyprus
 * - valign=top
 * ||colspan=2|Cyprus is a sovereign republic, recognized by most countries with the exception of Turkey and Northern Cyprus.
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 * rowspan=6|1/2||Cyprus||1191: As part of the Third Crusade king Richard I of England conquers Cyprus. The island is mainly populated by Greeks.
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 * Cyprus||1191: After the Third Crusade king Richard I of England sells Cyprus to the Knights Templar.
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 * Cyprus||1192: The French knight and crusader Guy de Lusignan purchases Cyprus and establishes the Kingdom of Cyprus
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 * Cyprus||1489: Venice conquers the Kingdom of Cyprus and makes it a Venetian colony.
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 * Cyprus||1571: Cyprus is conquered by the Ottoman Empire. The Ottomans allow Turks to migrate into Cyprus.
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 * Cyprus||1878: In the Cyprus Convention the Ottoman Empire cedes Cyprus to the United Kingdom, that establishes a protectorate over Cyprus. 1914: Cyprus is annexed by the United Kingdom. 1925: Cyprus becomes a crown colony. 1960: Cyprus becomes independent. The United Kingdom establishes the sovereign bases of →Akrotiri and Dhekelia. 1974: In response to a coup, the Turkish army invades the island and conquers the north of Cyprus. Turkey secedes →Northern Cyprus from Cyprus. The secession is internationally not recognized. ᐃ
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 * 2/2||Northern Cyprus||1974: ''See Northern Cyprus for the generally unrecognized separation.


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Czech Republic
🇨🇿 Czech Republic - Czech Republic
 * - valign=top
 * ||colspan=2|The Czech Republic is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
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 * ||colspan=2 style="background: khaki|
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 * ||Czech Republic||For the Czech Republic there are no entries of colonization. The feudal belonging to Austria as well as the inclusion in Austria(-Hungary) are not listed.ᐃ


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Denmark
🇩🇰 Denmark - Kingdom of Denmark
 * - valign=top
 * ||colspan=2|Denmark is a sovereign and internationally recognized monarchy.
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 * ||colspan=2 style="background: khaki|
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 * rowspan=2| ||Denmark|||For Denmark there are no entries of colonization. The territorial expansion of Denmark is not listed.ᐃ
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Djibouti
🇩🇯 Djibouti - Republic of Djibouti
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 * ||colspan=2|Djibouti is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
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 * rowspan=3| ||Obock||1862: France buys an area from the sultan of Gobaad and establishes the Territory of Obock in the north of present-day Djibouti. 1883/1887: France signs various treaties with then ruling Issa Somali and Afar sultans to expand a protectorate to include the Gulf of Tadjoura.
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 * French Coast of the Somalis||1896: France establishes around Obock a permanent French administration as French Somaliland, rendered as French Coast of the Somalis. 1940: French Somaliland is ruled by the Vichy government. 1942: French Somaliland is occupied by British forces and further ruled by the Free French. 1958: In a referendum it is decided to remain with France.
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 * Afar and Issaland||1967: A second plebiscite in French Somaliland results in a support for a looser relationship with France. The colony is renamed into the French Territory of the Afars and Issas. 1977: After a referendum the territory becomes independent as Djibouti. ᐃ


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Dominica
🇩🇲 Dominica - Commonwealth of Dominica 1967: becomes an associated state of the United Kingdom.
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 * ||colspan=2|Dominica is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
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 * rowspan=12| ||Dominica||1493: Cristoforo Colombo discovers for Spain the island he names Dominica, claims it for Castile (Spain) but doesn't start colonization. Dominica is inhabited by Caribs.
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 * Dominica||1632: France claims the island of Dominica through the Compagnie des Îles de l'Amérique. 1660: France and England agree that Dominica should not be settled, but instead left to the Caribs as neutral territory. 1690: France establishes its first permanent settlements in Dominica. 1727: Dominica becomes formally a colony of France.
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 * Dominica||1761: During the Seven Years' War Great Britain conquers Dominica.
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 * Southern Caribbean Islands||1764: Dominica is united by Great Britain with ↑Grenada, ↑Saint Vincent, and ↑Tobago into the Southern Caribbean Islands colony, administered from Grenada.
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 * Dominica||1778: France conquers British Dominica.
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 * Southern Caribbean Islands||1783: With the Treaty of Paris Dominica returns to Great Britain. →1802
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 * Dominica||1802:The colony is dissolved and continued by Dominica, Grenada, and →Saint Vincent. →Tobago becomes French.
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 * Federal Colony of the Leeward Islands||1871: Dominica is united with ↑Antigua into the Leeward Islands.
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 * Windward Islands||1940: Dominica is separated from the Leeward Islands and becomes part of the colony of the Windward Islands.
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 * Dominica||1956: Dominica becomes a separate colony after the dissolution of the Windward Islands
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 * West Indies Federation||1958:Dominica is together with ↑Antigua (with ↑Montserrat, that becomes a separate province), ↑Barbados, ↑Grenada, ↑Jamaica (with the ↑Cayman Islands and the ↑Turks and Caicos Islands), ↑Saint Christopher (with Nevis and ↑Anguilla), ↑Saint Lucia, ↑Saint Vincent, and Trinidad and Tobago united into the West Indies Federation in preparation of a joint independence.
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 * Dominica||1962: The federation is dissolved and Dominica becomes a separate colony. 1967: Dominica becomes an associated state of the United Kingdom. 1978: Dominica becomes independent. ᐃ


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Dominican Republic
🇩🇴 Dominican Republic - Dominican Republic
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 * ||colspan=2|The Dominican Republic is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
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 * rowspan=6| ||Hispañola||1492: Cristoforo Colombo reaches for Castile (Spain) the island which gets named La Española. The island is inhabited by Taíno. 1493: Spain starts settling on the island.
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 * Santo Domingo||1511: Spain establishes on Hispañola the Captaincy General of Santo Domingo, including Cuba. 1519: Santo Domingo is incorporated into the Viceroyalty of New Spain. 1640: France starts establishing itself in the western part of the →island. 1697: The cession to France of the western part is final and recognized in the Treaty of Rijswijk.
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 * Saint-Domingue||1795: Santo Domingo is taken over by France and added to Saint-Domingue. 1804: Saint-Domingue becomes independent as Haiti.
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 * Santo Domingo||1809: Spain reconquers the eastern part of Haiti, restoring the Captaincy General of Santo Domingo. 1821: Santo Domingo becomes independent as Spanish Haiti. <span style="background-color: moccasin;"1822: Spanish Haiti is annexed to →Haiti. <span style="background-color: khaki;"1844: The Eastern part of Haiti becomes independent as the Dominican Republic'''
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 * Santo Domingo||1861: President Pedro Santana request Spain for re-incorporation of the Dominican Republic into the Spanish Empire as the Captaincy General of Santo Domingo. 1863: The Dominican Restoration War starts against the Spanish rule. 1865: Spain abandons the island and the Dominican Republic is restored.
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 * Dominican Republic||1916: The United States occupies the ↑Dominican Republic. 1924: The United States end their occupation and the independence of the Dominican Republic is restored. ᐃ


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Donetsk (disputed)
Donetsk People's Republic - Donetsk People's Republic
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 * ||colspan=2|''Donetsk is a de facto republic, not recognized by Ukraine, not recognized by any country.
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 * rowspan=2| ||Ukraine||See for the development before 2014 →Ukraine.
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 * Donetsk||2014: Huge protests in ↑Ukraine spark a revolution. In reaction part of the Donetsk oblast falls in the hands of separatists. Donetsk secedes unrecognized as the Donetsk People's Republic and can be considered a Russian client state. ᐃ


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East Timor (Timor-Leste)
 East Timor - Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste
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 * ||colspan=2|East Timor is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
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 * rowspan=7| ||Portuguese Timor||1515: Portuguese merchants start to exploit the island of Timor, mainly belonging to Wehali. 1556: The first Portuguese settlement is established. 1613: The Netherlands take control of the western part of the island. 1702: The Portuguese colony of Portuguese Timor is established.
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 * occupied Timor||1942: Portuguese Timor is occupied by Japan.
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 * Portuguese Timor||1945: Japan is defeated and Portuguese rule is restored.
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 * East Timor||1975: East Timor secedes unilateraly from Portugal.
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 * Indonesia||1975: East Timor is annexed to Indonesia.
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 * East Timor||1999: After the East Timorese independence referendum, Indonesia rescinds the annexation of former East Timor, leading to international administration by the UNTAET.
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 * East Timor||2002: East Timor becomes independent. ᐃ


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Ecuador
🇪🇨 Ecuador - Republic of Ecuador
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 * ||colspan=2|Ecuado is a sovereign and internationally recognized Ecuador.
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 * rowspan=2|1/2||Peru||1532: During the Inca Civil War, Spanish forces enter into Ecuador and interfere in the civil war. 1534: The conquest of the area is completed. 1542: The region becomes part of the Viceroyalty of Peru.
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 * Quito||1563: Inside Peru present-day Ecuador becomes the Real Audiencia of Quito. 1717: Peru is divided and the region becomes part of the new Viceroyalty of New Granada. New Granada also includes present-day Colombia, Venezuela and Panama. 1723: This Viceroyalty is temporarily suppressed by the king of Spain. The Audiencia of Quito is returned to the Viceroyalty of Peru. 1739: The Viceroyalty of Nueva Granada is re-established. 1809: The Audiencia of Quito briefly secedes from Spain after it staged the Quito revolution. 1812: Quito is re-incorporated into the Spanish Empire. 1820: The Ecuadorian War of Independence takes place. 1822: Quito becomes part of Colombia. 1830: Ecuador secedes from Colombia. 1832: Ecuador annexes the ↑Galapagos Islands. ᐃ
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 * rowspan=3|2/2||Archipelago of Ecuador||1832: Ecuador annexes the uninhabited Galapagos Islands as the Archipelago of Ecuador.
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 * Colombus Archipelago||1885: The Archipelago of Ecuador is renamed into Colombus Archipelago and becomes a territory.
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 * Galapagos Islands||1973: The Colombus Archipelago is reorganized into the Galápagos Province. ᐃ


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Egypt
🇪🇬 Egypt - Arab Republic of Egypt
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 * ||colspan=2|Egypt is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
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 * rowspan=4|1/2||Egypt||1517: The Ottoman Empire defeats the Mamluk Sultanate and establishes the Egypt Eyalet.
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 * Egypt||1798: France invades and conquers large parts of Egypt.
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 * Egypt||1801: France is defeated and Egypt is returned to the Ottoman Empire. 1867: The Egypt Eyalet is continued by the Khedivate of Egypt.
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 * Egypt||1882: After unrest the United Kingdom defeats the Egyptian army in rebellion against the khedive Muhammed Tewfik Pasha and establishes a de facto protectorate. During this time the Khedivate of Egypt remains legally an autonomous province of the Ottoman Empire. Egypt controls most of →Sudan. 1914: The United Kingdom declares a protectorate over Egypt. The ruling khedive is succeeded by Hussein Kamel as sultan of the Sultanate of Egypt independent of the Ottomans. 1922: Egypt declares itself independent. The British occupation continues. 1936: The British position is normalised in the Anglo-Egyptian treaty. 1941: As part of World War II German and Italian enter and occupy parts of Egypt in the Western Desert Campaign. 1943: The German army is defeated and the area is restored to Egypt. 1952: After the Egyptian Revolution, the British agree to withdraw their troops from Egypt (done in 1956). 1967: ''As a result of the Six-Day War, Israel conquers and occupies the Egyptian →Sinai Peninsula. 1973: An Egyptian attempt to reconquer the peninsula as part of the Yom Kippur War fails. 1979: Israel starts the withdrawal from the Sinai. 1982: The Israeli withdrawal is completed and the ↑Sinai Peninsulas returned to Egypt. ᐃ
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 * 2/2||Sinai Peninsula||1967: As a result of the Six-Day War, Israel conquers and occupies the Egyptian Sinai Peninsula. 1973: An Egyptian attempt to reconquer the peninsula as part of the Yom Kippur War fails. 1979: Israel starts the withdrawal from the Sinai. 1982: The Israeli withdrawal is completed and the Sinai Peninsula is returned to Egypt. →1982
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El Salvador
🇸🇻 El Salvador - Republic of El Salvador
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 * ||colspan=2|El Salvador is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
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 * ||Guatemala||1524: Spain starts the conquest of present-day El Salvador, fighting the Maya kingdoms in the region. The conquest lasts until 1539. 1542: Spain establishes the Real Audiencia of Guatemala inside the Viceroyalty of New Spain, including also present-day Guatemala, →Costa Rica, →Honduras, →Nicaragua and El Salvador. 1609: The Captaincy General of Guatemala as a province of New Spain is established. 1821: Following the Mexican War of Independence, El Salvador becomes part of independent Mexico in 1822. 1824: El Salvador joins Central America. 1838: El Salvador becomes independent. ᐃ


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Equatorial Guinea
🇬🇶 Equatorial Guinea - Republic of Equatorial Guinea
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 * ||colspan=2|Equatorial Guinea is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
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 * rowspan=4|1/4||Ano Bom||1474: Portugal establishes as part of São Tomé a colony at the apparently uninhabited island of Ano Bom, discovered in 1472 by João de Santarém.
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 * São Tomé||1493: Ano Bom becomes part of São Tomé.
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 * Guinea Coast||1641: Ano Bom is (together with São Tomé) occupied by the Netherlands.
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 * São Tomé||1649: The Dutch occcupation of Ano Bom ends. 1778: Under the Treaty of El Pardo Portugal cedes the island of Ano Bom to Spain. →1778
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 * rowspan=5|2/4||São Tomé||1494: Portugal starts the settlement of Fernão do Po, mainly inhabited by the Bubi people.
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 * Fernando Póo and Annabón||1778: Under the Treaty of El Pardo Portugal cedes the islands Fernão do Po (Fernando Poo) and ↑Ano Bom (Annabón) with its possessions at the Guinea coast to Spain, administered as part of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata. 1810: The colony is separated from Río de la Plata. 1827: England leases from Spain parts of the uninhabited island of →Fernando Póo. 1843: Spain reclaims Fernando Póo.
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 * Gulf of Guinea||1844: After the full restoration of Spanish rule over Fernando Póo it is together with ↑Annabón administered as the Spanish Territories of the Golf of Guinea. 1858: Spain formally takes over the administration of Fernando Póo.
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 * Spanish Guinea||1926: The Gulf of Guinea and ↑Rio Muni possessions are united as Spanish Guinea. 1956: The colony becomes an overseas province.
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 * Equatorial Guinea||1964: Spanish Guinea gets self-rule as Equatorial Guinea. 1968: Equatorial Guinea becomes independent. ᐃ
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 * 3/4||Port Clarence||1827: The United Kingdom leases from Spain parts of the uninhabited island of ↑Fernando Póo and establishes Port Clarence. 1843: Spain reclaims Fernando Póo. 1858: Spain takes over the administration. →1858
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 * 4/4||Rio Muni||1885: An area at the Gulf of Guinea, inhabited by Fang people, becomes as Rio Muni a Spanish protectorate. 1926: Rio Muni becomes part of Equatorial Guinea. →1926


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Eritrea
🇪🇷 Eritrea - State of Eritrea |- valign=top
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 * ||colspan=2|Eritrea is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
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 * rowspan=2|1/2||Habesh||1554: The Ottoman Empire conquers part of present-day Eritrea by defeating the state of Medri Bahri and establishes the Habesh Eyalet that includes the Eritrean and Saudi Red Sea coast.
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 * Egypt||1826: Inside the Ottoman Empire, Eritrea is mostly ruled by Egypt. 1869: Egypt loses the control over part of the area when Italy starts establishing colonies in Eritrea. 1882: Egypt loses control over Eritrea to Italy. →1882.
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 * rowspan=4|2/2||Assab||1869: The Port of Assab is purchased by the Italian Società di Navigazione Rubattino. 1882: Italy controls Assab, takes over the area from ↑Egypt and makes it an Italian colony. 1882: Egypt loses control over Eritrea to Italy. 1888: Italy establishes the Assab Protectorate. 1885: The Italian possessions are enlarged with Massawa.
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 * Eritrea||1890: Assab is continued by the colony of Eritrea.
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 * Italian East Africa||1936: Eritrea becomes with →Italian Somalia and conquered →Ethiopia part of Italian East Africa.
 * Eritrea||1941: Italy is defeated by British forces. Eritrea gets under British control. 1947: Italy accepts the end of the colony. 1951: The British administration comes under United Nations supervision. 1952: Eritrea is federated as an autonomous state into Ethiopia. 1991: Eritrea becomes independent. ᐃ


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Estonia
🇪🇪 Estonia - Republic of Estonia
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 * ||colspan=2|Estonia is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
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 * 1/2||Estonia||1219: King Valdemar II of Denmark establishes the Duchy of Estonia as a dominion of the Danish Crown. The area is inhabited by the Finnic Estonian tribes. 1346: Denmark sells Estonia to the Livonian Order. →1346
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 * rowspan=4|2/2||Livonian Order||1237: The Livonian Order, affiliated to the →Teutonic Order, conquers part of present-day Estonia and →Latvia, inhabited by Finnic Estonian and Livonian tribes. 1237: Jersika is annexed to the Livonian Order. 1346: Denmark sells ↑Estonia to the Livonian Order. 1410: The Livonian Order is separated from the Teutonic Order.
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 * Estonia||1561: The Livonian Order loses Estonia to king Erik XIV of Sweden, who becomes duke of Estonia.
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 * Russia||1710: Sweden surrenders and loses ↑Estonia to Russia. 1918: Estonia secedes from Russia.
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 * Union of Soviet Socialist Republics||1940: Estonia joins after a Soviet invasion as a constituent state of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR). 1941: Estonia is conquered by Nazi-Germany. 1944: Nazi-Germany is defeated and Estonia returns to the USSR. 1991: Estonia secedes from the USSR. ᐃ
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eSwatini
See eSwatini.


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Ethiopia
🇪🇹 Ethiopia - Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
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 * ||colspan=2|Ethiopia is a sovereign and internationally recognized federal republic.
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 * rowspan=3|1/2||Gambela||1902: Emperor Menelik II of Ethiopia grants the United Kingdom a concession at Gambela.
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 * Italian East Africa||1936: The concession de facto ends due to the Italian occupation of Ethiopia.
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 * Gambela||1941: After the defeat of Italy, the British concession is restored. 1956: The concession is formally ended and Gambela is fully re-integrated into Ethiopia. →1956
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 * 2/2||Italian East Africa||1936: After an earlier attempt in 1896, Italy conquers in the Second Italo-Ethiopian War Ethiopia and merges it with →Eritrea and →Italian Somalia into Italian East Africa. Italy occupies the British concession of ↑Gambela. 1941: Italy is defeated by Ethiopia and the United Kingdom and independence is restored as Ethiopa. 1952: ↑Eritrea is federated as an autonomous state into Ethiopia. 1956: ↑Gambela is fully re-integrated into Ethiopia. 1991: →Eritrea becomes independent. ᐃ


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Falkland Islands
'' Falkland Islands - Falkland Islands
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 * ||colspan=2|''The Falkland Islands are a 🇬🇧 British overseas territory.
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 * rowspan=2|1/2||Malvine Islands||1764: France establishes the colony of the Malvine Islands in part of the uninhabited Falkland Islands.
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 * Falkland Islands 1766|Malvine Islands||1766: France cedes its part of the Malvine Islands to Spain'''Spain. 1770: Spain tries to conquer British East Falkland. 1771: Spain is defeated by Great Britain. 1776: The British leave the islands, while still claiming continuing sovereignty over the islands. 1811: Spain abandons its part of the Malvine Islands, still claiming continuing sovereignty over the islands.
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 * rowspan=5|2/2||Falkland Islands||1765: The eastern part of the French ↑Malvine Islands is taken in possession by Great Britain as the Falkland Islands. 1766: France cedes its colony to Spain. 1770: Spain tries to conquer East Falkland. 1771: Spain is defeated by Great Britain. 1776: The British leave the islands, while still claiming continuing sovereignty over the islands. 1811: Spain abandons its part of the islands, still claiming continuing sovereignty over the islands.
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 * Malvine Islands||1820: The United Provinces of the Rio de la Plata claims the possession of the Falkland Islands, whitout establishing a permanent settlement. 1829: The colonization on behalf of Rio de la Plata starts.
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 * Falkland Islands||1833: The islands are re-conquered by the United Kingdom.
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 * Malvine Islands||1982: The Falkland Islands are conquered and annexed to Argentina.
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 * Falkland Islands||1982: After a British invasion, Argentina is defeated and the Falkland Islands are restored to the United Kingdom. 1983: The crown colony is referred to as a British dependent territory. 1985: →South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands is seceded from the Falkland Islands. 2002: The British dependent territory is referred to as a British overseas territory. ᐃ


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Faroe Islands
''🇫🇴 Faroe Islands - Faroe Islands
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 * ||colspan=2|''The Faroe Islands are an autonomous country within the 🇩🇰 Denmark Kingdom of Denmark.
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 * rowspan=2| ||Faroe Islands||1035: The Faroe Islands are acquired by Norway. The islands are settled by Norsemen. 1516: Norway becomes subordinated to Denmark.
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 * Faroe Islands||1814: At the dissolution of the personal union of Denmark and Norway, Denmark acquires the ↑Faroe Islands. 1940: The islands are occupied by the United Kingdom. 1945: The islands are returned to Denmark. ᐃ
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Fiji
🇫🇯 Fiji - Republic of Fiji
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 * ||colspan=2|Fiji is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
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 * ||Fiji||1874: The Kingdom of Fiji is annexed by the United Kingdom as the Colony of Fiji. 1877: The United Kingdom establishes the British Western Pacific Territories (BWPT) to administer its dependencies in the western Pacific Ocean. 1953: Fiji takes its first step towards internal self-government and leaves the BWPT. 1967: Fiji gets self-government. 1970: Fiji becomes an independent Commonwealth realm, retaining the British monarch as its head of state, until 1987. ᐃ


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Finland
🇫🇮 Finland - Republic of Finland
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 * ||colspan=2|Finland is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
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 * rowspan=4|1/2|| ||800s BCE: Finno-Ugric tribes, that later develop into the Finns, leave northern Russia and enter present-day Finland, already populated by Sami people. c. 400: Proto-Swedish settlers arrive at the Finnish coast.
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 * Sweden||12th century-1249: Sweden starts establishing its rule from the 12th century until 1249 in Finland, making it part of Sweden. Finland is populated by Finnish and Sami tribes. 1600s: The area populated by Sami is incorporated into Sweden.
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 * Grand Duchy of Finland||1809: Sweden cedes Finland to Russia, that establishes the Grand Duchy of Finland. 1917: Finland secedes from Russia.
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 * Finland||1917: The State of Finland secedes from Russia. 1918: The Kingdom of Finland is proclaimed. the Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic is proclaimed as a contra-government. 1919: Finland becomes the Republic of Finland. 1922: The →Åland Islands get an autonomous status. ᐃ
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 * 2/2||Åland Islands||12th century: For Åland Islands see Åland Islands.


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France
🇫🇷 France - French Republic
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 * ||colspan=2|France is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
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 * rowspan=2|0/1||France||France was n0t colonized, with the exception of →Corsica. Not listed are the creation of Viking Normandy in France and the territorial expansion of France and other entities. ᐃ
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 * rowspan=2|1/2||Corsica||1052: The Republic of Pisa conquers the island of Corsica after a period of feudal anarchy wherein local Corsican-based nobles warred on each other and struggled for control. 1123: Pisa loses part of Corsica to →Genoa.
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 * Corsica||1325: Pisa loses its part of Corsica to Aragon. 1450: Genoa becomes the sole dominant force in Corsica. →1450
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 * rowspan=5|2/2||Corsica||1123: Pisa loses part of ↑Corsica to Genoa. 1450: The ↑Aragonese withdraw from Corsica. 1736: Corsica becomes independent as a kingdom.
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 * Corsica||1736: Corsica is reconquered by Genoa. 1755: Corsica secedes from Genoa.
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 * Corsica||1769: Corsica is annexed by France as part of the motherland. 1793: Corsica secedes from France under British protection.
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 * Corsica||1793: ↑Corsica secedes from France under British protection. 1794: Corsica becomes a kingdom with the King of Great Britain as king.
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 * Corsica||1796: Corsica is defeated by France and re-annexed to France. →1796
 * Corsica||1796: Corsica is defeated by France and re-annexed to France. →1796


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French Guiana
''🇬🇫 French Guiana –Territorial collectivity of Guiana
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 * ||colspan=2|''French Guiana a a 🇫🇷 French overseas department and region.
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 * 1/3||Oyapock||1620: England establishes a settlement at Oyapock in the east of present-day French Guiana (or the west of Brazilian Amapá, but abandons it the same year.
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 * rowspan=7|2/3||Cayenne||1643: After earlier attempts France establishes a colony at Cayenne. It is shortly after abandoned. The area is inhabited by Native American peoples, among them the Kalina (Caribs) and Arawak. 1652: Cayenne is resettled.
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 * Cayenne||1659: After earlier attempts, starting in 1615, to colonize the area, the Dutch West India Company (WIC) conquers Cayenne and establishes the Colony of Cayenne.
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 * Guiana||1664: Cayenne is seized by France and administered as Guiana, also rendered as French Guiana, initialy under the Compagnie de la France Équinoxiale.
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 * Cayenne||1676: As part of the Franco-Dutch War the Dutch conquer Cayenne.
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 * Guiana||1676: The Dutch in Cayenne are defeated by the French'''h. 1797: The area is organized as department of France. 1801: The are becomes the colony of Guiana, a.k.a. French Guyana.
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 * Brazil||1809: French Guiana is occupied by Portugal and annexed to Brazil.
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 * Guiana||1817: Guiana is restored to France. 1930: The hinterland is separated as →Inini, under the governor of French Guiana. 1946: Guiana and ↑Inini become together the French overseas department of French Guiana. 2003: Guiana becomes also an overseas region. 2015: Guiana becomes a territorial collectivity. ᐃ
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 * 3/3||Inini||1930: The hinterland of ↑French Guiana is separated as the Territory of Inini, under the governor of French Guiana. 1946: Guiana and Inini are merged into Guiana. →1946


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French Polynesia
''🇵🇫 French Polynesia - French Polynesia
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 * ||colspan=2|''French Polynesia is a a 🇫🇷 French overseas collectivity.
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 * rowspan=4|1/4||Tahiti||1842: Queen Pōmare IV of the Kingdom of Tahiti has to accept that France establishes a protectorate over the kingdom. 1858: France annexes the uninhabited Clipperton Island and adds it to Tahiti.
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 * Oceania||1880: France annexes Tahiti, ↑Tahuatu and the ↑Tuamotus, changing the status from that of a protectorate to that of a colony, the Settlements of Oceania. 1881: France annexes ↑Mangareva. 1889: France establishes control over Rurutu. 1897: Mexico conquers and annexes Clipperton Island. 1898: France annexes the kingdom of Bora Bora.
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 * French Oceania||1903: Oceania] is renamed into the French Settlements of Oceania. 1940: The colonial administration recognizes the Free French Forces. 1946: The colony is becomes an overseas territory.
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 * French Polynesia||1957: French Oceania is renamed into French Polynesia. 1977: French Polynesia is granted partial internal autonomy. 1984: The autonomy is extended. br>2003: French Polynesia becomes a full overseas collectivity of France. ᐃ
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 * 2/4||Tahuata||1842: Tahuata, also known as the Marquesas Islands, becomes a French protectorate. The islands become part of Oceania. →1880
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 * 3/4||Mangareva||1844: King Maputeoa requests a French protectorate. 1871: The protectorate status is reaffirmed. The islands become part of Oceania. →1881
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 * rowspan=2|4/4||Pomotu Islands||1844: The Pomotu Islands becomes a French protectorate.
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 * Tuamotus||1852: The Pomotu Islands are renamed into the Tuamotu Islands. The islands become part of Oceania. →1880


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French Southern and Antarctic Lands
'' French Southern and Antarctic Lands - French Southern and Antarctic Lands
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 * ||colspan=2|''The French Southern and Antractic Lands are a 🇫🇷 French overseas territory, that includes Adélie Land, the French claim on a division of Antarctica.
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 * rowspan=2| ||Adélie Land||Claims in Antarctica are established by →Argentina (1904), →United Kingdom (1908), →New Zealand (1923), France (1924), →Australia (1933), →Norway (1939), →Germany (1939), and →Chile (1940). 1924: Part of Antarctica is claimed by France as Adélie Land, the validity of this claim is not recognised universally.
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 * French Southern and Antarctic Lands||1955: ↑Adélie Land is merged into the newly found French Southern and Antarctic Lands, including the Kerguelen Islands, Crozet Island, and other uninhabited islands. 1961: The Antarctic Treaty System is signed, in which no territorial sovereignty claims are recognized or established. All claims on Antarctica are frozen. ᐃ


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Gabon
🇬🇦 Gabon - Gabonese Republic
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 * ||colspan=2|Gabon is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
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 * rowspan=10|1/2||French Gabon||1839: France establishes a protectorate over the coast of present-day Gabon as the French Gulf of Guinea settlements. The area is inhabited by several Bantu peoples. 1843: The area is rendered as the French Gabon settlements settlements.
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 * Gorée and dependencies||1854: →Gorée is separated from Senegal and the separate Colony of Gorée and Dependencies is established, including the settlements in French Gabon, the ↑French Gold Coast and the ↑Southern Rivers Settlements.
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 * Ivory Coast-Gabon||1859: The colony of Gorée and dependencies is dissolved. 1860: Gabon is integrated with the →French Gold Coast into the Ivory Coast-Gabon colony. 1862/1867: France expands its control to include the interior of Gabon and takes full sovereignty.
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 * French Gabon||1883: ↑Gabon is separated from the Ivory Coast and becomes the French Gabon colony.
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 * Congo and Gabon||1886: Gabon merges with ↑French Congo to form together Congo and Gabon. 1889: France starts from Congo and Gabon the conquest of the area north of the Ubangi River.
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 * French Congo||1891: The colony of Congo and Gabon is continued as French Congo. France establishes in the conquered area north of the Ubangi River Upper Ubangi as part of French Congo. The area is contested with the Congo Free State. France holds from French Congo military expeditions against the Muslim kingdoms in present-day →Chad. 1894: →Upper Ubangi becomes a separate colony. 1898: Upper Ubangi is folded back to French Congo. Inside French Congo the Upper Shari region is established. 1900: France defeats at the Battle of Kousséri between forces of the Sudanese warlord Rabih az-Zubayr in Chad. French colonial rule is established in Chad.
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 * Middle Congo-Gabon||1902: French Congo] is reorganized into Middle Congo-Gabon. 1903: France creates out of Upper Ubangi and Upper Shari the separate colony of Ubangi Shari.
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 * Gabon||1906: Middle Congo-Gabon is partitioned into Gabon and →Middle Congo. 1910: Gabon becomes part of the federal colony of French Equatorial Africa. 1911: With the Treaty of Fez France cedes part of the colony to →German Cameroon. 1914: France invades Cameroon as part of World War I. 1916: Germany surrenders. The ↑ceded areas are annexed by France.
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 * French Equatorial Africa||1934: Gabon is with ↑Middle Congo, Ubangi-Shari, and Chad are merged into the unitary colony of French Equatorial Africa. 1937: French Equatorial Africa is divided in territories, the former colonies. 1946: France establishes the French Union, of which French Equatorial Africa with its territories becomes a constituent part.
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 * Gabon||1958: France dissolves French Equatorial Africa. Gabon gets autonomy inside the French Community. 1960: Gabon becomes independent. ᐃ
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 * 2/2||Cameroon||1911: With the Treaty of Fez France cedes part of ↑Gabon to German Cameroon. 1914: France, the United Kingdom and Belgium invade German Cameroon as part of World War I. 1916: Germany is defeated, the area is restored to French Gabon. →1916
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The Gambia
 The Gambia - Republic of The Gambia
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 * ||colspan=2|The Gambia is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
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 * rowspan=10|1/2||James Island||1651: Courland establishes the colony of James Island and settles at more islands. The area was in the sixteenth century part of the Songhai Empire.
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 * Gambia||1659: James Island is taken over by the Dutch West India Company (WIC). 1660: The Dutch withdraw, leaving it to England in 1661.
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 * Gambia||1661: Former Dutch Gambia is overtaken by England (recognized by Courland de jure in 1664).
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 * Gambia||1695: France takes over the English possessions at the ↑Gambia River. 1699: England retakes the colony. →1699
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 * Gambia||1699: England retakes the ↑Gambia.
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 * Senegambia||1765: Gambia becomes part of the Colony of British Senegambia.
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 * Senegambia||1779: France occupies Gambia, now part of British Senegambia.
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 * Senegambia||1783: British rule in Senegambia is restored.
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 * Bathurst Colony||1816: In British Senegambia the United Kingdom founds the Bathurst Colony. 1821: Bathurst is together with Sierra Leone, the British Gold Coast as well as Nigeria governed as part of the British West African Settlements. 1829: The colony is renamed into the Bathurst Settlement and Dependencies in the Gambia.
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 * Gambia||1843: Bathurst Colony is renamed into the Gambia Colony and Protectorate. 1850: British West Africa is dissolved. 1866: British West Africa is restored. 1857: French ↑Albreda is ceded to the United Kingdom. 1888: British West Africa is demised. Gambia becomes a separate colony. 1894: A British protectorate proclaimed over the interior. 1901: The possessions are combined into the Gambia Colony and Protectorate. 1963: Gambia gets self-rule. 1965: Gambia becomes an independent Commonwealth realm, retaining the British monarch as its head of state until 1970. ᐃ
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 * 2/2||Albreda||1681: France acquires the factory of Albreda at the Gambia river. 1857: Albreda is ceded to the United Kingdom. →1857


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Georgia
 Georgia - Georgia
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 * ||colspan=2|Georgia is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
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 * rowspan=2|1/3||Russia||1801: The Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti is annexed by Russia. 1810: Imereti is annexed to Russia. 1829: Guria is annexed to Russia. 1857: Mingrelia is annexed to Russia.
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 * Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic||1918: Georgia secedes from Russia as one of the constituent republics of Transcaucasia from Russia.
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 * Democratic Republic of Georgia||1918: Shortly after Georgia becomes independent.
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 * Union of Soviet Socialist Republics||1922: Georgia joins the Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic, that becomes a constituent state of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. 1991: Georgia becomes an independent republic. With Russian support →South Ossetia secedes de facto from Georgia. 1992: →Abkhazia secedes de facto from Georgia with Russian support. The secessions are internationally not recognized. ᐃ
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 * 2/3||South Ossetia||1991: ''See South Ossetia for the unrecognized secession.
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 * 3/3||Abkhazia||1992: ''See Abkhazia for the unrecognized secession.


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Germany
🇩🇪 Germany - Federal Republic of Germany
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 * ||colspan=2|Germany is a sovereign and internationally recognized federal republic.
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 * rowspan=11|1/9||Francia||481: The Franks are united into one kingdom, the Kingdom of the Franks. Its area includes parts of present-day Germany.
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 * East Francia||843: Francia is partitioned into the Kingdom of the East Franks, →Kingdom of the West Franks and the →Kingdom of the Middle Franks. 870: ↑Lotharingia is integrated into East Francia.
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 * Holy Roman Empire||963: East Francia is continued by the Holy Roman Empire. 1526: Partially inside the Holy Roman Empire, Habsburg →Austria becomes with the acquisition of Hungary de facto independent. 1556: The Netherlands become a →Spanish dependency. 1648: →Switzerland and the →Dutch Republic become de jure independent. 1707: Brandenburg merges with Prussia into →Prussia, partially inside the Holy Roman Empire.
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 * - valign=top @Occupied by France
 * Confederation of the Rhine||1806: The Holy Roman Empire is dissolved, most of its entities are member of the Confederation of the Rhine, with the exception of →Prussia and →Austria. 1813: The Confederation of the Rhine is dissolved.
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 * German Confederation||1815: Most German states join the German Confederation.
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 * North German Confederation||1867: The German Confederation is dissolved, most German states join the North German Confederation. Bavaria, Baden, Württemberg, Hesse-Darmstadt and Austria remain outside the confederation.
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 * Germany||1871: The North German Confederation merges with Bavaria, Baden, Württemberg and Hesse-Darmstadt into the German Empire. 1890: ↑Heligoland is ceded to the German Empire. 1918: After losing World War I, eastern parts are ceded to →Poland. The →Rhineland is occupied by France, the United Kingdom and Belgium. 1920: The Saar region is separated from the German Empire and becomes the as Territory of the Saar Bassin a League of Nations mandate of →Saar. →Danzig becomes a separate state.  >1923: France and Belgium occupy the →Ruhr Area. 1925: The ↑Ruhr Area is restored to Germany. 1930: The allied troops withdraw, leaving ↑Rhineland to Germany.Mr>1935: After the Saar status referendum, ↑Saar joins Germany.
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 * German dependencies: ||
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 * occupied Germany||1945: After the surrender of Germany in World War II, Germany is under occupation of United States, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and France and divided into the American, Soviet, British and French occupation zones. The city of Berlin is divided in separate →occupation sectors. Eastern parts of Germany are annexed to →Poland and the →Soviet Union. 1947: →Saarland is separated from Germany.
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 * Germany||1949: The occupation ends and the American, British and French occupation zones become part of the independent Federal Republic of Germany. The Russian occupation zone becomes the independent →German Democratic Republic. 1956: ↑Saarland joins the Federal Republic of Germany. 1990: The German Democratic Republic and ↑Berlin join the Federal Republic of Germany. ᐃ
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 * rowspan=2|2/9||Middle Francia||843: Francia is partitioned into the Kingdom of the Middle Franks, the →Kingdom of the East Franks and the →Kingdom of the West Franks.
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 * Lotharingia||855: One of the succesor states of Middle Francia is Kingdom of Lotharingia. 870: Most of Lotharingia is integrated into the Kingdom of the East Franks. →870
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 * rowspan=2|3/9||Prussia||style=background: moccasin|1707:Brandenburg merges with the ↑Duchy of Prussia into the Kingdom of Prussia. 1806: Prussia remains outside the Conferation of the Rhine. 1815: Prussia becomes a member of the German Confederation. 1867: Prussia becomes a member of the North German Confederation. 1871: Prussia becomes a constituent member of the German Empire. →1871
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 * 4/9||Heligoland||1807: The United Kingdom captures the Danish island of Heligoland, inhabited by Frisians. 1890: The United Kingdom cedes Heligoland to Prussia inside the German Empire. →1890
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 * 5/9||occupied Rhineland||1918: After the defeat of the ↑German Empire in World War I forces of France, the United Kingdom and Belgium occupy the Rhineland. 1920: The area is under control of the Inter-Allied Rhineland High Commission. The region near the →Saar is separated from the German Empire. 1930: The allied troops withdraw, leaving the area fully to the German Empire. →1930
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 * rowspan=4|6/9||Saar||1920: The Saar region near the Saar is separated from the ↑German Empire and becomes as Territory of the Saar Bassin a League of Nations mandate.
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 * →Germany||1935: After the Saar status referendum, Saar joins the German Empire.
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 * →occupied Germany||1945: After the surrender of Germany in World War II, former Saar is under occupation of France and part of the French occupation zones.
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 * Saarland||1947: Former Saar is separated from Germany. Saarland gets a government under French supervision. 1956: Saarland joins the Federal Republic of Germany. →1956
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 * 7/9||occupied Ruhr||1923: France and Belgium occupy the Ruhr area in its reparation payments in the aftermath of World War I. 1925: The occupation forces withdraw, leaving the area to the German Empire. →1925
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 * rowspan=2|8/9||occupied Berlin||1945: After the surrender of ↑Germany in World War II, Berlin is under international occupation and divided into occupation sectors of United States, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and France.
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 * Berlin||1949: The American, British and French sectors become the city of Berlin in association with the Federal Republic of Germany. East Berlin becomes associated with the →German Democratic Republic. 1990: Both parts of Berlin are integrated into the Federal Republic of Germany. →1990
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 * 9/9||Eastern Germany||1949: The Russian occupation zone of ↑Germany becomes the independent German Democratic Republic. 1990: The German Democratic Republic joins the Federal Republic of Germany. →1990
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 * 9/9||Eastern Germany||1949: The Russian occupation zone of ↑Germany becomes the independent German Democratic Republic. 1990: The German Democratic Republic joins the Federal Republic of Germany. →1990


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Ghana
🇬🇭 Ghana - Republic of Ghana
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 * 1/9||Gold Coast||1482: With the foundation of Fort São Jorge da Mina de Ouro (Elmina) the Portuguese starts the colonization of the Gold Coast at the border of the Eguafo Kingdom, an Akan polity. 1637: The Dutch take the Fort of Elmina from the Portuguese. 1642: The Portuguese settlements are ceded to the Dutch. →1642
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 * rowspan=3|2/9||Guinea Coast||1612: The Dutch West India Company (WIC) starts establishing Dutch possessions on the Coast of Guinea, also rendered as the Dutch Gold Coast. After the Treaty of Asebu, the WIC founds in the area of the Asebu Fort Nassau. 1621: The Dutch Gold Coast is under WIC rule. 1637: The Dutch take the Fort of Elmina from the Portuguese. 1642: The Dutch take the ↑Portuguese Gold Coast, including Ano Bom and São Tomé, confirmed by the Axim in the Treaty of Axim. 1649: Ano Bom and São Tomé are restored to Portugal. 1665: The Dutch take Kormantin from the English. 1687: The Dutch occupy the Brandenburger Fort Dorothea. 1698: Fort Dorothea is returned to Brandenburg. 1711: The Dutch occupy the Prussian Fort Dorothea. 1712: Fort Dorothea is returned to Prussia. 1718/1721: Prussia sells its possessions to the Netherlands.
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 * British Gold Coast||1782: British forces occupy the Dutch Guinea Coast.
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 * Guinea Coast||1785: The colony is restored to the Dutch. 1792: The WIC is dissolved and its possessions are nationalized by the Dutch Republic. 1810-1814: Despite the French annexation of the Netherlands, the colony is administered by Dutch settlers. 1813: The Netherlands are restored. 1872: The Dutch settlements are sold to the United Kingdom. →1872
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 * rowspan=3|3/9||English Gold Coast||1631: The English Company of Merchants Trading to Guinea establishes a colony at the Gold Coast. 1651: The English Gold Coast gets under the Company of London Merchants. 1657: The English Gold Coast falls under the East India Company. 1663: The English Gold Coast falls to the Company of Royal Adventurers, later known as the Royal African Company. 1672: The English Gold Coast falls to the Royal African Company. 1684: England occupies one of the Danish settlements. 1688: The English withdraw from the Danish settlement.
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 * British Gold Coast||1707: The English Gold Coast becomes the British Gold Coast. 1750: The same year the Company of Merchants Trading to Africa takes over the administration of the British Gold Coast. 1782-1785: Great Britain occupies both the Dutch Coast of Guinea as the Danish Gold Coast.
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 * Gold Coast||1821: The Gold Coast]] becomes a crown colony. The same year it becomes the Gold Coast Territory, together with the Gambia, as well as Sierra Leone and Nigeria governed as part of the British West African Settlements. 1828: The British Gold Coast becomes a colony under Company of Merchants Trading to Africa rule. 1843: The British Gold Coast becomes a crown colony, subordinate to Sierra Leone. 1850: The ↑ Danish Gold Coast Settlements are sold to Britain. The same year British West Africa is dissolved. The British Gold Coast is renamed into the Colony of the Gold Coast, including the former Danish Gold Coast settlements. 1866: British West Africa is restored. 1866: The British Gold Coast becomes the Gold Coast Territory as part of British West Africa. 187 872: The ↑Dutch Gulf of Guinea settlements are sold to Great Britain and incorporated into Gold Coast. 1874: The territory becomes the Gold Coast colony, united with Lagos. 1886: Lagos is separated from the Gold Coast. 1888: British West Africa is demised.1901: The Gold Coast become a crown colony. The Northern Territories of the Gold Coast and the Ashanti are subordinated to the governors of the Gold Coast. 1951: The Gold Coast gets self-rule. 1957: The Gold Coast colony, the ↑Ashanti region, the ↑Northern territories and ↑British Togoland become together independent as Ghana, an an independent Commonwealth realm, retaining the British monarch as its head of state, until 1960. ᐃ
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 * rowspan=3|4/9||Cabo Corso||1650: The Swedish start the colonization of the Gold Coast and establishes Cabo Corso, a.k.a. Swedish Gold Coast.
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 * Danish Gold Coast||1658: Denmark conquers the last Swedish fort, Fort Carlsborg.
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 * Cabo Corso||1660: Fort Carlsborg is returned to Sweden. 1663: Fort Carlsborg is conquered by Denmark. →1663
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 * rowspan=3|5/9||Danish Gold Coast||1658: The Danish West India Company from Denmark starts the conquest of ↑Swedish forts and creates the Danish Gold Coast. 1660: Fort Carlsborg, one of the Swedish forts, is returned to →Sweden. 1663: ↑Fort Carlsborg is again conquered by the Danes. 1684: England occupies one of the Danish settlements. 1688: The English withdraw from the Danish settlement. 1750: The Danish Gold Coast becomes a Danish crown colony.
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 * British Gold Coast||1782: British forces occupy the Danish Gold Coast.
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 * Danish Gold Coast||1782: The British 1785: The colony is restored to Denmark. 1850: The Danish Gold Coast is sold to the United Kingdom. →1850
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 * 6/9||Great Fredericksburg||1682: The Brandenburger Brandenburg African Company establish the Great Fredericksburg colony, a.k.a. Brandenburger Gold Coast. 1687: The Dutch occupy the Brandenburger Fort Dorothea. 1698: Fort Dorothea is returned to Brandenburg. 1701: Brandenburg is continued by Prussia. 1711: The Dutch occupy the Prussian Fort Dorothea. 1712: Fort Dorothea is returned to Prussia. 1721: The colony is sold to the Netherlands. →1721
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 * 7/9||Ashanti||1896: King Prempeh of the Ashanti surrenders and the Ashanti Empire is incorporated into the British possessions. Ashanti becomes a British protectorate. 1902: Ashanti becomes the British Ashanti Colony, subordinated to the governors of the Gold Coast. 1957: The Ashanti region joins the ↑Gold Coast, the ↑Northern territories and ↑British Togoland in becoming independent as Ghana, an independent Commonwealth realm, retaining the British monarch as its head of state, until 1960. →1957
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 * 8/9||Northern Territories||1897: The Northern Territories Military Protectorate (areas north of Ashanti proper) are organized as a dependency of British Gold Coast. 1957: The Northern Territories joins the ↑Gold Coast, the ↑Ashanti region and ↑British Togoland in becoming independent as Ghana, an independent Commonwealth realm, retaining the British monarch as its head of state, until 1960. →1957
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 * rowspan=2|9/9||Togo||1884: Germany establishes the protectorate of Togo. 1905: Togo becomes the colony of Togo.
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 * British Togoland||1914: The British invade and conquer a part of ↑German Togoland and administer it as a part of the Gold Coast. Another part is occupied by →France. 1922: Togoland becomes the Mandate Territory of Togoland, administered as part of the Gold Coast. 1946: Togoland becomes the Trust Territory of Togoland, administered as part of the Gold Coast. 1957: British Togoland joins the ↑Gold Coast, the ↑Ashanti region and the ↑Northern territories in becoming independent as Ghana, an an independent Commonwealth realm, retaining the British monarch as its head of state, until 1960. →1957


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Gibraltar
''🇬🇮 Gibraltar - Gibraltar
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 * ||colspan=2|''Gibraltar is a 🇬🇧 British overseas territory.
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 * ||Gibraltar||The alignment with the United Kingdom is disputed by Spain. 1704: England conquers Gibraltar from Spain and establishes a English (and later British) town and garrison. 1713: Spain cedes in the Treaty of Utrecht Gibraltar to Great-Britain. 1830: Gibraltar is reorganized into the Crown Colony of Gibraltar. 1950: Gibraltar gets self-government. 1969: Under a new constitution Gibraltar is renamed into the City of Gibraltar. ᐃ


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Greece
🇬🇷 Greece - Hellenic Republic
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 * ||colspan=2|Greece is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
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 * 1/17||Cephalonia and Zakynthos||1195: Sicilian crusaders capture the Byzantine islands of Cephalonia and Zakynthos and establish the the County Palatine of Cephalonia and Zakynthos 1363: Venice conquers part of the →Ionian Islands. 1479: Cephalonia and Zakynthos are divided. Cephalonia becomes part of the Ottoman Empire and Zakynthos is conquered by Venice. →1479/→1479
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 * rowspan=7|2/17||Corfu||1197: The Byzantine island of Corfu is conquered by Genoa.
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 * Corfu||1207: Genoa loses Corfu to Venice. 1214: Corfu falls to Epirus. 1259: Corfu is aquired by Sicily. 1282: Corfu falls to the Naples.
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 * Ionian Islands||1363: Venice conquers conquers Corfu from Naples and part of ↑Cephalonia and Zakynthos. 1386: Venice acquires ↑Corfu. 1479: Zakyntos becomes part of the Venetian Ionian Islands. 1500: Cephalonia becomes part of the Venetian Ionian Islands.
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 * France||1797: France annexes the Venetian Ionian Islands
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 * Septinsular Republic||1798/1799: Russia and the Ottoman Empire take over the French ↑Ionian Islands. 1800: Both nations install the Septinsular State (a.k.a. Septinsular Republic) as a joint protectorate.
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 * Septinsular Republic||1807: The Septinsular Republic becomes a French protectorate. 1809/1810: Part of the archipelago is conquered by the →British.
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 * Ionian Islands||1809/1810: Part of the Septinsular Republic is conquered by the British. 1814: The last island is conquered by the British. 1815: The United States of the Ionian Islands is established as a British protectorate. 1817: The Ionian Islands become a federal state under the direction of a British high commissioner. 1864: With the Treaty of London the United Kingdom cedes the Ionian Islands to independent Greece. →1864
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 * 3/17||Thessalonica||1204: After the sack of Constantinople during the Fourth Crusade, in which Byzantine emperor Alexios V Doukas is defeated by the crusaders, the participants decide with the Partitio terrarum imperii Romaniae amongst others to create the Kingdom of Thessalonica. 1224: Thessalonica is conquered by Byzantine Epirus and is merged into the Empire of Thessalonica. 1246: Thessalonica is conquered by the Empire of Nicaea. 1261: Nicaea conquers Constantinople and the Byzantine Empire is restored. 1453: The renmants of the Byzantine Empire are annexed to the Ottoman Empire. →1453
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 * 4/17||Bodonitsa||1204: The crusader kingdom of Thessalonica creates the Marquisate of Bodonitsa. 1248: Bodonitsa becomes subservient to →Achaea. 1414: Bodonitsa is annexed by the Ottoman Empire. →1411
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 * rowspan=3|5/17 ||Candia||1205: Venice conquers Crete from the Byzantine Empire and creates the Kingdom of Candia as a Venetian colony. 1648: The Ottoman Empire invades Crete to conquer it.
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 * Ottoman Empire||1669: After the Siege of Candia, Candia is fully annexed to the Ottoman Empire as a province.
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 * Crete||1898: Crete is separated from the Ottoman Empire and becomes the autonomous Cretan State under international supervision. 1908: Crete declares the union with Greece. 1913: Crete becomes part of independent Greece. →1913
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 * 6/17 ||Achaea||1205: After the sack of Constantinople during the Fourth Crusade, in which Byzantine emperor Alexios V Doukas is defeated by the crusaders, the participants decide with the Partitio terrarum imperii Romaniae amongst others to create the Principality of Achaea. 1432: Achaea is annexed to the Byzantine Empire. 1453: The renmants of the Byzantine Empire are annexed to the Ottoman Empire. →1453
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 * rowspan=3|7/17 ||Athens||1205: After the sack of Constantinople during the Fourth Crusade, in which Byzantine emperor Alexios V Doukas is defeated by the crusaders, the participants decide with the Partitio terrarum imperii Romaniae amongst others to create the Duchy of Athens.
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 * Athens||1312: Athens becomes a Aragonese (Sicilian) dependency.
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 * Athens||1395: Athens is controlled by Venice. 1402: Athens is ruled again by the Acciaioli family of Florence. 1444: Athens becomes a tributary of Byzantine Morea. 1458: Athens is conquered by the Ottomans. →1458
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 * 8/17||Neopatras||1205: The Aragonese Catalan Company conquers Neopatras from Thessaly. 1390: Neopatras is ruled by the Acciaioli family of Florence. 1390: Neopatras is conquered by the Ottomans. →1390
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 * 9/17||Archipelago||1207: Marco I Sanudo, a nobleman from Venice, becomes the first duke of the Archipelago and separates it from the Empire of the Romans. 1537: The duchy becomes a tributary of the Ottoman Empire. [[#Greece 1537|
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 * rowspan=5|10/17 ||Rhodes||1248: The island of Rhodes, until 1204 part of the Byzantine Empire and since that moment an independent domain, is conquered by Genoa. 1250: The Byzantine Empire conquers Rhodes. →1309
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 * Rhodes||1309: The Knights Hospitaller led by grandmaster Foulques de Villaret separate ↑Rhodes from the Byzantine Empire.
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 * Ottoman Empire||1522: After a siege Rhodes falls to the Ottoman Empire. The Knights Hospitallers move to Malta.
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 * Italian Aegean Islands||1912: Italy conquers the Dodecanese Islands from the Ottoman Empire. 1923: The Dodecanese is formally annexed to Italy as the Italian Aegean Islands Possessions and is governed by an Italian governor. 1943: The Italian Aegean Islands are occupied by Germany.
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 * Italian Aegean Islands 1945|Aegean Ialands||1945: The Italian Aegean Islands are occupied by the United Kingdom. 1947: The Aegean Islands are incorporated into Greece. →1947
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 * 11/17||Chios||See also the conquests by →Crusaders (1204), →Aragon (1205), →Venice (1207), the →Ottoman Empire (1453) and →Russia (1770) as well as the establishment by Genoa of colonies at →Lesbos (1354). 1304: The Genoese admiral Benedetto I Zaccaria conquers from the Byzantine Empire Chios and becomes lord of Chios, including Samos and Icaria. 1329: The Byzantine Empire regains control over Chios. 1346: The Genoese companyMaona of Chios and Phocaea acquieres Chios. 1348: The original shareholders that lived in Genoa sell their shares to colonists in Chios, led by the Giustiniani family. 1354: Genoa also recieves →Lesbos. 1475: Genoa loses Samos to the →Ottoman Empire. 1566: The Ottoman Empire conquers Chios. →1566
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 * 12/17||Lesbos||1354: Lesbos is granted as a fief to the Genoese Francesco Gattilusio. 1462: Lesbos is annexed to the Ottoman Empire. →1462
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 * 13/17||Ottoman Empire||1390: The Ottomans conquer ↑Neopatras. 1411: The Ottoman Empire conquers the small crusader state of Bodonitsa. 1453: With the fall of Constantinople the parts of Greece still part of the Byzantine Empire are annexed to the Ottoman Empire. 1458: The ↑Duchy of Athens is annexed to the Ottoman Empire. 1460: Morea is annexed to the Ottoman Empire. 1462/1579: The Ottoman Empire conquers the remaining parts of Greece. 1500: Ottoman Cephalonia becomes part of the Venetian →Ionian Islands. 1522: ↑Rhodes is conquered. 1669: ↑Candia is after a 21-year war fully annexed to the Ottoman Empire as a province. 1688: Morea falls to →Venice. 1718: Venice loses Morea to the Ottomans. 1770: Russia occupies the →Cyclades. 1774: Russia leaves the ↑Cyclades to the Ottoman Empire. 1828: Part of Greece becomes independent as Greece, the other part remains →Ottoman. 1832: Greece becomes de jure independent. 1864: With the Treaty of London the United Kingdom cedes the ↑Ionian Islands to the Kingdom of Greece. 1913: Upon the outbreak of the First Balkan War, Greece unites with ↑Crete and Icaria and is enlarged with parts of the ↑Ottoman Empire. 1919: As part of the campaign in World War I against the Ottoman Empire Greece occupies parts of Ottoman ↑Anatolia around the city of →Smyrna, earlier occupied by Italy. 1922: Turkey invades Smyrna and annexes the Greek dependency to →Turkey. The Greek inhabitants are forced to emigrate to Greece. 1947: The ↑Aegean Islands are incorporated into Greece. ᐃ
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 * 14/17||Negroponte||1390: When the last triarchs of Negroponte die they leave Negroponte to Venice, which establishes complete predominance while maintaining the triarchic system. 1470: Negroponte is conquered by the Ottoman Empire. →1470
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 * 15/17||Morea||1688: During the Great Turkish War Venice gains ↑Morea from the Ottoman Empire and creates the Kingdom of the Morea as a Venitian colony. 1718: After the Ottoman-Venetian war Venice loses Morea to the Ottoman Empire. →1718
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 * 16/17||Cyclades||See also the conquests by →Crusaders (1204), →Aragon (1205), →Venice (1207), →Genoa (1304), and the →Ottoman Empire (1453). 1770: Russia occupies the Ottoman ↑Cyclades. 1774: Russia leaves the islands to the Ottoman Empire. →1774
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 * 17/17||Ottoman Empire||1828: When parts of ↑Greece become independent, the Ottoman Empire keeps ruling large parts of the country. 1835: Samos becomes semi-independent. 1898: →Crete becomes autonomous under international supervision. 1911: The →Dodecanese Islands are conquered by Italy. 1912: The Ottoman Empire loses Icaria. 1913: Upon the outbreak of the First Balkan War, the Ottoman Empire is defeated and Greece becomes united. →1913


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Greenland
''🇬🇱 Greenland - Greenland
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 * ||colspan=2|''Greenland is an autonomous country within the 🇩🇰 Denmark Kingdom of Denmark.
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 * rowspan=3|1/2||Greenland||985: Norsemen from Iceland settle in Greenland, sparsely inhabited by Inuit.
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 * Greenland||1262: Greenland falls with Iceland under the Norwegian Crown. 1500: Greenland is abandoned. 1721: Norwegian rule, subordinated to Denmark, is re-established in Greenland, subordinated to Iceland. 1775: Greenland is under Royal Greenland Trading Department company rule.
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 * Greenland||1814: At the dissolution of the personal union of Denmark and Norway, Denmark acquires ↑Greenland. 1932: Norway annexes part of East Greenland as →Eric the Red's Land. 1933: After a rule by the International Court of Justice Norway withdraws. ᐃ
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 * 2/2||Eric the Red's Land||1932: Norway annexes part of ↑East Greenland as Eric the Red's Land. 1933: After a rule by the International Court of Justice Norway withdraws. →1933
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Grenada
🇬🇩 Grenada - Grenada 1974: Grenada becomes an independent Commonwealth realm, retaining the British monarch as its head of state. ᐃ
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 * ||colspan=2|Grenada is a sovereign and internationally recognized Commonwealth realm.
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 * rowspan=13| ||Concepcion Island||1498: Cristoforo Colombo discovers for Castile (Spain) the island of Concepcion, but Spain doesn't start settling the island. The island is inhabited by Caribs.
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 * Grenada||1523: Concepcion Island is mapped as Granada.
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 * Grenada||1649: France establishes at Grenada, claimed but not colonized by Spain, the colony of Grenada, inhabited by Caribs, led by Chief Kairouane. 1664: Grenada is administered by the French West India Company.
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 * Martinique||1674: When Martinique becomes a possession of the French Crown, Grenada becomes a dependency.
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 * Grenada||1762: As part of the Seven Years' War Grenada is conquered by Great Britain.
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 * Southern Caribbean Islands||1764: Grenada, ↑Dominica, ↑Saint Vincent, and ↑Tobago are united by Great Britain into the Southern Caribbean Islands colony, administered from Grenada.
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 * Martinique||1779: France conquers Grenada and restores it to Martinique.
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 * Southern Caribbean Islands||1783: British rule over Grenada is restored. 1795: Rebels hold part of the island. 1796: The rebels are defeated. 1802: '' →1802
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 * Grenada||1802: The Southern Caribbean Islands colony is dissolved and continued by Grenada, →Dominica, and →Saint Vincent. ''→Tobago becomes French.
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 * Windward Islands||1833: Grenada, ↑Barbados, ↑Saint Lucia, ↑Saint Vincent and ↑Tobago form together the British Windward Islands. 1885 →Barbados is seceded from the Windward Islands 1899: Tobago is separated from the Windward Islands. 1940: ↑Dominica is separated from the Leeward Islands and becomes part of the colony of the Windward Islands.
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 * Grenada||1956: The Windward Islands are dissolved, restoring Grenada as a separate colony.
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 * West Indies Federation||1958: Grenada is united together with ↑Antigua (with ↑Montserrat, that becomes a separate province), ↑Barbados, ↑Dominica, ↑Jamaica (with the ↑Cayman Islands and the ↑Turks and Caicos Islands), ↑Saint Christopher (with Nevis and ↑Anguilla), ↑Saint Lucia, ↑Saint Vincent, and Trinidad and Tobago into the West Indies Federation in preparation of a joint independence.
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 * Grenada||1962: The West Indies Federation is dissolved, Grenada becomes a separate crown colony. 1967: Grenada becomes an associated state of the United Kingdom.


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Guadeloupe
''🇬🇵 Guadeloupe - Region of Guadeloupe
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 * ||colspan=2|''Guadeloupe is a a 🇫🇷 French overseas department and region.
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 * rowspan=9| ||Guadelupe||1502: Cristoforo Colombo lands at present-day Guadeloupe and claims it for Castile (Spain). The island is inhabited by Caribs.
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 * Guadeloupe||1635: The French Company of the American Islands starts the conquest of Guadeloupe, completed in 1641. 1664: The island is administered by the French West India Company. 1674: Guadeloupe becomes a possession of the French Crown with Saint Lucia as dependency. |1713: →Saint Martin is returned to France and becomes a dependency of Guadeloupe.
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 * Guadeloupe||1759: Guadeloupe is occupied by Great Britain.
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 * Guadeloupe||1763: Guadeloupe is returned to France.
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 * Guadeloupe||1794: Guadeloupe is occupied by Great Britain.
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 * Guadeloupe||1794: Guadeloupe is returned to France.
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 * Guadeloupe||1810: Guadeloupe is occupied by Great Britain.
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 * Guadeloupe||1813: Guadeloupe, hold by the United Kingdom, is occupied by Sweden.
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 * Guadeloupe||1814: Guadeloupe is occupied by Great Britain. 1816: The northern part of Saint Martin is returned to France and is administered as part of Guadeloupe. 1878: The Swedish Island of ↑Saint Barthélemy becomes part of Guadeloupe. 1940: The administration is loyal to Vichy France. 1943: The administration becomes loyal to the Free French. 1946: Guadeloupe becomes an overseas department, including Saint Martin and Saint Barthélemy. 1982: Guadeloupe becomes also an overseas region. 2007: →Saint Martin and Saint Barthélemy become separate overseas collectivities. ᐃ


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Guam
''🇬🇺 Guam - Guam
 * - valign=top
 * ||colspan=2|"Guam is a 🇺🇸 United States unincorporated organized territory.
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 * rowspan=4| ||Mariana Islands||See also the closely related history of the →Northern Mariana Islands. 1521: Fernão de Magalhães discovers the archipelago, with Guam and the present-day →Northern Mariana Islands for Spain. The islands are inhabited by Chamorro people. 1565: Spain claims the archipel as the Mariana Islands, including Guam, adds the archipelago to the Spanish East Indies.
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 * Guam||1898: Spain cedes Guam to the United States.
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 * occupied Guam||1941: Guam is occupied by'''Japan (named Omiyato).
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 * Guam||1944: Japan loses Guam, American rule is restored. 1950: Guam becomes an unincorporated organized territory of the United States. ᐃ


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Guantanamo Bay
''🇺🇸 Guantanamo Bay - Guantanamo Bay U.S. Naval Base
 * - valign=top
 * ||colspan=2|"Guantanamo Bay is a 🇺🇸 United States overseas naval base.
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 * rowspan=2| ||Cuba||See for the development before 1903 →Cuba.
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 * Guantanamo Bay||1903: The United States lease from newly independent Cuba Guantanamo Bay as a naval base. ᐃ


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Guatemala
🇬🇹 Guatemala - Republic of Guatemala
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 * ||colspan=2|Guatemala is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
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 * ||Guatemala||1524: Spain starts the conquest of present-day Guatemala, fighting the Maya kingdoms in the region. The conquest lasts until 1667. 1542: Spain establishes the Real Audiencia of Guatemala inside the Viceroyalty of New Spain, including also present-day Guatemala, →Costa Rica, →Honduras, →Nicaragua and →El Salvador. 1544: The →Archipelago of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina is placed under the administration of the Captaincy General of Guatemala. 1628: England starts to colonize the →Archipelago of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina. 1609: The Captaincy General of Guatemala as a province of New Spain is established. 1641: Spain conquers the English ↑Providence Colony and adds the archipelago of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina to Guatemala. 1803: The archipelago of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina is transfered from Guatemala to the →Viceroyalty of New Granada. 1821: Following the Mexican War of Independence, Guatemala becomes part of independent Mexico in 1822. 1824: Guatemala joins Central America. 1839: Guatemala becomes fully independent. ᐃ


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Guernsey
''🇬🇬 Guernsey - Bailiwick of Guernsey 1945: Guernsey is liberated. ᐃ
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 * ||colspan=2|''Guernsey is a 🇬🇧 British British crown dependency.
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 * ||Guernsey||1259: When England cedes its claim to Duchy of Normandy, Guernsey becomes an English crown dependency. 1801: Great Britain is continued by the United Kingdom. 1940: Guernsey is occupied by Nazi Germany.


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Guinea
🇬🇳 Guinea - Republic of Guinea
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 * ||colspan=2|Guinea is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
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 * rowspan=4|1/2||Southern Rivers||1849: France establishes a protectorate over the coastal region of present-day Guinea, known as the Southern Rivers settlements.
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 * Gorée and dependencies||1854: →Gorée is separated from Senegal and a the separate Colony of Gorée and Dependencies is established, including the Southern Rivers Settlements, →French Gabon, and the →French Gold Coast.
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 * Southern Rivers||1859: The colony of Gorée and dependencies is dissolved. The Southern Rivers are re-established. 1882: The Southern Rivers settlements are re-organized into the Southern Rivers Territory. 1883: French Gabon is separated from Ivory Coast. The privatized area at the ↑Ivory Coast becomes part of the Southern Rivers Territory. 1885: Germany cedes its rights to ↑Kapitaï and Koba to France. 1889: The →Ivory Coast is seceded from the Southern Rivers Territory. 1891: The territory becomes the Southern Rivers Colony.
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 * French Guinea||1893: The Southern Rivers Colony is renamed into French Guinea. 1898: The French forces defeat emperor Samori Ture of the Wassoulou Empire. 1904: French Guinea becomes part of French West Africa. 1940: The administration is loyal to Vichy France. 1942: The administration supports the Free French. 1946: France establishes the French Union, of which French West Africa becomes a constituent part. 1958: In a plebiscite Guinea votes not to join the French Community and becomes independent as Guinea. ᐃ
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 * 2/2||Kapitaï and Koba||1884: The German trader Friedrich Colin acquires for Germany Kapitaï and Koba, a.k.a. Dembiah or Colinsland. 1885: Germany cedes its rights to France. →1885
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Guinea-Bissau
🇬🇼 Guinea-Bissau - Republic of Guinea-Bissau
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 * ||colspan=2|Guinea-Bissau is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
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 * rowspan=5|1/3||Guinea||around 1456: Portugal discovers and claims Guinea of Cape Verde. 1588: Portugal creates the settlement of Cacheu in the area of the Kaabu Kingdom.
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 * Cacheu||1614: Cacheu becomes a Portuguese colony, subject to Cape Verde.
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 * Cacheu||1624: Cacheu is occupied by the Netherlands.
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 * Cacheu||1630: Cacheu is restored to Portugal. 1640: Cacheu becomes the Captaincy of Cacheu. 1696: The Captaincy of →Bissau is separated from Cacheu.
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 * Portuguese Guinea||1852: Cacheu and ↑Bissau are united. 1867: The Kaabu Kingdom seems to be surpressed by Portugal. 1870: ↑Bolama is annexed to Portugal. 1879: Bissau and Cacheu are separated from Cape Verde as the Colony of Portuguese Guinea. 1951: Portuguese Guinea becomes the Overseas Province of Portuguese Guinea. 1973: Separatist declare the province as part of the Guinea-Bissau War of Independence independent as the Guinea-Bissau. 1974: Portugal recognizes the independence. ᐃ
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 * rowspan=2|2/3||Bissau||1696: The Captaincy of Bissau is separated from ↑Cacheu. 1707: Bissau is abandoned.
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 * Bissau||1753: Bissau becomes a Portuguese colony, subject to Cape Verde. Bissau and →Cacheu are united. →1852
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 * 3/3||''Sierra Leone||1860: The British declare Bolama annexed to Sierra Leone. 1870: Bolama is annexed to Portugal. →1870


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Guyana
🇬🇾 Guyana - Co-operative Republic of Guyana
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 * ||colspan=2|Guyana is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
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 * rowspan=2|1/4||Pomeroon||1581: Colonists from the Dutch province of Zeeland found a colony at Pomeroon. The region is inhabited by Caribs. 1596: Pomeroon is destroyed by local Indians and Spaniards.
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 * Pomeroon||1657: The Dutch West India Company (WIC) re-establishes Pomeroon, subordinate to →Essequibo. 1666: The Guiana colonies are known as Dutch Guiana. 1689: Pomeroon is integrated into Essequibo. →1689
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 * rowspan=7|2/4||Essequibo||1616: The Zeeland branch of the Dutch West India Company (WIC) establishes the Colony of Essequibo. 1666: The Guiana colonies are known as Dutch Guiana. 1689: ↑Pomeroon is integrated into Essequibo.
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 * Essequibo||1781: Essequibo is occupied by British forces.
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 * Essequibo||1782: France conquers Essequibo, occupied by Great Britain.
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 * Essequibo||1784: Essequibo is restored to the Dutch. 1792: The WIC is dissolved and its possessions are nationalized by the Dutch Republic.
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 * Essequibo||1796: Essequibo is occupied by British forces.
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 * Essequibo||1802: Essequibo is restored to the Batavian Republic.
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 * Essequibo||1803: The British occupy Essequibo. 1814: Essequibo becomes part of Demerara-Essequibo. →1814
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 * rowspan=7|3/4||Berbice||1666: The Dutch West India Company (WIC) establishes the Colony of Berbice. The Guiana colonies are known as Dutch Guiana. 1720: Berbice is administered by the Society of Berbice.
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 * Berbice||1781: Berbice is occupied by British forces.
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 * Berbice||1782: France conquers Berbice, occupied by Great Britain.
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 * Berbice||1784: Berbice is restored to the Dutch. 1795: The Netherlands are reorganized into the Batavian Republic, that takes over the administration of Berbice.
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 * Berbice||1796: Berbice is occupied by British forces.
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 * Berbice||1802: Berbice is restored to the Batavian Republic.
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 * Berbice||1803: The British occupy Berbice. 1814: The British colony of Berbice is established. 1815: The Netherlands officially cede Berbice to the United Kingdom. 1831: Demerara-Essequibo and Berbice are united as the colony of British Guiana. →1831
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 * rowspan=9|4/4||Demerara||1750: The Dutch West India Company (WIC) establishes as one of the Dutch Guiana colonies Demerara, subordinate to Essequibo.
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 * Demerara||1782: France conquers Demerara, occupied by Great Britain.
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 * Demerara||1784: Demerara is restored to the Dutch. 1792: The WIC is dissolved and its possessions are nationalized by the Dutch Republic.
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 * Demerara||1781: Demerara is occupied by British forces.
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 * Demerara||1796: Demerara is occupied by British forces.
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 * Demerara||1802: Demerara is restored to the Batavian Republic.
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 * Demerara||1803: The British occupy Demerara.
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 * Demerara-Essequibo||1814: The British merge Demerara and ↑Essequibo into the colony of Demerara-Essequibo is established. 1815: The Netherlands officially cede Demerara and Essequibo to the United Kingdom.
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 * British Guiana||1831: Demerara-Essequibo and ↑Berbice are united as the colony of British Guiana. 1961: British Guiana gets self-rule. 1966: Guyana becomes an independent Commonwealth realm, retaining the British monarch as its head of state, until 1970. ᐃ


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Haiti
🇭🇹 Haiti - Republic of Haiti
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 * ||colspan=2|Haiti is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
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 * rowspan=4|1/3||Hispañola||1492: Cristoforo Colombo reaches for Castile (Spain) the island which gets named Hispañola, a.k.a. La Española. The island is inhabited by Taíno. 1493: Spain starts settling on the island.
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 * Santo Domingo||1511: Spain establishes on Hispañola the Captaincy General of Santo Domingo, including Cuba. 1519: Santo Domingo is incorporated into the Viceroyalty of New Spain. 1638: Spain occupies French ↑Tortuga Island. 1639: Spain loses →Tortuga Island to France. 1640: France starts establishing itself in the western part of the →island.''
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 * Saint-Domingue||1640: France starts establishing itself in the western part of Spanish ↑Santo Domingo. 1664: France unites its part of Saint-Domingue with ↑Tortuga Island, establishing the colony of Tortuga Island and the Coast of Saint-Domingue. 1697: The cession to France of the western part as Saint-Domingue is recognized in the Treaty of Rijswijk. 1791: Self-liberated Slaves start the Haitian Revolution against French colonial rule. 1795: Spanish ↑Santo Domingo is taken over by France and added to Saint-Domingue. 1804: Saint-Domingue becomes independent as Haiti. The eastern part is restored to Spain in 1809. 1822: ↑Spanish Haiti is annexed to Haiti. 1844: The Eastern part of Haiti becomes independent as the →Dominican Republic
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 * Haiti||1915: The United States intervene in Haïti and occupy the country. The Haitian–American Convention grants the United States the right to provide security in and administer the finances of Haiti, making it an U.S. protecorate. 1934: The United States withdraw from Haïti restoring the independence of Haiti. ᐃ
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 * rowspan=4|2/3||Tortuga||1633: France establishes a settlement on Tortuga. 1634: The settlements becomes a possession of the Compagnie des Isles d'Amerique.
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 * Santo Domingo||1638: Spain occupies French Tortuga Island.
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 * Tortuga||1639: French rule on Tortuga Island is restored. 1641: France takes control over the English colony at ↑Tortuga.
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 * Tortuga 1651|Tortuga||1651: 1651: The ownership of Tortuga is transfered by the French Islands of America Company to the Knights Hospitaller. 1664: Tortuga is purchased by the French West India Company. →1664
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 * 3/3||Tortuga||1639: The English establish a colony on part of †Tortuga. 1641: The colony falls to France. →1641.


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Honduras
🇭🇳 Honduras - Republic of Honduras
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 * ||colspan=2|Honduras is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
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 * 1/4||Guatemala||1502: Cristoforo Colombo makes landfall and starts the colonization for Castile (Spain). 1524: Spain starts the conquest of Hondura, fighting the Maya kingdoms in the region. The conquest lasts until 1539. 1542: Spain establishes the Real Audiencia of Guatemala inside the Viceroyalty of New Spain, including also present-day →Guatemala, →Costa Rica, Honduras, →Nicaragua and →El Salvador. 1609: The Captaincy General of Guatemala as a province of New Spain is established. 1787: The ↑Kingdom of Mosquito is annexed by Spain. 1803: The Mosquito Coast is transfered to →New Granada. 1821: Following the Mexican War of Independence, Honduras becomes part of independent Mexico in 1822. The ↑Mosquito Coast is integrated into Mexico, but remains disputed with Colombia. 1824: Honduras joins Central America. 1838: Honduras becomes independent. 1859/1860: The ↑Bay Islands are ceded by the United Kingdom to Honduras. 197 972: The United States leave the ↑Swan Islands to Honduras. ᐃ
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 * rowspan=3|2/4||Mosquito||1638: Part of ↑Honduras becomes part of the Kingdom of Mosquito, an English protecorate, inhabited by Miskito people. 1787: The Kingdom of Mosquito is annexed by Spain. →1787
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 * Guatemala||1787: The Kingdom of Mosquito is annexed by Spain.
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 * New Granada||1803: The Mosquito Coast is transfered to New Granada. 1822: After the independence of Colombia, the Mosquito Coast becomes part of Mexico. This is disputed by Colombia. →1822
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 * rowspan=3|3/4||Bay Islands||1638: The English Providence Company establishes a settlement on Roatán Island, populated by Pech people. 1650: The Spanish destroy the settlements.
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 * Bay Islands||1742: Great-Britain resettles the Bay Islands. 1782: Spain destroys the main settlement, Port Royal, and the islands are abandoned by the British.
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 * Bay Islands||1839: The United Kingdom re-claims the Bay Islands. 1852: The United Kingdom establishes the Crown Colony of the Bay Islands, subordinated to Jamaica. 1859/1860: The Bay Islands are ceded to Honduras. →1859
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 * 4/4||Swan Islands||1863: The United States annexes the Swan Islands, disputed by Honduras. 197 972: The United States drop their claim on the islands and leave them to Honduras. →1971


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Hungary
🇭🇺 Hungary - Hungary
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 * rowspan=2| ||Hungary||1529: The Ottoman Empire conquers parts of Hungary and establishes a Kingdom of Hungary under Ottoman suzerainity.
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 * Ottoman Empire||1541: Part of Hungary is annexed to the Ottoman Empire. 1699: The Ottomans are defeated and Hungary becomes part of Austria. 1867: Austria is reorganized into Austria-Hungary. 1918: Hungary becomes independent. ᐃ
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Iceland
🇮🇸 Iceland - Iceland
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 * rowspan=3| ||Iceland||1262: With the Old Covenant Iceland is brought under the Norwegian throne. 1516:Norway becomes subordinated to Denmark. 1809: The Danish adventurer Jørgen Jørgensen arrests the governor of Iceland and declares himself protector. He is overthrown by a British intervention.
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 * Iceland||1814: At the dissolution of the personal union of Denmark and Norway, Denmark acquires ↑Iceland. 1809: The Danish adventurer Jørgen Jørgensen arrests the governor of Iceland and declares himself protector. He is overthrown by a British intervention. 1814: At the dissolution of the personal union of Denmark and Norway, Denmark acquires Iceland. 1874: Denmark grants Iceland homerule. 1904: Iceland is granted extended home rule with a government responsible to the parliament. 1918: Iceland becomes independent in a personal union with Denmark. 1944: Iceland becomes a republic. ᐃ
 * Iceland||1814: At the dissolution of the personal union of Denmark and Norway, Denmark acquires ↑Iceland. 1809: The Danish adventurer Jørgen Jørgensen arrests the governor of Iceland and declares himself protector. He is overthrown by a British intervention. 1814: At the dissolution of the personal union of Denmark and Norway, Denmark acquires Iceland. 1874: Denmark grants Iceland homerule. 1904: Iceland is granted extended home rule with a government responsible to the parliament. 1918: Iceland becomes independent in a personal union with Denmark. 1944: Iceland becomes a republic. ᐃ


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India
🇮🇳 India - Republic of India
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 * 1/12||(Portuguese) India||1505: After having landed in Calicut in 1497, Portugal starts creating Portuguese settlements, starting in the Kingdom of Cochin, creating the colony named State of India, part of the time also known as Vice-royalty of Portuguese India. During the upcoming centuries Portuguese India includes many settlements at the Indian coast, as well as present-day Sri Lanka, the Maldives and the Laccadive Islands. 1510: Portugal conquers Goa in the Bijapur Sultanate.. 1608: The Dutch gradually take over part of the Portuguese possessions at →Coromandel. Around that time Portugal loses its possessions in Bengal, where they are succeeded by the →Dutch. 1946: The Portuguese possessions become an overseas province of Portugal. 1961: India invades and conquers Goa and annexes Portuguese India. →1961
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 * rowspan=3|2/12|||Coromandel||1608: The Vijayanagara Empire allows the Dutch United East India Company (VOC) to settle at Coromandel. The Dutch gradually take over part of the Portuguese possessions in India, creating Dutch India. 1610: The VOC establishes the governorate of Dutch Coromandel. 1693: The Dutch occupy French →Pondicherry. 1699: Pondicherry is returned to →France.
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 * British India||1795: The British occupy the Dutch possessions in India.
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 * Coromandel||1814: With the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814 ↑Coromandel is returned to the'''Netherlands. 1825: As a result of the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824 the Dutch possessions in India are ceded to the United Kingdom. →1825
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 * rowspan=3|3/12||Suratte||1616: The Dutch United East India Company (VOC) establishes a directorate at Suratte in the Mughal Empire.
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 * British India||1795: The British occupy the Dutch possessions in India.
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 * Suratte||1814: With the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814 ↑Suratte is returned to the Netherlands. 1825: As a result of the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824 the Dutch possessions in India are ceded to the United Kingdom. →1825
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 * rowspan=2|4/12||East India||1619: With the establishment of a settlement at Suratte the English ] in the Mughal Empire colonization by the English]] East India Company starts. 1639: Madras becomes a settlement of the East India Company. c. 1690: England founds Calcutta. 1757: The British East India Company defeats in the Battle of Plassey the Mughal Empire and conquers Bengal. 1761: The British destroy French Pondicherry. Mahé is occupied by Cannanore. 1765: Pondicherry and Mahe are returned to France. The same year the British grant the administration of Bengal as the Bengal Presidency to the East India Company.
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 * British India||1773: All East India Company settlements are brought under the rule of the British crown. 1778: ↑French India is occupied by the British. 1781: With the Siege of Negapatam Great Britain conquers part of Dutch Coromandel. 1785: French India is restored to →France. 1793: ↑French India is occupied by the British. 1785: The British occupy Dutch ↑Coromandel, ↑Suratte, ↑Bengal, and ↑Malabar. In the upcoming years the French possessions are occupied by Great Britain. 1808: The British occupy ↑Danish India. 1814: With the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814 →Coromandel, →Suratte, and →Bengal are returned to the Netherlands. 1815: →Danish India is restored to Denmark. 1816: After the conclusion of the wars between the United Kingdom and France, the French establishments are returned to →France. 1818: The Third Anglo-Maratha War leads to the conquest of the Maratha Empire, being annexed by the East India Company. It also leads to the Mughal Empire becoming a de facto British protectorate. With the First Anglo-Burmese War the United Kingdom starts the colonization of various portions of →Burmese territories. 1825: As a result of the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824 the Dutch possessions in India (↑Coromandel, ↑Suratte, and Bengal)are ceded to the United Kingdom. 1845: ↑Danish India is sold by Denmark to the United Kingdom. 1858: After having supported the anti-British Indian Rebellion of 1857, emperor Bahadur Shah Zafar of the Mughal Empire is deposed. The Mughal Empire is annexed by the United Kingdom. The same goes for all East India Company areas. All British dependencies and protectorates in India are united into the British Raj, a structure comprising British India (a quasi-federation of presidencies and provinces directly governed by the British Crown and the Princely states, governed by Indian rulers, under the suzerainty of the British Crown. 1861: The Kingdom of Sikkim becomes a British protectorate, until 1890 also a protectorate of Tibet. 1868: The ↑Frederick's Islands, abandoned by Denmark since 1845, are sold by Denmark to the United Kingdom. 1877: British India is styled Empire of India. 1918: Sikkim gets full internal autonomy. 1919: With the Government of India Act, 1919, British India gets more autonomy. 1936: The Government of India Act 1935 provides for self-government. Aden is separated from India. 1937: →Burma is separated from India. 1942: Japan conquers the →Andaman and Nicobar Islands. 1943: Japan establish as puppet state →Azad Hind (Free India) at the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. 1945: Japan and Free India are defeated. 1947: British India is partitioned between the independent states of India and →Pakistan. India becomes an independent Commonwealth realm, retaining the British monarch as its head of state, until 1950, when it becomes a republic. Most of the princely states become at that moment part of India or Pakistan, except for Junagadh and Hyderabad. Jammu and Kashmir wants to remain independent, but joins the same year after a Pakistani attack India. France cedes part of ↑French India to India. Sikkim becomes independent. 1948: Hyderabad and Junagadh are annexed to India. 1954: The remaining parts of ↑French India are annexed to India. 1961: ↑Portuguese India is annexed to India. 1975: Sikkim is annexed to India. ᐃ
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 * rowspan=4|5/12||Danish India||1620: The Danish East Indian Company (ØIK) purchases Tranquebar from the sultan of Thanjavur and establishes Fort Dansborg as first settlement of Danish India. 1650: Danish India is abandoned and left to Thanjavur'''
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 * Danish India||1670: Danish East India Company rule in former Danish India is restored. 1729: Danish India is nationalized. 1732: Danish India is ruled by Asiatic Company. 1755: From Fort Dansborg the factory of Frederiknagore is established by Denmark. 1756: Denmark colonizes the →Nicobar Islands as the Frederick's Islands. 1777: Danish India is nationalized. 1778: Austria acquires part of the Nicobar Islands as →Theresia Island. 1783: Austria abandons ↑Theresia Island and leaves it to Denmark.
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 * British India||1808: The British occupy the Danish possessions in India.
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 * Danish India||1815: Danish India is restored to Denmark. 1845: Danish India is sold to the United Kingdom, with the execption of the →Frederick's Islands. →1845
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 * rowspan=3|6/12||Dutch Bengal||1627: The Dutch United East India Company (VOC) establishes trading posts at the Ganges River, both in present-day India and →Bangladesh. The area was earlier settled by ↑Portugal. 1655: The VOC establishes the directorate of Dutch Bengal around the trading posts at the Ganges.
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 * British India||1795: The British occupy the Dutch possessions in India.
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 * Dutch Bengal||1814: With the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814 ↑Dutch Bengal is returned to the Netherlands. 1825: As a result of the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824 the Dutch possessions in India are ceded to the United Kingdom. →1825
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 * 7/12|||Malabar||1661: The Dutch United East India Company (VOC) establishes a commandment at Malabar in another part of India, making the Kingdom of Cochin de facto a Dutch puppet state. 1741: The Dutch lose the Travancore–Dutch War against the Kingdom of Travancore, stopping the Dutch expansion in Malabar. 1795: The British occupy the Dutch possessions in India. 1814: With the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814 Malabar is ceded to the United Kingdom. →1795
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 * rowspan=5|8/12||French India||See also the colonization by →Portugal (1505), the →Netherlands (1608), →England (1619), →Denmark (1620), and →Austria (1723). 1668: The French East India Company starts establishing settlements in India, starting in Surat in the Mughal Empire. 1673: France acquires Pondicherry in the Sultanate of Bijapur. 1686: Chandernagore is acquired. 1693: The Dutch occupy Pondicherry. 1699: Pondicherry is restored to France. 1720: The French settlement of Surat is overtaken by the British. 1723: France establishes a colony at Yanaon. 1724: The French conquer Mahé. 1727: Yanaon is abandoned. 1731: France re-establishes a colony at Yanaon. 1739: France acquieres Karaikal. 1761: The British destroy Pondicherry. Mahé is occupied by Cannanore. 1765: Pondicherry and Mahé are returned to France. 1769: The possessions of the French East India Company become direct French possessions.
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 * British India||1778: The British occupy French India.
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 * French India||1785: French India is restored to France. 1793: French India is occupied by the British. →1793
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 * British India||1793: The British occupy French India.
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 * French India||1816: After the conclusion of the wars between the United Kingdom and France, the French establishments are returned to France as the French establishments in India, a.k.a. French India. 1871: French India gets a form of self government. 1940: The administration of French India is loyal to Vichy France. The same year it shifts to the Free French. 1947: France cedes part of French India to newly independent →India. 1950: Another part of French India is ceded to India. 1954: The transfer to India is completed. →1954
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 * 9/12||Austrian India||1723: The Austrian Ostend Company establishes settlements in the Mughal Empire. 1744: Austria abandons its Indian settlements and leaves them to the Mughal Empire. →1744
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 * rowspan=3|10/12||Frederick's Islands||1756: Denmark colonizes the Nicobar Islands as the Frederick's Islands, subordinated to →Danish India. 1777: Danish India is nationalized. 1778: Austria acquires part of the Nicobar Islands as →Theresia Island. 1783: Austria abandons ↑Theresia Island and leaves it to Denmark.
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 * British India||1808: The British occupy the Frederick's Islands.
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 * Frederick's Islands|||1815: The Frederick's Islands are restored to Denmark. 1845: When ↑Danish India is sold to the United Kingdom, the Frederick's Islands are abandoned, but the Danes claim the islands. 1868: The claim is sold to Great Britain. →1868
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 * 11/12||Theresia Island||1778: Austria acquires part of the ↑Frederick's Islands as Theresia Island. 1783: Austria abandons Theresia Island and leaves it to Denmark. →1783
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 * rowspan=2|12/12||occupied India||1942: Japan conquers the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.
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 * Azad Hind''||1943: Japan establish as puppet state Free India at the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. 1945: Japan and Free India are defeated and British rule is restored. →1945


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Indonesia
🇮🇩 Indonesia - Republic of Indonesia
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 * 1/7|||Spicy Islands||1512: Portugal begins to colonize the independent Banda Islands. 1520: Portugal establishes a colony at the island of Solor. 1576/1578: Portugal establishes settlements at Ambon, and Tidore in the Maluku Islands. 1605: The VOC defeats the Portuguese in the Maluku Islands. 1655: With the conquest of Makassar the Portuguese are defeated in Celebes. →1655
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 * rowspan=4|2/7||Dutch East Indies||1596: The first Dutch colonists arrive at Sumatra in present-day Indonesia. 1602: The Dutch United East India Company (VOC) starts to establish setttlements. 1603: Both the VOC and the English East India Company establish settlements in Banten. 1605: The VOC defeats the Portuguese in the Maluku Islands. The same year the Dutch start the colonization of Celebes. 1610: The Netherlands establish the Dutch East Indies, also rendered as Netherlands East Indies, under VOC rule. 1611: The VOC establishes several trading posts in Java and Sumatra. 1619: The VOC conquer Jakarta and establish Batavia. 1621: The Banda Islands are conquered by the Dutch. 1623: The English withdraw from the archipelago. 1655: With the conquest of Makassar the ↑Portuguese are defeated in Celebes. 1663: Spain withdraws from the area and leaves their ↑possessions to the Netherlands. 1665: The Dutch bring the Sultanate of Bone on Celebes under their control. 1680: The Sultanate of Mataram becomes a VOC vassal state. 1682: ↑Bantam is conquered by the VOC. 1704: After the First Javanese War of Succession sultan Pakubuwono of the Sultanate of Mataram grants parts of its territory on Java and Madura to the VOC. 1755: Mataram is partitioned into the Yogyakarta Sultanate and the Surakarta Sunanate. 1796: The VOC is nationalized. 1796: Great Britain occupies part of the archipelago. 1800: The bankrupt VOC is formally dissolved. 1801: The colony comes under direct rule as Dutch East Indies. 1808: Bantam is included in the colony.
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 * French East Indies||1810: When the Netherlands are annexed by France, the Dutch authorities in the East Indies adhere to France. Most of the Dutch East Indies remain occupied by the United Kingdom
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 * Dutch East Indies||1814/1817: After France is defeated, the Dutch East Indies are restored to the Netherlands. Dutch East Indies is ruled as a conglomerate of direct Dutch possessions and protectorates. 1825: As a result of the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824 ↑Bencoolen is ceded to the Netherlands. Dutch rule over Sumatra is recognized by the United Kingdom. 1828: After earlier European attempts to settle, Western New Guinea is claimed as part of Dutch India. 1849: With the Treaty of Kuta Bali gets under Dutch rule. 1873: The Dutch start the Aceh War to conquer Aceh. 1891: The Dutch extend their rule in their part of Borneo. 1903: Aceh is declared conquered. 1906: The Dutch destroy the southern Bali kingdom of Badung and Tabanan. 1913: The Riau-Lingga Sultanate is fully extinguished by the Netherlands colonial government. 1918: A advisory people's council is established. 1925: The people's coouncil gets semi-legislative tasks. 1941: The Netherlands declare war on Japan. 1942: Japan defeats the Dutch and allies at the Battle of the Java Sea, leading to the Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies. 1945: Japan is defeated and the area is occupied by the allied British and Australian forces. In part of the area, independence proclaimed as Indonesia, later the Republic of Indonesia. The Indonesian War of Independence starts. 1946: The allied forces turn over the archipelago to the Netherlands. 1947: In the Linggadjati Agreement the Netherlands recognize the Republic of Indonesia as the de facto authority in Java, Madura and Sumatra.
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 * Indonesia||1948: The Dutch East Indies are renamed into Indonesia. 1949: Indonesia with the exception of →Netherlands New Guinea becomes independent. 1963: ↑West Papua is annexed to Indonesia. 1975: ↑East Timor is annexed to Indonesia. 1999: Indonesia rescinds the annexation of →East Timor. ᐃ
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 * 3/7||East India||1603: The English East India Company establishes a station, later a factory on Bantam. 1616: After an earlier attempt, England settles on the Banda island of Run. 1621: The English are expelled from Bantam and Run.. 1628: The factory at Bantam is restored. 1667: England formally cedes its claim to the Dutch. 1682: The English are definitely expelled from Bantam by the Dutch. →1682
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 * 4/7|||Spanish East Indies||1606: Spain conquers some settlements (e.g. Ternate and Tidore) from the →Portugese and adds them to the Spanish East Indies. 1663: Spain withdraws from the area and leaves them to the Netherlands. →1663
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 * rowspan=2|5/7||Fort York||1685: England establishes Fort York under its East India Company, subordinate to Madras.
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 * Bencoolen||1760: Fort Marlborourgh, successor of Fort York, becomes the British Presidency of Bencoolen. 1785: Bencoolen gets subordinated to Bengal. 1825: As a result of the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824 Bencoolen is ceded to the Netherlands. →1825
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 * 6/7||Dutch East Indies||1796: Great Britain occupies part of the ↑Dutch East Indies. 1810: The Dutch East Indies are formally annexed by France as result of the annexation of the Netherlands by France, most of the Dutch East Indies are occupied by the United Kingdom. 1814/1817: After France is defeated, the Dutch East Indies are restored to the Netherlands. →1814
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 * rowspan=3|7/7||Netherlands New Guinea||1949: Netherlands New Guinea is separated from →Indonesia and becomes a separate colony.
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 * West Papua||1961: Netherlands New Guinea is renamed into West Papua.
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 * West New Guinea||1962: West Papua is as West New Guinea brought under the administration of the United Nations Temporary Executive Authority (UNTEA). 1963: West Papua becomes part of Indonesia. →1963


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Iran
🇮🇷 Iran - Islamic Republic of Iran 728 BCE: Kingdom of the Medes (Scythian rule 653-625). 550 BCE: Persian (Achaemenid) Empire. 330 BCE: Part of Macedonian (Greek) Empire. 312 BCE: Part of Seleucid Empire 247 BCE: Parthian Empire 224: Sassanid (Aryan) Empire 649 - 867: Arab rule. 902 - 1118: Fragmentation into several states (incl. Khurasan, Tabristan, Kerman [to 1308], Mazandaran [to 1475], Sistan [to c.1500], Fars [934-1287], Azerbaijan [to 1230], Shiraz [1314-1393], Gilan [to 1060], Daylam [to 1062], and Jibal [to 1141]). 1118                      Part of Seljuk Sultanate. 1194 - 1221               Fragmentation into many states (s.a.), Khwarazam dominant power. 1221                      Mongol domination of local vassal states. 1295                      (Mongol) Il-Khan Empire. 1343 - 1380               Period of fragmentation. 1379                      Timurid Empire (under Tamerlane 1379-1405). 1449 - 1458               Another period of fragmentation. 1466 - Jul/Aug 1501       Renewed period of fragmentation. 1501              Kingdom or Empire of Persia (literally "The [God-] Protected Realms of Iran"). Sep 1507 - Jan 1508       Portuguese occupy Hormuz. 1 Apr 1515 - 3 May 1622  Portuguese occupy Hormuz. 12 Oct 1722 - 13 Nov 1729 Afghan occupation and rule. 12 Sep 1723 - 1734        Gilan, Mazandaran and Astarabad annexed to Russia. 1725 - 1729               Luristan and Persian Azerbaijan (Tabriz) regions occupied by the Ottoman Empire. 9 May 1755 - Apr 1803    Shah Esmail Rokh of Afshar dynasty loses control of Persia, but retains control in Khorasan. 1792 - 1868               Bandar 'Abbas leased to Muscat and Oman. 9 Dec 1856 - 4 Apr 1857  British occupy Bushehr (and Mohammerah on 27 Mar 1857 and Ahvaz on 1 Apr 1857). 31 Aug 1907 - 8 Nov 1917  Russia and (to 8 Aug 1919) U.K. partition Persia into spheres  of influence. Nov 1914 – 8 Aug 1919     British occupation (originally only in Abadan, Bushire and few other locations in the south and east of Persia; in May 1918 also replaced Russian  in north and west), British troops left by Feb 1921 Nov 1914 – 3 Mar 1918     Russian occupation of the north and west of Persia (to Nov 1915 only in Persian Azerbaijan), Russian  troops left by May 1918. Jul 1916 - Mar 1917       Ottoman occupation of Kermanshah and Hamedan area. 1919 - 1921               De facto British protectorate. 5 Jun 1920 - 23 Oct 1921 Secession of Gilan region. 21 Mar 1935               English name "Persia" officially changed to Iran. 25 Aug 1941 - 2 Mar 1946  Occupied by Britain and Soviet Union (to May 1946) (see under Iraq for British commanders). 12 Dec 1945 - 12 Dec 1946 Azerbaijan autonomous. 22 Jan 1946 - 15 Dec 1946 Kurdistan autonomous. 5 Feb 1979               Iran (monarchy formally abolished 11 Feb 1979). 1 Apr 1979               Islamic Republic of Iran
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 * 1/3||Gombroon||1514: The port of Gombroon in Safavid Persia is conquered by Portugal, that establishes a colony. 1614: Combroon is conquered by an alliance of Persian and English forces. Persia annexes the city as Bandar Abbas. 1622: Persia re-conquers →Hormuz. →1907
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 * 2/3||Hormuz||1515: Portugal occupies the territory of the Kingdom of Hormuz, making it a Portuguese protectorate. 1622: The Portuguese are defeated by an alliance of Persian and English forces, leading to the abandonment by the Portuguese. Hormuz becomes part of Persia. →1622
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 * 3/3||Persia||1907: With the Anglo-Russian Convention Russia and the United Kingdom create spheres of influence in ↑Persia, regardless of her national sovereignty. 1918: The new rulers in Russia renounce the convention, ending the spheres of influence in Persia. Persia restores it full independence as Persia.br>1935: Persia names itself in English Iran. ᐃ


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Iraq
🇮🇶 Iraq - Republic of Iraq
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 * ||colspan=2|Iraq is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
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 * rowspan=5| ||Ottoman Empire||1534: Mesopotamia, present-day Iraq, is after a long war with Persia annexed to the Ottoman Empire. 1623: Mesopotamia is occupied by Persia.
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 * Ottoman Empire||1747: Mesopotamia is ruled by an autonomous Mamelike dynasty inside the Ottoman Empire. 1831: Direct Ottoman rule is restored.
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 * Ottoman Empire||1917/1918: As part of the campaign in World War I against the Ottoman Empire Arab, French and British forces conquer Mesopotamia. The area is placed under British occupation. 1920: The League of Nations intends to award the area under mandate to the United Kingdom in the British Mandate of Mesopotamia. A revolt breaks out against the British occupation. The revolt is surpressed.
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 * Iraq||1921: The British create in their part of the occupied ↑Ottoman Empire the Kingdom of Iraq under British Administration and appoint Faisal bin Hussein as king of Iraq. 1932: Iraq becomes independent.
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 * Iraq||2003: After an invasion ↑Iraq is occupied by an international coalition, that establishes a Coalition Provisional Authority. 2004: The independence of Iraq is restored, supported by the forces of the international coalition. ᐃ
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Ireland
🇮🇪 Ireland - Ireland
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 * ||colspan=2|Ireland is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
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 * rowspan=4| ||Ireland||See also the closely related history of →Northern Ireland. 1171: King Henry II of England lands in Ireland and begins the English claim to and occupation of Ireland. Ireland is populated by Gaelic trinbes. 1201: Ulaid is defeated and has to accept the lord of Ireland as overlord. 1542: Ireland becomes a the Kingdom of Ireland with king Henry VIII of England as king of Ireland. 1632: Ireland annexes the last parts of Leinster, completing the full conquest of Ireland.
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 * England||1649: With the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland, Ireland] is integrated into the Commonwealth of England.
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 * Ireland||1660: The Commonwealth is defeated and the kingdom of Ireland is restored with king Charles II in a personal union with England and Scotland.
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 * United Kingdom||1801: Ireland merges into the United Kingdom under king George III. 1918: The separatist Irish Republic controls part of Ireland. 1919: After the declaration of independence of the Irish Republic, the Irish War of Independence start. 1922: Ireland becomes a self-governing dominion of the United Kingdom. →Northern Ireland remains part of the United Kingdom. 1937: Ireland becomes a independent dominion. ᐃ


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Israel
🇮🇱 Israel - State of Israel
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 * ||colspan=2|Israel is a sovereign republic, recognized by most countries with the exception of 31 countries.
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 * rowspan=6| ||Jerusalem||1099: crusaders conquer from the Fatimid Caliphate Palestine and establishes after the conquest of Jerusalem the Kingdom of Jerusalem. 1187: Jerusalem is conquered by the Mamluk Sultanate.
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 * Jerusalem||1191: The crusaders restore the Kingdom of Jerusalem. 1291: The Kingdom is conquered by the Mamluk Sultanate.
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 * Ottoman Empire||1516: The Ottoman Empire conquers and annexes large parts of the Mamluk Sultanate, including Palestine.
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 * Ottoman Empire||1916/1918: As part of the campaign in World War I against the Ottoman Empire Arab, and British forces conquer ↑Palestine. The area is placed under the Occupied Enemy Territory Administration.
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 * Palestine||1920: The League of Nations awards Palestine in the occupied ↑Ottoman Empire under mandate to the United Kingdom in the British Mandate of Palestine. 1947: A civil war starts in the mandate between Arab and Jewish inhabitants. 1948: The Jewish community declares the independence of Israel. This leads to the Arab-Israeli War and the occupation of parts of Palestine by Transjordan and Egypt. 1967: Israel occupies the →Westbank and Gaza. 1988: Palestine declares its independence, not recognized by Israel. 1994: The administration over Gaza and parts of the Westbank are handed over to the →Palestinian National Autority. ᐃ
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Italy
🇮🇹 Italy - Italian Republic
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 * ||colspan=2|Italy is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
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 * rowspan=5|0/11||Italy||The feudal belongings of Italian states and the territorial expansion of Italian states, including Savoy and Sardinia, are not listed. Italian statehood could be said to start in 1713 with the unification of Savoy with Sardinia. 1720: The duke of Savoy exchanges Sicily with Austria for Sardinia and annexes Sardinia, names the whole of his state Kingdom of Sardinia, existing out of Sardinia and Piedmont, the former Savoy with Turin, predecessor of Italy. 1859: Lombardy becomes part of Sardinia. 1860: ↑Central Italy with ↑Tuscany. ↑Modena and Reggio and ↑Parma and Piacenza are annexed to Sardinia. 1861: Sardinia merges with ↑Two Sicilies into the Kingdom of Italy. 1866: ↑Venetia is annexed to Italy. ᐃ
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 * rowspan=3|1/1||Sardinia||1258: Pisa annexes part of the Giudicato of Cagliari on Sardinia. 1288: Pisa annexes the Giudicato of Gallura.
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 * Sardinia||1323: Aragon conquers the Pisan part of ↑Sardinia. 1365: Most of the Aragonese part of Sardinia is conquered by the Giudicato of Arborea. 1410: Aragonese Sardinia defeats judge Guillem II de Narbona of ↑Arborea and conquers the entire island. 1516: Aragon merges into Spain, making ↑Sardinia a Spanish possession.
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 * Sardinia||1713: With the Treaty of Utrecht Spain loses Sardinia to the Habsburg Monarchy. 1720: The duke of Savoy exchanges Sicily with Austria for Sardinia and annexes Sardinia. →1720
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 * 2/11||Sardinia||1259: Genoa annexes the Giudicato of Logudoro on Sardinia. 1274: Genoese Sardinia is conquered by Arborea. 1365: Most of the ↑Aragonese part of Sardinia is conquered by Arborea. 1410: Arborea is defeated by Aragon. →1410
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 * rowspan=3|3/11||Sicily||1282: After an unprising, the Sicilian Vespers, king Pere III of Aragon conquers Sicily, ruled by the House of Anjou, and becomes king of Sicily. 1285: Sicily is ruled in a dynastic union with Aragon. 1409: Sicily is ruled in personal union with Aragon by king Martí of Aragon. 1516: Aragon merges into Spain, making Sicily a Spanish dependency.
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 * Sicily||1713: As a result of Treaty of Utrecht Spain loses ↑Sicily to the duke of Savoye.
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 * Sicily||1720: The duke of Savoy exchanges Sicily for Sardinia and emperor Karl VI, ruler of Austria, becomes king of Sicily. 1735: Spain conquers Naples and Sicily and the Spanish prince Carlos becomes king of Kingdom of Sicily in a personal union with Naples. 1816: Naples and Sicily are united into the Two Sicilies. →1816
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 * rowspan=2|4/11||Naples||1442: King Alfonso V of Aragon and Sicily conquers Naples, ruled by the House of Anjou, and becomes also king in Naples. 1458: The personal union of Naples with Aragon and Sicily ends and the independence of Kingdom of Naples is restored in a dynastic union with Aragon (until 1501). 1504: Naples is ceded to king Ferran II of Aragon and Sicily. 1516: Aragon merges into Spain, making Naples a Spanish dependency.
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 * Naples||1713: With the Treaty of Utrecht emperor Karl VI, ruler of Austria, becomes king of Naples. 1735: Spain conquers Naples and Sicily and the Spanish prince Carlos becomes king of the Kingdom of Naples in a personal union with Sicily. 1816: Naples and Sicily are united into the →Two Sicilies. 1861: The Two Sicilies are merged with Sardinia into the Kingdom of Italy. →1861
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 * rowspan=3|5/11||Milan||1540: After the death of duke Francesco II Sforza of Milan and the following war, the Duchy of Milan is conquered by the Habsburgs, that make prince Felipe II of Spain duke of Milan. 1556: Felipe II becomes king of Spain, bringing Milan in a personal union with Spain.
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 * Milan||1707: Archduke Karl VI of Austria becomes duke of ↑Milan, confirmed in 1713. 1745: ↑Mantua is annexed to Milan. 1796: Milan becomes as the Transpadane Republic a French client state. 1797: Transpadania is merged with ↑Cispadania in to the Cisalpine Republic. 1802: The Cisalpine Republic is renamed into (Napoleonic Italy) Italy.
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 * ''Lombardy-Venetia||1814: Austrian rule is restored. Former ↑Venice is united with Lombardy into Lombardy-Venetia. 1859: Lombardy becomes part of Sardinia. →1859
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 * 6/11||Mantua||1708: Archduke Karl VI of Austria becomes duke of Mantua, confirmed in 1713, ending the rule of the House of Gonzaga-Nevers. 1745: Mantua is annexed to Milan. →1745
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 * rowspan=3|7/11||Parma and Piacenza||1731: The Duchy of Parma and Piacenza, ruled by the House of Farnese, is brought in a dynastic union with Spain when prince Carlos becomes duke.
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 * Parma and Piacenza||1735: Archduke Karl VI of Austria becomes duke of ↑Parma and Piacenza.
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 * Parma and Piacenza||1748: ↑Parma and Piacenza is restored to the Spanish house of Bourbon-Parma. 1802: Parma and Piacenza are annexed to France. 1815: Parma and Piacenza is restored as a separate duchy. 1859: Parma and Piacenza become part of →Central Italy. 1860: Central Italy is annexed to Sardinia. →1860
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 * rowspan=2|8/11||Tuscany||1737: When François Étienne of Lorraine, husband of archduchess Maria Theresa of Austria, becomes grand duke of Tuscany, Tuscany becomes an Austrian puppet state. 1802: Tuscany is contuinued by Etruria as a French client state. 1807: Etruria is annexed to France.
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 * Tuscany||1814: Tuscany is restored as an Austrian puppet state. 1859: Tuscany becomes part of Central Italy. 1860: Central Italy is annexed to Sardinia. →1860
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 * rowspan=2|9/11||Modena and Reggio||1740: During the rule of duke Francesco III d'Este Modena and Reggio are as part of the War of the Austrian Succession occupied by Austria. 1748: The independence of Modena and Reggio is restored. 1796: Modena and Reggio become part of the Cispadane Republic. 1797: Cispadania is merged in to the →Cisalpine Republic. 1802: The Cisalpine Republic is renamed into (Napoleonic) →Italy.
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 * Modena and Reggio||1815: Modena and Reggio are restored as a puppet state of Austria. 1859: Modena and Reggio become part of →Central Italy. 1860: Central Italy is annexed to Sardinia. →1860
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 * rowspan=2|10/11||Veneto||1797: Venice is annexed by Austria. 1805: Venice is annexed to Napoleonic →Italy.
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 * Lombardy-Venetia||1814: Austrian rule is restored. ↑Venice is united with Lombardy into Lombardy-Venetia. 1859: Lombardy becomes part of →Sardinia. 1866: Venetia is annexed to Italy] →1866
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 * 11/11||Trieste||1947: After the defeat of Italy in World War II, Trieste and surroundings are separated from Italy. The Free Territory of Trieste under international occupation is established, partially occupied by the United Kingdom and the United States partially by Yugoslavia. 1954: The territory is divided between 'Italy and →Yugoslavia. →1946
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 * 11/11||Trieste||1947: After the defeat of Italy in World War II, Trieste and surroundings are separated from Italy. The Free Territory of Trieste under international occupation is established, partially occupied by the United Kingdom and the United States partially by Yugoslavia. 1954: The territory is divided between 'Italy and →Yugoslavia. →1946


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Ivory Coast (Côte d'Ivoire)
 Ivory Coast - Republic of Côte d'Ivoire
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 * ||colspan=2|Ivory Coast is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
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 * rowspan=6| ||Grand Bassam||1842: The king of Grand Bassam agrees to a French protectorate.
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 * French Gold Coast||1843: The king of Grand Bassam is followed by the kings of Assinie and Sanwi. France establishes the French Settlements of the Gold Coast.
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 * Gorée and dependencies||1854: The Gold Coast joins →Gorée, separated from Senegal, in the separate Colony of Gorée and Dependencies, including settlements in →French Gabon and the →Southern Rivers Settlements.
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 * Ivory Coast-Gabon||1859: The colony of Gorée and dependencies is dissolved. 1860: The French Gold Coast is integrated with →Gabon into the Ivory Coast-Gabon colony.
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 * Southern Rivers||1883: →French Gabon is separated from Ivory Coast. The privatized area at the Ivory Coast becomes part of the Southern Rivers Territory.
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 * Ivory Coast||1889: The Ivory Coast is seceded from the Southern Rivers Territory and re-organized into the Protectorate of Ivory Coast. 1893: Ivory Coast becomes the Colony of Ivory Coast. 1904: Ivory Coast is enlarged with parts of the ↑Mossi Protectorates and becomes part of French West Africa. 1919: A part of the colony is ceded to the new →Upper Volta Colony. 1932: After a re-division part of ↑Upper Volta falls to Ivory Coast. 1940: The administration is loyal to Vichy France. 1946: France establishes the French Union, of which French West Africa becomes a constituent part with Ivory Coast as an overseas territory. 1947: After a re-division part of Ivory Coast falls to →Upper Volta. 1958: France grants autonomy to the Republic of Ivory Coast inside the French Community. 1960: Ivory Coast becomes independent. ᐃ


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Jamaica
🇯🇲 Jamaica - Jamaica
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 * ||colspan=2|Jamaica is a sovereign and internationally recognized Commonwealth realm.
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 * rowspan=3| ||Santiago||1492: Cristoforo Colombo reaches for Castile (Spain) the island of Jamaica. 1509: Castile starts settling on the island, establishing the Colony of Santiago. The island is inhabited by Taíno. 1519: Santiago is incorporated into the Viceroyalty of New Spain.
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 * Jamaica||1655: England conquers Spanish Santiago and establishes the Colony of Jamaica. 1661: English settlers from Jamaica arrive in the originally uninhabited →1Cayman Islands. 1670: England takes formal control over the →Cayman Islands as dependencies of Jamaica. 1873: The ↑Turks and Caicos Islands become part of the colony of Jamaica.
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 * West Indies Federation||1958: Jamaica is united with ↑Antigua (with ↑Montserrat, that becomes a separate province), ↑Barbados, ↑Dominica, ↑Grenada, ↑Saint Christopher (with Nevis and ↑Anguilla), ↑Saint Lucia, ↑Saint Vincent, and Trinidad and Tobago form the West Indies Federation in preparation of a joint independence. 1959: The →Turks and Caicos Islands and the →Cayman Islands are separated from Jamaica inside the federation. 1962: The federation is dissolved. Jamaica becomes an independent Commonwealth realm, retaining the British monarch as its head of state. ᐃ


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Japan
🇯🇵 Japan - Japan
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 * ||colspan=2|Japan is a sovereign and internationally recognized monarchy.
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 * rowspan=5|1/4||Yamato||ca. 453: The Japanese tribes and entities are said to have developed into Yamato. With the Taika Reform Japan becomes a unitary state.
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 * Japan||ca 700: The state is said to be named Nippon, usually now translated with Japan. 1609: Japan allows the Dutch to establish a falility on →Hirado, to be continued in →Dejima after 1634. 1860: When Japan opens its harbours for foreign trade, the ↑Dejima factory is closed and returned to Japan. 1875: The ↑Osegawara Islands are annexed to Japan. 1879: The ↑Ryukyu Islands are annexed to Japan. →1945.
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 * occupied Japan||1945: After the capitulation of Japan in World War II, the United States, supported by forces of the British Commonwealth, occupy Japan. The →Ryukyu Islands and the →Osegawara Islands are under separate American occupation.
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 * Japan||1952: The occupation ends and the sovereignty of Japan is restored. 1967: Part of the ↑Ryukyu Islands are restored to Japan. 1968: The ↑Bonin Islands are returned to Japan. 1972: ↑Okinawa is reverted to Japan. ᐃ
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 * rowspan=2|2/4||Hirado||1609: The Dutch United East India Company (VOC) gets permission to establish a permanent facility on the island of Hirado inside Japan.. 1634: The right to make use of Hirado is revoked and the VOC moves its facility to Dejima.
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 * Dejima||1634: The VOC is forced to abandon Hirado and allowed to establish a factory on Deshima near the Japanese city of Nagasaki. 1860: When Japan opens its harbours for foreign trade, the Dejima factory is closed and returned to Japan. →1860
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 * rowspan=4|3/4||Bonin Islands||1827: The United Kingdom claims the uninhabited Bonin Islands. 1830: The islands are settled by the United Kingdom. 1862: Japan claims the islands.
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 * Ogasawara Islands||1862: Japan Japan claims the Bonin Islands also claimed by the United Kingdom.
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 * →Japan||1875: The U.K. annexation is invalidated and the islands are left and annexed to Japan as the Ogasawara Islands.
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 * occupied Bonin Islands||1945: The Ogasawara Islands are occupied by the United States as the Bonin Islands. 1968: The Bonin Islands are reverted to the sovereignity of Japan. →1968
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 * rowspan=3|4/4||Ryukyu Islands||1609: The Ryukyu Kingdom, a tributary state of China, is invaded by Japan and its king Shō Nei has to accept that the islands become a vassal state of the Japanese Satsuma Domain, being at the same time a Chinese tributary state. 1872: The Ryukyu Islands become an autonomous polity associated with Japan.
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 * →Japan||1879: The Ryukyu Islands are incorporated into Japan.
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 * Ryukyu Islands||1945: The Ryukyu Islands are occupied by the United States. 1946: The islands are under United States administration. 1967: The islands are restored to Japan, Okinawa remains under U.S. administration. 1972: Okinawa is reverted to the sovereignity of Japan. →1972
 * Ryukyu Islands||1945: The Ryukyu Islands are occupied by the United States. 1946: The islands are under United States administration. 1967: The islands are restored to Japan, Okinawa remains under U.S. administration. 1972: Okinawa is reverted to the sovereignity of Japan. →1972


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Jersey
🇯🇪 Jersey - Bailiwick of Jersey 1945: Jersey is liberated. ᐃ
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 * ||colspan=2|''Jersey is a 🇬🇧 British British crown dependency.
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 * ||Jersey||1259: When Englands cedes its claim to Duchy of Normandy, Jersey becomes an English crown dependency. 1801: Great Britain is continued by the United Kingdom. 1940: Jersey is occupied by Nazi Germany.


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Jordan
🇯🇴 Jordan - Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan
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 * ||colspan=2|Jordan is a sovereign and internationally recognized monarchy.
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 * rowspan=3| ||Ottoman Empire||1516: The Ottoman Empire conquers and annexes large parts of the Mamluk Sultanate, including present-day Jordan.
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 * Ottoman Empire||1916/1918: As part of the campaign in World War I against the Ottoman Empire Arab and British forces conquer parts of the ↑Ottoman Empire. The area is placed under the Occupied Enemy Territory Administration.
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 * Transjordan||1921: The area is seceded from the ↑Ottoman Empire and the Emirate of Transjordan with emir Abdullah bin al-Hussein is established under British protectorate. 1946: Transjordan becomes independent as Jordan. ᐃ


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Kazakhstan
🇰🇿 Kazakhstan - Republic of Kazakhstan
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 * ||colspan=2|Kazakhstan is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
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 * rowspan=2| ||Russia||1730: Russia gains control over the Lesser Horde. 1798: Russia conquers the Middle Horde. 1824/1864: With the acceptance of Russian protection by the Great Horde in the 1820s, the further conquerst present-day Kazakhstan starts.
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 * Union of Soviet Socialist Republics||1922: Russia becomes a constituent state of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. 1936: Inside the Soviet Union the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic is established. 1991: Kazakhstan becomes an independent republic. ᐃ


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Kenya
🇰🇪 Kenya - Republic of Kenya
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 * ||colspan=2|Kenya is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
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 * rowspan=9|1/2||Mombassa||1528: Portugal conquers Mombassa, until then the capital of the Mombassa Sultanate. 1585: Portugal abandons Mombassa.
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 * Mombassa||1589: Portugal re-conquers Mombassa and colonizes it. 1632: Portugal establishes direct control over Mombassa and adds it to its colony of India.
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 * Zanzibar||1698: In and around Mombassa Portugal is defeated by the sultan of Muscat. The region becomes part of Muscati Zanzibar.
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 * Mombassa||1728: Portugal conquers Mombassa.
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 * Zanzibar||1729: Mombassa is returned to Muscat.
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 * Mombassa||1824: Mombassa becomes a British protectorate.
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 * Zanzibar||1826: Muscati'' rule in Mombassa is restored. 1861: When Muscat and Oman is partitioned, the region becomes part of Sultanate of Zanzibar.
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 * British East Africa||1887: The sultan of Zanzibar leases coastal areas of present-day Kenya to the United Kingdom'''s British East Africa Company, later the Imperial British East Africa Company, including Mombassa. 1888 and further: The areas of Maasai, Nandi and Wanga are incorporated into the British areas. 1890: Germany hands over ↑Wituland to the United Kingdom. 1895: The British government established direct rule through the East Africa Protectorate. The coastal areas are under the sovereignity of the sultan of Zanzibar and include →Jubaland. 1902: The border is extended to Uganda. →1920
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 * Kenya||1920: British East Africa is continued as the Colony and Protectorate of Kenya. 1924: →Jubaland is ceded to Italy 1940: A small part of Kenya is occupied by Italy as part of World War II. 1941: Italy is defeated. 1963: Kenya becomes independent as the Commonwealth realm of Kenya, retaining the British monarch as its head of state, until 1964. ᐃ
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 * 2/2||Witu||1885: Germany establishes a protectorate over part of Zanzibar's coastal possessions as Witu. 1890: Witu is ceded to Great Britain. →1890
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Kiribati
🇰🇮 Kiribati - Republic of Kiribati
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 * ||colspan=2|Kiribati is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
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 * 1/6|||Christmas Islands||1882: The United Kingdom annexes the uninhabited Christmas Islands. 1919: The Christmas Islands are annexed to the Gilbert and Ellice Islands. →1919
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 * rowspan=2|2/6||Enderbury Island||1899: The United Kingdom claims the ininhabited Enderbury Island. 1938: Enderbury Island is also claimed by the →United States. 1939: Enderbury Island becomes part of the British-American condominium of the Canton and Enderbury Islands.
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 * Canton and Enderbury Islands||1939: The United Kingdom joins its claims on Enderbury Island and ↑Canton Island with the United States's claim on →Canton and Enderbury in creating the British-American condominium of the Canton and Enderbury Islands. 1979: The islands become part of independent Kiribati. →1979
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 * rowspan=4|3/6||Gilbert and Ellice Islands||1892: The United Kingdom declares the Gilbert Islands together with the →Ellice Islands a British protectorate with the name Gilbert and Ellice Islands, administered as one of the British Western Pacific Territories. The Gilbert Islands are mainly inhabited by Micronesians.(BWTP). 1901: ↑Ocean Island is included in the protectorate. 1916: The administration of the BWTP ends and the islands become a Crown Colony. The ↑Union Islands are included in the colony. 1919: The ↑Christmas Islands are annexed to the colony. 1926: The →Union Islands are separated from the Gilbert and Ellice Islands and placed under the jurisdiction of New Zealand.
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 * occupied Gilbert Islands||1942: After the British evacuate from the ↑Gilbert Islands, the Gilbert Islands are conquered by Japan.
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 * Gilbert and Ellice Islands||1943: The Gilbert Islands are conquered by the allied forces. 1971: The BWPT are dissolved. 1975: The colony is split into the Gilbert Islands and →Tuvalu.
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 * Gilbert Islands||1975: The Gilbert Islands become a separate colony. 1977: The Gilbert Islands obtain internal self-government. 1979: The islands become independent as Kiribati, including the ↑Canton and Enderbury Islands. ᐃ
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 * 4/6||Ocean Island||1900: The British Pacific Phosphate Company is granted right for the exclusive right to mine at Ocean Island. Ocean Island is inhabited by Micronesians. 1901: Ocean Island is annexed to the Gilbert and Ellice Islands. →1901
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 * 5/6||Canton Island||1936: The United Kingdom claims Canton Island 1938: Canton Island is also claimed by the →United States. 1939: Canton Island becomes part of the British-American condominium of the Canton and Enderbury Islands.
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 * 6/6||Canton and Enderbury Islands||1938: The ↑Canton and ↑Enderbury Islands, claimed by the United Kingdom, are also claimed by the United States. 1939: The Canton and enderbury Islands become a joint British-American condominium. →1939


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Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea)
 Korea, North - Democratic People's Republic of Korea
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 * ||colspan=2|North Korea is a sovereign republic, recognized by most countries with the exception of France, Japan, South Korea and Taiwan.
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 * ||colspan=2 style="background: khaki|
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 * rowspan=3| ||Korea||The colonial history of North Korea is closely related to the colonial history of →South Korea.'' 1905: With the Japan-Korea Treaty of 1905 emperor Gojong of the Korean Empire has to accept that Korea becomes a Japanese protectorate.
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 * Japan||1910: Korea is with the Japan-Korea Treaty of 1910 annexed to Japan.
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 * Korea||1945: Japan surrenders in World War II and the Korean peninsula is divided between Soviet and American occupation forces. 1948: The Soviet occupied North of Korea becomes independent as North Korea. ᐃ
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Republic of Korea
 Korea, South - Republic of Korea
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 * ||colspan=2|South Korea is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic, recognized by most countries with the exception of North Korea.
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 * ||colspan=2 style="background: khaki|
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 * rowspan=3| ||Korea||'1905:With the Japan-Korea Treaty of 1905 emperor Gojong of the Korean Empire has to accept that Korea becomes a Japanese protectorate.
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 * Japan||1910: Korea is with the Japan-Korea Treaty of 1910 annexed to Japan.
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 * Korea||1945: Japan surrenders in World War II and the Korean peninsula is divided between and American and Soviet occupation forces. 1948: The American occupied South of Korea becomes independent as South Korea. ᐃ


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Kosovo (disputed)
 Kosovo - Republic of Kosovo
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 * ||colspan=2|''Kosovo is a republic, not recognized by Serbia, but recognized by 111 UN member states and Taiwan.
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 * ||colspan=2 style="background: khaki|
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 * rowspan=2| ||Ottoman Empire||1459: Present-day Kosovo is conquered from the Serbian Despotate and is annexed by the Ottoman Empire. 1912: Kosovo is conquered by and annexed to Serbia. 1918: Serbia becomes part of Yugoslavia. 1998-1999: The Kosovo War takes place, leading to the international supervision of Kosovo. →1999
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 * Kosovo||1999: The United Nations establishes the United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo to administer the Serbian region of ↑Kosovo. 2008: Kosovo declares its independence and becomes a partially recognized state, disputed by Serbia. ᐃ
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Kuwait
🇰🇼 Kuwait - State of Kuwait
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 * ||colspan=2|Kuwait is a sovereign and internationally recognized monarchy.
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 * ||colspan=2 style="background: khaki|
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 * rowspan=3| ||Ottoman Empire||1534: Mesopotamia, including present-Kuwait, is after a long war with Persia annexed to the Ottoman Empire. 1623: Mesopotamia is occupied by Persia. 1638: The area is restored to the Ottoman Empire. 1752: Kuwait is founded by local rulers subordinated to the Ottoman Empire.
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 * Kuwait||1899: Despite being subordinate to the Ottoman Empire Sheikh Mubarak Al-Sabah of Kuwait and the United Kingdom agree in the Anglo-Kuwaiti agreement that the Sheikhdom of Kuwait becomes a British protectorate. 1913: In the Anglo-Ottoman Convention it is agreed that Kuwait is both a British protectorate and a autonomous region of the Ottoman Empire.
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 * Kuwait||1914: Kuwait is occupied by the United Kingdom. 1919: After the defeat of the Ottoman Empire in World War I the Emirate of Nejd and Hasa begins the Kuwait-Najd War to conquer Kuwait. 1920: Kuwait wins the war against Nejd. 1961: The British protecorate ends and Kuwait becomes independent. ᐃ


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Kyrgyzstan
🇰🇬 Kyrgyzstan - Kyrgyz Republic
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 * ||colspan=2|Kyrgyzstan is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
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 * ||colspan=2 style="background: khaki|
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 * rowspan=2| ||Russia||1864/1876: Most of present-day Kyrgyzstan, part of the Khanate of Kokand, is conquered by and annexed to Russia.
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 * Union of Soviet Socialist Republics||1922: Russia becomes a constituent state of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. 1946: Inside the Soviet Union Kirghizstan is established. 1991: Kyrgyzstan becomes an independent republic. ᐃ


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Laos
 Laos - Lao People's Democratic Republic
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 * ||colspan=2|Laos is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
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 * ||colspan=2 style="background: khaki|
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 * rowspan=5|1/2||Luang Phrabang||1889: King Oun Kham of Luang Phrabang requests for French protection against Siam.
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 * Laos||1893: After the Franco-Siamese War, Siam is forced to recognise French control over Luang Phrabang east of the Mekong River. France establishes the French Protectorate of Laos. Oun Kham remains in office during the protectorate. The protectorate includes the kingdom of Champasak and the principality of Phuan. The protectorate becomes part of Indochina, officially know as the Indochinese Union.
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 * Laos||1940: Laos comes under the administration of Vichy France government along with the rest of French Indochina and the government is under Japanese supervision. Part of Laos is ceded to Thailand.
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 * ''occupied||1945: Laos is occupied by Japan.
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 * Laos||1945: The same year it withdraws from the country. A war breaks out between the French and Lao Issara movement of Phetsarath Ratanavongsa. 1946: The Lao Issara movement and the French resume control. 1947: The Kingdom of Laos is established as part of a federation with the rest of French Indochina, then known as the Indochinese Federation. 1953: Laos becomes independent. ᐃ
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 * 2/2||Thailand||1940: Part of Laos is ceded to Thailand. 1945: The annexation is withdrawn and the area is restored to Laos. →1945


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Latvia
🇱🇻 Latvia - Republic of Latvia
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 * ||colspan=2|Latvia is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
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 * 1/3||Livonian Order||1237: The Livonian Order, affiliated to the Teutonic Order, conquers part of present-day Latvia and →Estonia, inhabited by Baltic tribes, like the Curonians, Semigallians, Selonians and Latgalians as well as Finnic Livonian tribes.<. King Valdemar IV of Denmark sells ↑Estonia to the Livonian Order. 1410: The Livonian Order is separated from the Teutonic Order. 1561: The Order is continued by Courland and Semigallia. 1726: Courland and Semigallia are annexed to Poland-Lithuania. →1792
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 * rowspan=3|2/2|||Sweden||1621: Riga and part of Livonia are conquered by Sweden.
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 * Russia||1710: The Swedes in Livonia surrender in the Swedish-Russian Great Northern War and Livonia is conquered by Russia. 1772/1792: As a result of the partitions of Poland-Lithuania more parts of present-day Latvia, including ↑Courland and Semigallia become part of Russia. 1918: Latvia secedes from Russia.
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 * Union of Soviet Socialist Republics||1940: Latvia joins after a Soviet invasion as a constituent state of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR). 1941: Latvia is conquered by Nazi-Germany. 1944: Nazi-Germany is defeated and Latvia returns to the USSR. 1991: Latvia secedes from the USSR. ᐃ
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 * 2/3||


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Lebanon
🇱🇧 Lebanon - Lebanese Republic
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 * ||colspan=2|Lebanon is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
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 * rowspan=2|1/4||Jerusalem||1099: Crusaders conquer from the Fatimid Caliphate Jerusalem and establishes the Kingdom of Jerusalem. 1187: Jerusalem is conquered by the Mamluk Sultanate.
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 * Jerusalem||1191: The crusaders' Kingdom of Jerusalem is re-established. 1291: The Kingdom is conquered by the Mamluk Sultanate.
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 * rowspan=5|2/4||Tripoli||1109: Crusaders conquer Tripoli from the Fatimid Caliphate and establish the County of Tripoli. 1289: Tripoli is conquered by the Mamluk Sultanate.
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 * Ottoman Empire||1516: The Ottoman Empire conquers and annexes large parts of the Mamluk Sultanate. 1833: Inside the Ottoman Empire the area is under Egyptian rule. 1841: Direct Ottoman rule is restored. 1860: →Mount Lebanon gets under French supervision. 1915: The autonomy of ↑Mount Lebanon is abolished.
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 * Ottoman Empire||1917/1918: Lebanon is as part of the campaign in World War I against the Ottoman Empire conquered by Arab, French and British forces. The area is placed under the French Occupied Enemy Territory Administration.
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 * Greater Lebanon||1920/1922: The League of Nations awards Lebanon under mandate to France in the French Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon as the State of Greater Lebanon.
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 * Lebanon||1926: Greater Lebanon is continued by the Lebanese Republic inside the mandate. 1943: Lebanon becomes independent. 1946: France withdraws from Lebanon. 1982: Israel occupies part of →South Lebanon. 2000: Israel withdraws from ↑South Lebanon. ᐃ
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 * 3/4||Mount Lebanon||1860: An international protocol between the Ottoman rulers of ↑Lebanon and France with allies fixes within the Ottoman Empire the autonomy of the Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate under the protection of France. 1915: As part of World War I the autonomy is abolished. →1915
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 * 4/4||South Lebanon||1982: Israel occupies part of South Lebanon. 2000: Israel withdraws from South Lebanon and the area returns to Lebanon. →2000
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Lesotho
🇱🇸 Lesotho - Kingdom of Lesotho
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 * ||colspan=2|Lesotho is a sovereign and internationally recognized monarchy.
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 * ||colspan=2 style="background: khaki|
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 * ||Basutoland||1868: The United Kingdom agrees with king Moshoeshoe of the Basuto to protect his land against the Orange Free State. The land is subordinated to →Natal. 1871: The land is transferred to the →Cape Colony. 1884: The land is seceded from the Cape Colony and becomes the Crown colony of Basutoland, also rendered as Territory of Basutoland. 1959: Basutoland gets self-government. 1966: Basutoland becomes independent as Lesotho. ᐃ


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Liberia
🇱🇷 Liberia - Republic of Liberia
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 * ||colspan=2|Liberia is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
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 * ||colspan=2 style="background: khaki|
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 * ||Liberia||For Liberia there are no entries of colonization. The settlements by American freed slaves are not listed.ᐃ


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Libya
🇱🇾 Libya - Libya
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 * ||colspan=2|Libya is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
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 * ||colspan=2 style="background: khaki|
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 * rowspan=8|1/3||Barbary Coast||1510: Castile (Spain) enlarges its colonies at the Barbary Coast with the conquest of Tripoli, previously part of the Hafsid Sultanate of Tunis.
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 * Tripoli||1530: Tripoli is granted by king Carlos of Castile to the Knights Hospitaller. 1551: Tripoli is conquered by the Ottoman Empire. →1551
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 * Tripolitania||1551: Tripoli, Tripolitania, is annexed to the Ottoman Empire. Tripolitania and ↑Cyrenaica become together the Regency of Tripolitania. 1711: The regency gets de facto hereditary rulers under Ottoman suzerainity.
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 * Ottoman Empire||1835: Tripolitania gets under direct Ottoman rule.
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 * Italian North Africa||1911: Italy conquers in the Italo-Turkish War Tripolitania and forms Italian North Africa. 1918: The unrecognized Tripolitanian Republic secedes.
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 * Tripolitania||1927: Italian North Africa is divided into Tripolitania and →Cyrenaica
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 * Italian Libya||1934: Tripolitania and ↑Cyrenaica are united as Italian Libya.
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 * Libya||1943: The United Kingdom occupies as part of World War II Tripolitania and Cyrenaica, whereby France occupies →Fezzan. 1947: Italy relinquishes all claims to Libya. 1949: Libya is under United Nations administration, administered by the United Kingdom and France. Cyrenaica becomes independent. 1951: Tripolitania, Cyrenaica and ↑Fezzan become together independent as Libya. ᐃ
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 * ||colspan=2 style="background: khaki|
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 * rowspan=5|2/3||Ottoman Empire||1521: Cyrenaica, formerly part of the Mamluk Sultanate, is annexed to the Ottoman Empire. 1551: When Tripolitania is also annexed to the Ottoman Empire, Cyrenaica becomes part of the Regency of Tripolitania.
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 * Tripolitania||1551: When →Tripoli is annexed to the Ottoman Empire, Tripolitania and Cyrenaica become together the Regency of Tripolitania. 1711: The regency gets de facto hereditary rulers under Ottoman suzerainity.
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 * Ottoman Empire||1835: Tripolitania gets under direct Ottoman rule.
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 * Italian North Africa||1911: Italy conquers in the Italo-Turkish War Ottoman Tripolitania and forms Italian North Africa.
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 * Cyrenaica||1927: Italian North Africa is divided into Cyrenaica and →Tripolitania. →1934
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 * 3/3||Fezzan-Ghadames||1943: France occupies ↑Fezzan, part of Italian Libya. 1947: Italy relinquishes all claims to Libya. 1949: Fezzan is as part of Libya under United Nations administration, administered by the United Kingdom and France. 1951: Fezzan becomes part of independent Libya. →1951


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Liechtenstein
🇱🇮 Liechtenstein - Principality of Liechtenstein
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 * ||colspan=2|Liechtenstein is a sovereign and internationally recognized monarchy.
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 * ||colspan=2 style="background: khaki|
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 * ||Liechtenstein||For Liechtenstein there are no entries of colonization. De facto Liechtenstein is a Swiss protectorate. ᐃ


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Lithuania
🇱🇹 Lithuania - Republic of Lithuania
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 * ||colspan=2|Lithuania is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
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 * ||colspan=2 style="background: khaki|
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 * rowspan=2|1/2||Russia||1772: Russia annexes part of Poland-Lithuania. 1792/1795: As a result of the partitions of Poland-Lithuania more parts of present-day Lithuania become part of Russia. 1918: Lithuania secedes from Russia. 1923: The ↑Memel Territory is conquered and annexed by Lithuania. 1925: The international administration ends de jure.
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 * Union of Soviet Socialist Republics||1940: Lithuania joins after a Soviet invasion as a constituent state of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR). 1941: Lithuania is conquered by Nazi-Germany. 1944: Nazi-Germany is defeated and Lithuania returns to the USSR. 1990: Lithuania secedes from the USSR. ᐃ
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 * ||colspan=2 style="background: khaki|
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 * rowspan=2|2/2||Teutonic Order||1230: The Teutonic Order establishes the State of the Teutonic Order in areas of present-day Lithuania, →Poland and →Russia, populated by the Baltic tribe of the Prussians. A section of the order, the Livonian Order, controls parts of present-day →Estonia and →Latvia. 1410: The Livonian Order is separated from the Teutonic Order. 1466: With the Peace of Thorn the state loses its western part to Poland and becomes a fief of Poland. 1525: The state is secularized and continued by the Duchy of Prussia. 1707: Prussia merges with Brandenburg into the Kingdom of Prussia. 1871: Prussia becomes part of Germany.
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 * Memel Territory||1919: With the Treaty of Versailles the Memel Territory is detached from Germany and put under the administration of the Principal Allied and Associated Powers. 1923: The Memel Teritory is conquered and annexed by Lithuania. 1925: The international administration ends de jure. →1923
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Lugansk (disputed)
Luhansk People's Republic - Lugansk People's Republic
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 * ||colspan=2|''Lugansk is a de facto republic, not recognized by Ukraine, not recognized by any country.
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 * ||colspan=2 style="background: khaki|
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 * rowspan=2| ||Ukraine||See for the development before 2014 →Ukraine.
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 * Lugansk||2014: Huge protests in ↑Ukraine spark a revolution. In reaction part of the Lugansk oblast falls in the hands of separatists. Lugansk secedes unrecognized as the Luhansk People's Republic and can be considered a Russian client state. ᐃ
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Luxembourg
🇱🇺 Luxembourg - Grand Duchy of Luxembourg
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 * ||colspan=2|Luxembourg is a sovereign and internationally recognized monarchy.
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 * ||colspan=2 style="background: khaki|
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 * rowspan=5| ||Spanish Netherlands||1556: Felipe, who became after the abdication of emperor Charles V ruler in the Netherlands, becomes king Felipe II of Spain. He rules the Netherlands as a Spanish dependency, including Luxembourg. 1566: The Eighty Years' War between Dutch resistance and the Spanish rulers start. 1648: The northern part of the Netherlands become de jure independent as the →Netherlands.
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 * France||1683: Luxembourg is occupied by France.
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 * Spanish Netherlands||1697: Spanish rule is restored.
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 * Austrian Netherlands||1713: The Spanish Netherlands fall to Austria. 1790: The Austrian Netherlands secede from Austria as the United Belgian States.
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 * Austrian Netherlands||1790: Austrian rule is restored the same year. 1792: The Austrian Netherlands are annexed to France. 1815: The former Austrian Netherlands become part of the →Netherlands, whereby Luxembourg becomes a grand duchy in a personal union with the Netherlands. 1890: The personal union with the Netherlands ends. 1914: Luxembourg is occupied by Germany. 1918: Luxembourg is restored. 1940: Luxembourg is occupied by Germany. 1944: Luxembourg is restored. ᐃ


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Macedonia
🇲🇰 Macedonia - Republic of Macedonia
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 * ||colspan=2|Macedonia is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
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 * ||colspan=2 style="background: khaki|
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 * ||Ottoman Empire||1394: The Lordship of Prilep is conquered and annexed by the Ottoman Empire. 1912: Macedonia is conquered by and annexed to Serbia. 1918: Serbia becomes part of Yugoslavia. 1991: Republic of Macedonia secedes from Yugoslavia. ᐃ


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Madagascar
🇲🇬 Madagascar - Republic of Madagascar
 * - valign=top
 * ||colspan=2|Madagascar is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
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 * - valign=top @ o.a. link na 1/5
 * 1/5||Fort Dauphin||1643: In the area of the Antanosy people, the French French East India Company founds Fort Dauphin. 1674: After a conflict with the Antanosy people, the survivors are evacuated in 1674. 1825: The Antanosy are defeated by the Kingdom of Imerina.
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 * 2/5||Sainte-Marie||1750: The Betsimisaraka Confederation cedes Sainte Marie to France . The exact impact of this cession is unclear. Sainte-Marie becomes a dependency of Bourbon Island. →1842
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 * ||colspan=2 style="background: khaki|
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 * rowspan=2|3/5||Bourbon Island||1840: Nosy-Be, in 1837 lost by the Boina Kingdom to the Kingdom of Imerina, becomes a French possession, subordinated to →Bourbon Island. 1842: Nosy-Be and ↑Sainte-Marie become dependencies of Mayotte, itself a dependency of Bourbon Island.
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 * Réunion||1848: Bourbon Island is renamed into Réunion. 1896: Sainte-Marie and Nosy-Bé are incorporated into Madagascar. →1896
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 * ||colspan=2 style="background: khaki|
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 * rowspan=2|4/5||Madagascar||1883: France establishes a settlement on Madagascar. 1896: The Kingdom of Imerina is defeated and France establishes the Protecorate of Madagascar, also rendered as Malagasy Protectorate. 1897: The Malagasy Protectorate island is annexed as a colony, the Colony of Madagascar and Dependencies. 1912: The Comoros are annexed to Madagascar as a province of that colony. 1940: The colonial administration remains loyal to Vichy France. 1942: The colony is under British occupation, administered by the Free French. 1946: The Comoros become a separate overseas territory of France. 1946: France establishes the French Union, of which Madagascar becomes a constituent part.
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 * Malagasy||1958: ↑Madagascar gets autonomy as Malagasy inside the French Community. 1960: Madagascar becomes independent. France is allowed to keep using its naval facilities in Diego Suarez until 1973. ᐃ
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 * ||colspan=2 style="background: khaki|
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 * 5/5||Diégo Suarez||1885: After the first Franco-Hova War, Queen Ranavalona III of Imerina grants France a protectorate over Diégo Suarez. 1896: Diégo Suarez is incorporated into Madagascar. →1896


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Malawi
🇲🇼 Malawi - Republic of Malawi
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 * ||colspan=2|Malawi is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
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 * ||colspan=2 style="background: khaki|
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 * rowspan=5|1/2||Shire Highlands||1889: British officials create the Shire Highlands Protectorate, inhabited by Maravi and Angoni.
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 * British Central Africa||1891: The Shire Highlands and the ↑Nyasaland Districts protectorates are united into the British Central Africa Protectorate.
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 * Nyasaland||1907: The British Central Africa Protectorate is renamed into the Nyasaland Protectorate.
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 * Rhodesia and Nyasaland||1953: ↑Southern Rhodesia and the protectorates of ↑Northern Rhodesia and Nyasaland become the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland.
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 * Nyasaland||1963: After the dissolution of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland, Nyassaland is restored as a separate protectorate. 1964: The same year it becomes an independent Commonwealth realm as Malawi, retaining the British monarch as its head of state until 1966. ᐃ
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 * ||colspan=2 style="background: khaki|
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 * 2/2||Nyasaland||1889: British officials create the Nyasaland Districts Protectorate, inhabited by Maravi and Angoni. 1891: The protectorate is united into the British Central Africa Protectorate. →1891


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Malaysia
🇲🇾 Malaysia - Malaysia
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 * ||colspan=2|Malaysia is a sovereign and internationally recognized federal monarchy.
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 * ||colspan=2 style="background: khaki|
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 * rowspan=8|1/14|||Malacca||1511: The Sultanate of Malacca is overthrown and annexed by Portugal, subordinated to Portuguese India.
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 * Malacca||1641: The Dutch United East India Company (VOC) conquers ↑Malacca from Portugal.
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 * Malacca||1795: Great Britain conquers ↑Malacca.
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 * Malacca||1818: Malacca is restored to the Netherlands.
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 * Malacca||1825: As a result of the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824 ↑Malacca is ceded to the United Kingdom and becomes a British colony.
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 * Straits Settlements||1826: Malacca, ↑Prince Edward Island and ↑Singapore are united into the Straits Settlements. 1857: The Straits Settlements become subordinated to British India. 1867: The Straits Settlements becomes a crown colony separated from British India.
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 * occupied Straits Settlements||1942: The Straits Settlements are occupied by Japan.
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 * Straits Settlements||1945: Japan is defeated and British rule is restored. 1946: The Straits Settlements are dissolved, Malacca and Penang join the Malay Union. Singapore becomes a →separate colony. →1946
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 * ||colspan=2 style="background: khaki|
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 * rowspan=4|2/14||North Borneo||1763: Sultan Azim ud-Din II of the Sulu cedes a part of his area to the British East India Company. 1775: The area is abandoned and returned under the sovereignty of the Sultan of Sulu.
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 * North Borneo||1881: The sultan of Sulu cedes ↑North Borneo to the British North Borneo Chartered Company. 1888: North Borneo becomes a protectorate. 1890: Labuan becomes part of North Borneo.
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 * occupied North Borneo||1942: North Borneo is occupied by Japan.
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 * North Borneo||1945: Japan is defeated and British rule is restored. 1963: North Borneo united with Malaya, Sarawak and Singapore into Malaysia. →1963
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 * ||colspan=2 style="background: khaki|
 * - valign=top
 * rowspan=6|3/14||Selangor||1784: The Sultanate of Selangor is occupied by the Dutch United East India Company (VOC). 1786: The VOC withdraws from Selangor and the independence of Selangor is restored.
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 * Selangor||1874: The Sultanate of Selangor becomes a British protectorate.
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 * Federated Malay States||1896: The United Kingdom unites Selangor with ↑Negeri Sembilan, ↑Pahang and ↑Perak into the Federated Malay States.
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 * occupied Malaya||1942: Malaya is occupied by Japan.
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 * Federated Malay States||1945: Japan is defeated and British rule is restored.
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 * Malaya||1946: The Federated Malay States, the unfederated states of ↑Johor, ↑Kedah, ↑Kelantan, ↑Terengganu, and ↑Perlis as well as ↑Malacca and Penang are united in the Malay Union. 1948: The Malay Union is continued by the Federation of Malaya. 1957: Malaya becomes independent. 1963: Malaya unites with ↑North Borneo, ↑Sarawak and ↑Singapore into Malaysia. 1965: →Singapore becomes independent. ᐃ
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 * ||colspan=2 style="background: khaki|
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 * 4/14||Prince of Wales Island||1786: Sultan Abdullah Mukarram Shah of Kedah cedes Penang to Great Britain. It becomes the Prince of Wales Island colony under the British East India Company. 1826: The Prince Edward Island becomes part of the Straits Settlements. →1826
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 * ||colspan=2 style="background: khaki|
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 * 5/14||Labuan||1846: The sultan of Brunei cedes Labuan Island to the United Kingdom. 1848: Labuan becomes a colony. 1867: Labuan becomes a crown coloniy. 1890: Labuan becomes part of North Borneo. →1890
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 * ||colspan=2 style="background: khaki|
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 * 6/14||Perak||1874: The Sultanate of Perak becomes a British protectorate. 1896: Perak becomes one of the Federated Malay States. →1896
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 * ||colspan=2 style="background: khaki|
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 * rowspan=3|7/14||Johor||1885: The Sultanate of Johor becomes a British protectorate.
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 * occupied Johor||1942: Johor is occupied by Japan.
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 * Johor||1945: Japan is defeated and British rule is restored. 1946: Johor becomes part of the Malay Union. →1946
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 * ||colspan=2 style="background: khaki|
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 * 8/14||Negeri Sembilan||1888: The Negeri Sembilan become a British protectorate. 1896: The Negeri Sembilan become one of the Federated Malay States. →1896
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 * ||colspan=2 style="background: khaki|
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 * 9/14|||Pahang||1888: The Sultanate of Pahang becomes a British protectorate. 1896: Pahang becomes one of the Federated Malay States. →1896
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 * ||colspan=2 style="background: khaki|
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 * rowspan=3|10/14||Sarawak||1888: The Kingdom of Sarawak becomes a British protectorate.
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 * occupied Sarawak||1942: Sarawak is occupied by Japan.
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 * Sarawak||1945: Japan is defeated and British rule is restored. 1942: Sarawak is occupied by Japan. 1945: Japan is defeated. 1963: Sarawak unites with Malaya, North Borneo and Singapore into Malaysia. →1963
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 * ||colspan=2 style="background: khaki|
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 * rowspan=3|11/14||Kedah||1909: The Sultanate of Kedah becomes a British protectorate.
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 * Thailand||1943: Kedah is together with Kelantan, Terengganu and Perlis annexed to Thailand.
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 * Sultanate of Kedah||1945: Japan is defeated and Thailand is forced to restore Kedah to British rule. 1946: Kedah becomes part of the Malay Union. →1946
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 * ||colspan=2 style="background: khaki|
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 * rowspan=3|12/14||Kelantan||1909: Kelantan is seceded from Siam and becomes a British protectorate.
 * - valign=top
 * Thailand||1943: Kelantan is annexed to Thailand.
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 * Kelantan||1945: Japan is defeated and Thailand is forced to restore Kelantan to British rule. 1946: Kelantan becomes part of the Malay Union. →1946
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 * ||colspan=2 style="background: khaki|
 * - valign=top
 * rowspan=3|13/14||Terengganu||1909: Terengganu is seceded from Siam and becomes a British protectorate.
 * - valign=top
 * Thailand||1943: Terengganu is annexed to Thailand.
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 * Terengganu||1945: Japan is defeated and Thailand is forced to restore Terengganu to British rule. 1946: Terengganu becomes part of the Malay Union. →1946
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 * ||colspan=2 style="background: khaki|
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 * rowspan=3|14/14||Perlis||1909: Perlis is seceded from Siam and becomes a British protectorate.
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 * Thailand||1943: Perlis is annexed to Thailand.
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 * Perlis||1945: Japan is defeated and Thailand is forced to restore Perlis to British rule. 1946: Perlis becomes part of the Malay Union. →1946


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Maldives
🇲🇻 Maldives - Republic of Maldives
 * - valign=top
 * ||colspan=2|Maldives is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
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 * ||colspan=2 style="background: khaki|
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 * rowspan=3| ||Maldives||1558: Portugal establishes a garrison in the Sultanate of the Maldives administered from their main colony in India. 1573: A popular revolt drive the Portuguese out of Maldives.
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 * Ceylon||1600s: The Dutch United East India Company (VOC) establish from Ceylon hegemony over Maldivian affairs without involving themselves directly in local matters.
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 * Maldives||1796: Great Britain expels the Dutch from the Maldives and includes Maldives as a protected state. 1887: The status of Maldives as a British protectorate is confirmed in a contract between the Sultan of the Maldives and the governor of Ceylon. The Maldives continued to be ruled under a succession of sultans. 1952: The Maldives become a republic after a referendum. 1953: After another referendum the sultanate is restored. 1957: The United Suvadive Republic secedes from the Maldives. 1963: The Suvadives are defeated and re-incorporated into the Maldives. 1965: Maldives gains independence under an agreement signed with United Kingdom. ᐃ


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Mali
🇲🇱 Mali - Republic of Mali
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 * ||colspan=2|Mali is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
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 * ||colspan=2 style="background: khaki|
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 * rowspan=7|1/2||Senegal||1880: France extends its colony of Senegal into present-day Mali as the Upper River region.
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 * French Sudan||1890: The Upper River region is separated from Senegal and becomes a separate colony as French Sudan. In that time the Toucouleur Empire is defeated. 1898: The French forces defeat emperor Samori Ture of the Wassoulou Empire.
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 * Upper Senegal||1899: French Sudan is divided into Upper Senegal and →Middle Niger.
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 * Senegambia and Niger||1902: Upper Senegal and ↑Middle Niger are united into the Territory of Senegambia and Niger.
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 * Upper Senegal and Niger||1904: Senegambia and Niger is re-organized into Upper Senegal and Niger as part of French West Africa. After the inclusion of parts of the Mossi protectorates, the colony incluses parts of present-day Mali, Niger and Burkina Faso. 1911: Niger is seperated as the Military Territory of →Niger. 1919: A part of the colony is ceded to the new →Upper Volta Colony.
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 * French Sudan||1921: Upper Senegal and Niger is renamed into French Sudan. 1932: After a re-division part of Upper Volta falls to French Sudan. 1946: France establishes the French Union, of which French West Africa becomes a constituent part. 1947: After a re-division part of French Sudan falls to →Upper Volta.
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 * Sudan||1958: France grants autonomy to French Sudan as the Sudanese Republic inside the French Community. 1960: Together with ↑Senegal, French Sudan becomes independent as the Mali Federation, split the same year into Mali'and →Senegal''. ᐃ
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 * ||colspan=2 style="background: khaki|
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 * 2/2||Middle Niger||1899: ↑French Sudan is divided into Middle Niger and →Upper Senegal. France starts to conquer present-day →Niger, previously part of the Bornu Empire, and adds the conquered areas to Middle Niger. 1902: Middle Niger and ↑Upper Senegal are united into the Territory of Senegambia and Niger. →1902


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Malta
🇲🇹 Malta - Republic of Malta
 * - valign=top
 * ||colspan=2|Malta is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
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 * ||colspan=2 style="background: khaki|
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 * rowspan=4| ||Malta||1530: Spain grants Malta, part of the Kingdom of Sicily, to the Knights Hospitaller, led by Jean Parisot de Valette, who lost ↑Rhodes in 1522.
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 * Malta||1798: Malta is conquered by France.
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 * Malta||1800: Malta is conquered by Great Britain and becomes the British Protectorate of Malta, while being legally part of Sicily. 1814: Malta becomes theCrown Colony of the Island of Malta and its Dependencies. 1849: Malta gets self-government. 1921: Malta gets home rule. 1934: The constitution is abolished. 1946: Malta gets self-government. 1958: The constitution is suspended and Malta is placed under direct colonial administration. 1962: Self-government is restored. 1964: Malta becomes independent as a commonwealth realm with Queen Elizabeth II of United Kingdom as queen. ᐃ
 * Malta||1800: Malta is conquered by Great Britain and becomes the British Protectorate of Malta, while being legally part of Sicily. 1814: Malta becomes theCrown Colony of the Island of Malta and its Dependencies. 1849: Malta gets self-government. 1921: Malta gets home rule. 1934: The constitution is abolished. 1946: Malta gets self-government. 1958: The constitution is suspended and Malta is placed under direct colonial administration. 1962: Self-government is restored. 1964: Malta becomes independent as a commonwealth realm with Queen Elizabeth II of United Kingdom as queen. ᐃ


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Isle of Man
''🇮🇲 Isle of Man - Isle of Man
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 * ||colspan=2|''The Isle of Man is a 🇬🇧 British British crown dependency.
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 * ||Isle of Man||1504: The Kingdom of Man becomes a English crown dependency. 1801: Great Britain is continued by the United Kingdom. ᐃ


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Marshall Islands
🇲🇭 Marshall Islands - Republic of the Marshall Islands |- valign=top
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 * ||colspan=2|The Marshall Islands are a sovereign and internationally recognized republic, associated with the United States.
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 * ||colspan=2 style="background: khaki|
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 * rowspan=6| ||Marshall Islands||1874: The international community recognizes the claim of Spain to the Marshall Islands. Spain adds the islands to the Spanish East Indies. The islands were earlier explored and are inhabited by Micronesians.
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 * Marshall Islands||1885: The Marshall Islands are annexed by Germany and are also known as Jaluit, administered by the German New Guinea Company. 1906: The Marshall Islands are administered as part of →German New Guinea.
 * Marshall Islands||1914: Japan occupies the German Marshall Islands.
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 * South Pacific Mandate||1922: The Marshall Islands become become part of the League of Nations South Pacific Mandate, administered by Japan. 1933: Japan withdraws from the League of Nations. 1935: Japan annexes the mandate.
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 * Pacific Islands||1944: The South Pacific Mandate, annexed by Japan in 1935, are occupied by the United States. 1947: The South Pacific Mandate is succeeded by the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands under United States administration and includes the Marshall Islands.
 * - valign=top
 * Marshall Islands||1979: The Marshall Islands becomes a separate republic. 1987: The Marshall Islands becomes independent, freely associated with the United States. ᐃ


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Martinique
''🇲🇶 Martinique - Territorial collectivity of Martinique
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 * ||colspan=2|''Martinique is a a 🇫🇷 French overseas department and region.
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 * ||colspan=2 style="background: khaki|
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 * rowspan=8| ||Martinica||1502: Cristoforo Colombo lands at present-day Martinique and claims it for Castile (Spain). The island is inhabited by Caribs and not settled by Spain.
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 * Martinique||1625: France claims Martinique. 1635: It becomes the Colony of Martinique, under the Company of the American Islands. 1650: The island is granted to the Dyel du Parquet family. 1664: Martinique is under the administration of the French West India Company. 1674: The island becomes a possession of the French Crown, including →Grenada.
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 * Martinique||1762: Martinique is occupied by Great Britain.
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 * Martinique||1764: Martinique is restored to France.
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 * Martinique||1794: Martinique is occupied by Great Britain.
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 * Martinique||1802: Martinique is restored to France.
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 * Martinique||1809: Martinique is occupied by Great Britain.
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 * Martinique||1816: Martinique is restored to France. 1940: The administration is loyal to Vichy France. 1943: The administration becomes loyal to the Free French. 1946: Martinique becomes an overseas department. 1974: Martinique becomes also an overseas region. 2015: Martinique combines the departmental and regional authorities and becomes the Territorial Collectivity of Martinique. ᐃ


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Mauritania
🇲🇷 Mauritania - Islamic Republic of Mauritania
 * - valign=top
 * ||colspan=2|Mauritania is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
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 * ||colspan=2 style="background: khaki|
 * - valign=top @
 * rowspan=8|1/2||Arguin||1445: Portugal establishes a factory at Arguin. The area around the island is mainly inhabited by Moors.
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 * Arguin||1633: The Dutch West India Company (WIC)conquers the island of Arguin from Portugal.
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 * Arguin||1655: Arguin is occupied by England.
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 * Arguin||1655: Arguin is restored to the Dutch the same year.
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 * Arguin||1685: Brandenburg establishes a colony at Arguin. 1701: Brandenburg is continued by Prussia.
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 * Arguin||1721: France conquers Arguin from Prussia.
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 * Arguin||1722: Arguin is occupied by the Netherlands.
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 * Arguin||1724: Arguin is restored to France. 1728: Arguin is abandoned and reverted to the control of indigenous peoples. 1900s: In the beginning of the twentieth century Arguin becomes part of French Mauritania. →1900s
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 * ||colspan=2 style="background: khaki|
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 * rowspan=2|2/2||''Senegal||after 1825: France starts to establish settlements on the north bank of the Senegal River, part of various Maures kingdoms. 1901: France starts conquering most of Mauritania. 1902: France conquers the Emirate of Trarza.
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 * Mauritania||1903: Mauritania becomes a separate French protectorate. 1904: Mauritania becomes as a civil territory part of French West Africa. 1904: France annexes Brakna. 1905: The Taganit Confederation is brought under French control. 1909: The Sultanate of Adrar is brought under French control. 1920: The Colony of Mauritania is established. 1946: France establishes the French Union, of which French West Africa becomes a constituent territory. 1958: France grants autonomy to the Islamic Republic of Mauritania inside the French Community. 1960: Mauritania becomes independent. ᐃ


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Mauritius
🇲🇺 Mauritius - Republic of Mauritius
 * - valign=top
 * ||colspan=2|Mauritius is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
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 * ||colspan=2 style="background: khaki|
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 * rowspan=3|1/2||Mauritius||1638: The Dutch United East India Company establishes the colony Mauritius, until then uninhabited, discovered in 1507 by the Portuguese Diogo Fernandes Pereira. 1710: The Dutch abandon Mauritius.
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 * Isle de France||1715: France settles and annexes Mauritius, further known as Isle de France. Shortly after the Chagos Archipelago becomes part of Isle de France Mauritius. 1756: France claims and settles the →Seychelles as part of Isle de France. 1794:The →Seychelles are conquered by Great Britain.
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 * Mauritius||1810: Isle de France is - with ↑Rodrigues, the ↑Seychelles and the Chagos Archipelago - annexed by the United Kingdom and named Mauritius. 1903: The →Seychelles are separated from Mauritus. 1965: The British secede the Chagos Archipelago from Mauritius and merge it with the islands of Aldabra, Farquhar and Desroches from the Seychelles to form the British Indian Ocean Territory. 1968: Mauritius becomes an independent Commonwealth realm, retaining the British monarch as its head of state until 1992. ᐃ
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 * ||colspan=2 style="background: khaki|
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 * rowspan=3|2/2||Bourbon Island||1735: France conquers the uninhabited island of Rodrigues, discovered in 1507 by the Portuguese Diogo Fernandes Pereira, and adds it to Bourbon Island.
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 * Réunion||1793: Bourbon Island is renamed into Réunion.
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 * Bonaparte Island||1801: Réunion is renamed into Bonaparte Island. 1809: Rodriques is conquered by the United Kingdom and added to Mauritius. →1810


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Mayotte
''🇾🇹 Mayotte - Mayotte
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 * ||colspan=2|''Mayotte is a a 🇫🇷 French overseas department and region.
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 * ||colspan=2 style="background: khaki|
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 * rowspan=6| ||Bourbon Island||1841: Sultan Andriantsoly of Mayotte sells Mayotte to France, that makes it the island a dependency of Bourbon Island. →Sainte Marie becomes a dependency of Mayotte.
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 * Réunion||1848: Bourbon Island is renamed into Réunion.
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 * Comoros||1908: Mayotte merges with the French protectorates of ↑Ngazidja, ↑Ndzwani and ↑Mwali into the single Territory of the Comoros.
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 * Madagascar||1912: The Comoros are annexed to Madagascar as a province of that colony.
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 * Comoros||1946: France establishes the French Union, in which the Comoros are separated from Madagascar and become a separate overseas territory of France. 1961: Internal political autonomy is granted in 1961. 1975: The Comorian parliament passes a resolution declaring unilateral independence. The deputies of from Mayotte abstain. The →Comoros become independent, Mayotte remains French.
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 * Mayotte||1975/1976: Mayotte becomes a territorial collectivity. 2001: Mayotte becomes a departemental collectivity Mayotte becomes an overseas collectivity. 2011: Mayotte becomes an overseas department. ᐃ


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Mexico
🇲🇽 Mexico - United Mexican States
 * - valign=top
 * ||colspan=2|Mexico is a sovereign and internationally recognized federal republic.
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 * ||colspan=2 style="background: khaki|
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 * rowspan=3| ||Mexico||1517: Spain establishes its first settlements at Yucatán. 1519: Spain starts the conquest of the Aztec Empire. 1521: The Aztec Empire is defeated. 1527:Spain establishes the Royal Audiencia of Mexico to administer the conquered region. 1530: Spain defeats the Tarascan state.
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 * New Spain||1535: Spain establishes the Viceroyalty of New Spain, including present-day Mexico, but also the Spanish possessions in Central America, the Caribean with Florida and the northern parts of South America. 1690: New Spain expands into →Texas. 1717: The →Viceroyalty of New Granada is separated from New Spain. 1762: Spain acquieres with the Treaty of Fontainebleau →Louisana and adds it to New Spain. 1767: New Spain is enlarged with the Californias. 1789: New Spain enlarges into present-day →Canada. At that moment New Spain includes present-day Mexico, →Guatemala, →El Salvador, →Honduras, →Nicaragua, →Belize, →Costa Rica, →western and southern parts of the United States, a small portion of →Canada, →Cuba, the →Dominican Republic, the →Philippine Islands, →Micronesia, →Puerto Rico, →Guam and the →Northern Mariana Islands. 1795: The settlements in Canada are abandoned. 1802: With the Third Treaty of San Ildefonso Louisana is returned to France. 1810: The Mexican War of Independence against Spanish rule in Mexico starts. 1819/1821: Spanish Florida is ceded to the United States. 1821: The main parts of New Spain in Mexico, Central America and the United States secede from Spain with the Declaration of Independence of the Mexican Empire as Mexico. 1824: →Central America secedes from Mexico. 1835: →Texas secedes from Mexico. 1845: Mexico secedes →Northern Mexico to the United States.
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 * Mexico||1863: France invades ↑Mexico and occupies the country. 1864: France establishes the Mexican Empire. 1867: France withdraws from Mexico, independent Mexico is restored. ᐃ


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Micronesia
🇫🇲 Micronesia - Federated States of Micronesia
 * - valign=top
 * ||colspan=2|Micronesia is a sovereign and internationally recognized federal republic, associated with the United States.
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 * ||colspan=2 style="background: khaki|
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 * rowspan=6| ||Caroline Islands||1528: Álvaro de Saavedra Cerón visits the islands, presently known as Micronesia, and claims them for Spain. The islands are inhabited by Micronesians. 1565: Spain adds the islands to the Spanish East Indies. 1686: The islands are named the Caroline Islands. 1885: After a German attempt to annex the Caroline Islands, the international community recognizesthe Caroline Islands with →Palau as a Spanish possession.
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 * Caroline Islands||1899: Spain sells the Caroline Islands to Germany, that adds them to →German New Guinea.
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 * Caroline Islands||1914: Japan occupies the German Caroline Islands.
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 * South Pacific Mandate||1922: The Caroline Islands become part of the League of Nations South Pacific Mandate, administered by Japan. 1933: Japan withdraws from the League of Nations. 1935: Japan annexes the mandate.
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 * Pacific Islands||1944: The South Pacific Mandate are occupied by the United States. 1947: The South Pacific Mandate is succeeded by the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands under United States administration, that includes Micronesia, →Palau, the Marshall Islands and the →Northern Mariana Islands.
 * - valign=top
 * Micronesia||1979: Micronesia becomes a separate federal republic. 1990: The Federated States of Micronesia become independent, freely associated with the United States. ᐃ


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Midway Atoll
'' Midway Atoll - Midway Atoll
 * - valign=top
 * ||colspan=2|"The Midway Atoll is an uninhabited 🇺🇸 United States unincorporated unorganized territory.
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 * ||colspan=2 style="background: khaki|
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 * ||Midway Atoll||1867: The United States annex Midway Atoll as an unincorporated territory. ᐃ


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Moldova
🇲🇩 Moldova - Republic of Moldova
 * - valign=top
 * ||colspan=2|Moldova is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
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 * ||colspan=2 style="background: khaki|
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 * rowspan=4|1/2||Moldavia||1621: The principality of Moldavia is confirmed as a tribute of the Ottoman Empire.
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 * Russia||1792: Bessarabia, the eastern part of Moldavia is conquered by Russia. 1812: Bessarabia is annexed to Russia. 1918: Bessarabia becomes independent as the Moldovan Democratic Republic, and joins Romania the same year.
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 * Union of Soviet Socialist Republics||1940: Bessarabia is conquered and annexed to the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics as a constituent state. 1941: Moldova is annexed to Romania.
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 * Union of Soviet Socialist Republics||1944: Bessarabia is conquered and re-incorporated as Moldova in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. 1991: Moldova becomes an independent republic. 1992: With Russian support →Transnistria secedes de facto from Moldova. The secession is internationally not recognized. ᐃ
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 * 2/2|| Transnistria||1992: ''See Transnistria for the unrecognized secession.
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Monaco
🇲🇨 Monaco - Principality of Monaco
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 * ||colspan=2|Monaco is a sovereign and internationally recognized monarchy.
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 * ||colspan=2 style="background: khaki|
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 * ||Monaco||For Monaco there are no entries of colonization. The inclusions in Genoa and France are not listed. De facto Monaco is a French protectorate.ᐃ


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Mongolia
🇲🇳 Mongolia - Mongolia
 * - valign=top
 * ||colspan=2|Mongolia is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
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 * ||colspan=2 style="background: khaki|
 * - valign=top
 * rowspan=17| ||Xiongnu||208 BCE: The establishment of the Xiongnu empire marks the beginning of statehood on the territory of present-day Mongolia. 48: The Xiongnu empire gets divided into the southern and northern Xiongnu.
 * - valign=top
 * Xianbei||93: Xiognu is defeated by the Xianbei. 147: The Xianbei establish the Xianbei state.
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 * Rouran Khaganate||330: A branch of the Xiabei establish the Rouran Khaganate, succeeding the Xianbei state.
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 * Turkic Khaganate||552: The Rouran Khaganate is overthrown by the Turkic Khaganate.
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 * ''China||630: The Turkic Khaganate is defeated and the area is conquered by →China.
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 * Turkic Khaganate||682: The Turkic Khaganate is restored.
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 * Uyghur Khaganate||744: After a revolt the Turkic Khaganate is replaced by the Uyghur Khaganate.
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 * 840: The Khaganate is destroyed by Yenisei Kyrgyz, who don't establish statehood in the area.
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 * Great Liao||907: After an era of disunity the Great Liao comes to existence, dominated by the Khitan people. 1125: The Liao dynasty is finally defeated by the Great Jin in 1115, dominated by Jurchen people. The Khitans leave the area, which is further poulated by various Mongol tribes.
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 * Khamag Mongol||12th century: Various Mongol tribes unite as the Khamag Mongol under Khabul Khan.
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 * Mongol Empire||1206: Genghis Khan unified the Mongol tribes and established the Great Mongol State. 1271: ↑China is conquered by the Mongols, that unite conquered China, ↑Jin and ↑Xi Xia with proper Mongolia into the Great Yuan, a Mongol division founded by Kublai Khan.
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 * Great Yuan||1294: At the death of Kublai Khan, the Mongol Empire gets divided into the Golden Horde khanate in the northwest, the Chagatai Khanate in Central Asia, the Ilkhanate in the southwest and the Great Yuan in the east, including proper Mongolia. Mid 14th century: →Tibet secedes from the Great Yuan.
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 * Northern Yuan||1368: The Mongols withdraw from China into what is known as Northern Yuan, including present-day Mongolia and →Xinjiang. 1399: The Oirat tribes secede and establish the →Alliance of the four Oirats. 15th century: the Northern Yuan gets fragmented.
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 * Great Qing||1634: Great Qing (China) defeats the renmants of long lasting Mongol Empire and annexes it.
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 * Mongolia||1911: After the Mongolian Revolution of 1911 Outer Mongolia declares its independence from China as the Bogd Khaanate of Mongolia.
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 * China||1919: Mongolia is occupied by China.
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 * Mongolia||1921: The Bogd Khaanate of Mongolia establishes its de facto independence from China. 1924: The Bogd Khaanate is continued by the Mongolian People's Republic. 1946: The independence is recognized by China. 1992: The state is renamed into Mongolia. ᐃ


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Montenegro
🇲🇪 Montenegro - Montenegro
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 * ||colspan=2|Montenegro is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
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 * 1/2||Venetian Albania||1420: The independent city of Cattaro asks Venice for protection. Venis establishes Venetian Albania around its cities of Cattaro and →Durazzo. 1797: Venetian Albania becomes part of the Austrian Empire. 1805: The region becomes part of the Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy. 1809: The region is included into the French Illyrian Provinces. 1814: The region is again included into the Austrian Empire. 1918: Cattaro is annexed to Serbia and becomes with Serbia part of Yugoslavia. →1918
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 * 2/2||Ottoman Empire||1496: The Ottoman Empire annexes Zeta. 1696: Montenegro becomes a separate state, of which the suzerainity to the Ottoman Empire is disputed. 1878: Following the Russo-Turkish War, the Treaties of San Stefano and Berlin recognize the formal independence of Montenegro. 1918: Montenegro is annexed to Serbia and becomes with Serbia part of Yugoslavia. 2003: Yugoslavia is reorganized into Serbia and Montenegro. 2006: Montenegro secedes and becomes independent. ᐃ
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Montserrat
''🇲🇸 Montserrat - Montserrat
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 * ||colspan=2|''Montserrat is a 🇬🇧 British British crown dependency.
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 * rowspan=12| ||Montserrat||1493: Cristoforo Colombo discovers the uninhabited island he names Montserrat and claims it for Castile (Spain). The island remains uncolonized.
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 * ''||1632: England creates from Antigua the first settlement on ↑Montserrat and Irishmen from Saint Christopher are resettled to Montserrat.
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 * Montserrat||1667: France occupies Montserrat
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 * ''||1668: English rule in Montserrat is restored.
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 * Colony of the Leeward Islands||1671: Antigua is united with Saint Christopher, Nevis, ↑Anguilla and the ↑English Virgin Islands into the Leeward Islands.
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 * Montserrat||1782: Montserrat is occupied by France'''
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 * Colony of the Leeward Islands||1784: British rule in Montserrat is restored.
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 * ||1816: The Leeward Islands are dissolved, Antigua (with Montserrat and Barbuda) is governed as the colony of Antigua, the other islands as the colony of →Saint Christopher.
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 * Federal Colony of the Leeward Islands||1871: The colony of Antigua is united with →Dominica into the Leeward Islands. 1940: Dominica is separated from the Leeward Islands and becomes part of the colony of the →Windward Islands.
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 * ||1956: After the dissolution of the Leeward Islands, Antigua is restored as a separate entity.
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 * West Indies Federation||1958: Montserrat is separated from Antigua and forms together with ↑Antigua, ↑Barbados, ↑Dominica, ↑Grenada, ↑Jamaica (with the ↑Cayman Islands and the ↑Turks and Caicos Islands), ↑Saint Christopher (with Nevis and ↑Anguilla), ↑Saint Lucia, ↑Saint Vincent, and Trinidad and Tobago the West Indies Federation in preparation of a joint independence.
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 * Montserrat||1962: The West Indies Federation is dissolved and Montserrat becomes a separate crown colony. 1983: The crown colony is referred to as a British dependent territory. 2002: The British dependent territory is refered to as a British overseas territory. ᐃ


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Morocco
🇲🇦 Morocco - Kingdom of Morocco
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 * ||colspan=2|Morocco is a sovereign and internationally recognized monarchy.
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 * 1/6||||1471: Portugal starts to establish settlements at the coast of Wattasid Morocco, starting with Asilah (Arzila). 1769: The last Portuguese settlement, Mazagão falls to Morocco. 1476: Spanish Santa Cruz de la Mar Pequeña falls to Morocco. 1684: English ↑Tangier falls to Morocco. 1907: Morocco is conquered by France. →1907
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 * rowspan=5|2/6|||Tangier||1474: Portugal conquers the city of Tangier and establishes a colony.
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 * Tangier||1662: England conquers Tangier. 1684: England loses Tangier to →Morocco.
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 * Tangier||1924: Tangier in ↑Spanish Morocco becomes the Tangier International Zone under the joint administration of France, Spain, and the United Kingdom, nominally under suzerainty of Morocco. Portugal, Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands, Sweden, the United States, and from 1945 Soviet Union join the administration afterwards.
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 * Morocco||1940: Tangier] is occupied by Spain and de facto annexed to Spanish Morocco.
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 * Tangier||1945: The International Zone in Tangier is restored. 1956: Tangier is incorporated into independent Morocco. →1956
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 * rowspan=4|3/6||Santa Cruz de la Mar Pequeña||1476: Castile establishes a settlement called Santa Cruz de la Mar Pequeña in the south of Wattasid Morocco. Shortly after it abandons the region.
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 * Ifni||1860: After a Spanish-Moroccan War the area around the old settlement is ceded to Spain as Ifni. 1934: The governor-general of Spanish Sahara takes up residence in Ifni. 1936: Ifni becomes a Spanish province. →1946
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 * Spanish West Africa||1946: Ifni is united with ↑Spanish Sahara and Cape Juby into Spanish West Africa. 1957: After the Ifni War most of Ifni is occupied by Morocco.
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 * Ifni||1958: Ifni becomes a separate province. 1969: Spain formally returns Ifni to Morocco. →1969
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 * 4/6||Morocco||1907: France starts conquering parts of independent Morocco. 1912: With the Treaty of Fez, sultan Abd al-Hafid has to accept that France establishes the French protectorate in Morocco. He abdicates after signing the treaty. France lets Spain establish a Spanish protectorate in Morocco. 1953: Sultan Mohammed V is sent to exile. 1955: Mohammed V is allowed to return from exile. 1956: The protectorates are abolished and Morocco becomes independent, and incorporates ↑Tangier. 1969: ↑Ifni falls to Morocco. 1975: After the Madrid Accords Spain abandons ↑Spanish Sahara. The Sahara is divided and annexed by Morocco and Mauretania. 1976: The independence of →Sahara is proclaimed, that controls only a thin strip of area in the Western Sahara region and claims sovereignty over the entire territory of Western Sahara. 1979: Mauretania withdraws from the Western Sahara and leaves its part to Morocco. ᐃ
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 * 5/6||Morocco||1912: France lets Spain establish a Spanish protectorate in ↑Morocco. 1916: Spanish Morocco includes Cape Juby. 1921: Berbers in Spanish Morocco secede as the Rif Republic. 1924: Due to the Tangier Protocol the city of Tangier becomes the →Tangier International Zone. 1926: The Rif Republic is defeated. 1940: ↑Tangier is annexed to Spanish Morocco. 1945: The →Tangier International Zone is restored. 1956: The protectorates are abolished and Morocco becomes independent as Morocco. →1956
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 * 6/6||Western Sahara||1976: ''See Western Sahara for the unrecognized secession.


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Mozambique
🇲🇿 Mozambique - Republic of Mozambique
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 * ||colspan=2|Mozambique is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
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 * rowspan=8|1/4||Sofala||1498: Vasco da Gama claims the area of present-day Mozambique for Portugal. The area is inhabited by Swahili and Bantu peoples. 1501: The Portuguese administration begins with the Captaincy of Sofala, subordinated to →India.
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 * Mozambique and Sofala||1507: Mozambique Island is conquered, Sofala is renamed into the Captaincy of Mozambique and Sofala. 1531: Portugal starts to settle the inland.
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 * Mozambique and Rivers of Sofala||1569: The colony becomes the Captaincy-general of Mozambique and Rivers of Sofala.
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 * Mozambique, Sofala, Ríos de Cuama, and Monomatapa||1609: The colony is renamed into the Colony of Mozambique, Sofala, Ríos de Cuama, and Monomatapa, subordinated to India. 1730: The Dutch withdraw from ↑Fort Lijdzaamheid, which is overtaken by the Portuguese.
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 * Mozambique, the Zambesi and Sofala||1752: The colony is renamed into the Colony of Mozambique, the Zambesi and Sofala. 1781: The Austrian ↑Sankt Joseph and Sankt Maria forts are conquered by Portugal.
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 * Mozambique||1836: The colony is renamed into the Province of Mozambique, also called Portuguese East Africa. 1890: Portugal annexes the Angoche Sultanate.
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 * Eastern Africa||1891: Mozambique is renamed into the State of Eastern Africa. 1892: Part of the colony is administered by the Mozambique Company.
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 * Mozambique||1893: Portuguese Eastern Africa is renamed into the Province of Mozambique. 1894: Another part of the colony is administered by the Nyassa Company. 1895: Portugal defeats and annexes the Gaza Empire. 1920: The ↑Kionga Triangle, conquered in 1916, is annexed to the colony. 1926: The colony is renamed into the Colony of Mozambique. 1929: The charter of the Nyassa Company is revoked. 1942: The charter of the Mozambique Company is revoked. 1951: Mozambique becomes the overseas Province of Mozambique. 1964: The Mozambican War of Independence starts. 1972: The colony is renamed State of Mozambique. 1974: Mozambique gets local autonomy. 1975: After the overthrow of the dictatorship in Portugal, Portugal agrees to the independence of Mozambique. Mozambique becomes independent. ᐃ
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 * 2/4||Fort Lijdzaamhed||1721: The Dutch United East India Company (VOC) establishes Fort Lijdzaamheid in an area inhabited by Tsonga people. 1730: The Dutch withdraw and leave the area to the Portuguese. →1730
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 * 3/4||Mozambique 1771|Saint Joseph and Saint Mary||1771: The Austrian Austrian East India Company establishes the Saint Joseph and Saint Mary forts in the area earlier settles by the Dutch at ↑Fort Lijdzaamheid. 1781: The forts are abandoned and left to Portugal. →1781
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 * rowspan=2|4/4||German East Africa||1894: Germany adds the Kionga Triangle to German East Africa.
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 * Kionga Triangle||1916: Portugal occupies the Kionga Triangle from Germany. 1920: The Kionga Triangle is annexed to Mozambique. →1920
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Myanmar (Burma)
🇲🇲 Myanmar - Republic of the Union of Myanmar
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 * ||colspan=2|Myanmar is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
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 * rowspan=5| ||British India||1824: With the First Anglo-Burmese War the United Kingdom starts the colonization of various portions of Burmese territories, including Rangoon and Pegu. The area is inhabied by Bamar as dominant ethnic group. 1826: Arakan, Tenasserim, Manipur, Assam and the coastline are annexed to British India. Pegu is restored to Burma. 1852: After the Second Anglo-Burmese War Pegu is annexed. 1858: The British dependencies and protectorates in India are united into the British Raj, a structure comprising British India (a quasi-federation of presidencies and provinces directly governed by the British Crown and the Princely states, governed by Indian rulers, under the suzerainty of the British Crown. 1862: Arakan, Tenasserim, and Pegu are united as British or Lower Burma (within British India). 1877: British India is styled Empire of India. 1885: After the Third Anglo-Burmese War the remnants of the Kingdom of Burma are as Upper Burma are annexed to British Burma. 1886: Upper and Lower Burma are united as the Province of Burma (within British India). 1919: With the Government of India Act, 1919, British India gets more autonomy. 1936: The Government of India Act 1935 provides for self-government.
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 * Burma||1937: Burma becomes the separate Colony of Burma with self-government.
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 * occupied Burma||1942: Burma is occupied by Japan.
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 * Burma||1943: Japan establishes as puppet state Burma.
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 * Burma||1945: Japan is defeated and British rule is restored. 1948: Burma becomes independent. ᐃ


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Namibia
🇳🇦 Namibia - Republic of Namibia
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 * ||colspan=2|Namibia is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
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 * rowspan=2|1/3||German South West Africa||1883: The German trader Adolf Lüderitz buys from the ǃKhorebeb-ǁNaixab, a.k.a. Josef Frederiks II, captain of the !Nama, Angra Pequeña and renames it into Lüderitz. 1884: Lüderitz and surroundings are nationalized and German South West Africa is established. 1887: Lijdensrust is annexed to German South West Africa. 1909: The ↑Caprivi Strip is incorporated into German South West Africa. 1914: Germany conquers the South-African exclave of ↑Walvis Bay.
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 * South West Africa||1915: South Africa conquers German South West Africa. →Walvis Bay is restored to South Africa. 1920: South West Africa becomes a League of Nations mandate, administered by South Africa. 1946: The United Nations makes South West Africa a United Nations trust territory, administered by South Africa, rejected by South Africa. 1954: South Africa annexes South West Africa. 1966: The United Nations terminates the South African mandate, South Africa continues its de facto authority. 1990: South West Africa becomes independent as Republic of Namibia. 1994: ↑Walvis Bay is ceded to Namibia. ᐃ
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 * 2/3|||Caprivi Strip||1890: The Caprivi Strip, claimed by the United Kingdom, is ceded to Germany. It is also known as German Barotseland or German Zambeziland. 1909: The Caprivi Strip is incorporated into German South West Africa. →1909
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 * rowspan=5|3/3||Cape Colony||1793: The Dutch establish Walvis Bay as a dependency of the Cape Colony.
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 * Cape of Good Hope||1797: Walvis Bay becomes with the Cape Colony British, but remains unsettled. 1878: Great Britain occupies Walvis Bay, confirming the settlement of 1797, and permits the Cape Colony to annex it.
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 * South Africa||1910: Walvis Bay becomes with Cape Good Hope part of South Africa.
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 * German South West Africa||1914: The South African exclave of Walvis Bay is overrun by the Germans during the South West Africa Campaign.
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 * South Africa||1915: The Germans are defeated and ousted by South African forces. 1922: Walvis Bay is administered with South West Africa. 1977: Walvis Bay is reincorporated into South Africa. 1994: Walvis Bay is ceded to Namibia. →1994
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Nauru
🇳🇷 Nauru - Republic of Nauru
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 * ||colspan=2|Nauru is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
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 * rowspan=4| ||Nauru||1887: King Aweida of the Nauruan tribes has to accept that Nauru becomes a German protectorate administered by the German New Guinea Company. 1899: The protectorate becomes an entity of German New Guinea.
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 * Nauru||1914: As part of World War I, Nauru is conquered by Australia. 1920: Nauru becomes a League of Nations mandate, administered by Australia.
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 * occupied Nauru||1942: Japan occupies Nauru.
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 * Nauru||1945: Japan is defeated, Nauru becomes a United Nations trust territory, administered by Australia. 1968: Nauru becomes independent. ᐃ


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Nepal
🇳🇵 Nepal - Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal
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 * ||colspan=2|Nepal is a sovereign and internationally recognized federal republic.
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 * ||Nepal||1816: After the Anglo-Nepalese War Nepal is forced to sign the Treaty of Sugauli, making Nepal de facto a British protectorate. 1923: With a new Treaty of perpetual peace and friendship, the protectorate ends, restoring full independence of Nepal. ᐃ


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The Netherlands
 The Netherlands - Kingdom of the Netherlands
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 * ||colspan=2|The Kingdom of the Netherlands is a sovereign and internationally recognized monarchy, divided in the Netherlands, Aruba, Curaçao and Sint Maarten as constituent countries
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 * rowspan=2|1/2||Spanish Netherlands||1556: Felipe, who became after the abdication of emperor Charles V ruler in the Netherlands, becomes king Felipe II of Spain. He rules the Netherlands as a Spanish Spanish dependency, including present-day →Belgium, the Netherlands and →Luxembourg. 1566: The Eighty Years' War between Dutch resistance and the Spanish rulers start. The northern part becomes de facto independent as the Netherlands. 1648: The Netherlands become de jure independent. Part of the present-day Netherlands remain under →Spanish rule. 1795: The Netherlands are succeeded by the Batavian Republic. 1806: The Batavian Republic is succeeded by Holland. 1810: Holland is annexed to France. 1813: The Netherlands are restored. 1815: Present-day →Belgium and th becomes part of the Netherlands. 1830: →Belgium secedes from the Netherlands. 1940: The Netherlands are occupied by Germany. 1944/1945: The Netherlands are restored. ᐃ
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 * rowspan=3|2/2||Spanish Netherlands||1648: When the northern part of the Netherlands becomes de jure independent as the →Netherlands, part of the present-day Netherlands remain Spanish.
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 * Austrian Netherlands||1713: The ↑Spanish Netherlands fall to Austria. 1790: The Austrian Netherlands secede from Austria as the United Belgian States.
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 * Austrian Netherlands||1790: Austrian rule is restored the same year. 1792: The Austrian Netherlands are annexed to France. 1815: The former Austrian Netherlands become part of the Netherlands. →1815
 * Austrian Netherlands||1790: Austrian rule is restored the same year. 1792: The Austrian Netherlands are annexed to France. 1815: The former Austrian Netherlands become part of the Netherlands. →1815


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New Caledonia
''🇳🇨 New Caledonia - New Caledonia
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 * ||colspan=2|''New Caledonia is a a 🇫🇷 French overseas collectivity with special status.
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 * ||New Caledonia||1853: France establishes the Colony of New Caledonia on islands inhabited by the Kanak people. 1864: The Loyalty Islands are annexed to France. 1888: The kings of Sigave and Alo on the islands of Futuna and Alofi sign a treaties establishing protectorates. The islands are together with Uvea put under the authority of New Caledonia 1917: The Wallis and Futuna protectorates are annexed to France and turned into the colony of Wallis and Futuna under the authority of New Caledonia. 1929: The Matthew and Hunter Islands are annexed to New Caledonia. 1940: The administration is loyal to Vichy France, but shifts its loyalty to the Free French the same year. The administration of Wallis and Futuna remains pro-Vichy. 1942: The administration of Wallis and Futuna is deposed by the Free French. 1946: New Caledonia becomes the French Overseas Territory of New Caledonia. 1961: Wallis and Futuna are fully separated from New Caledonia. 1984: The territory gets autonomy, Kanak secessionist unrest starts. 1998: The Nouméa Accord grants political power to the Kanaks, New Caledonia becomes a French collectivité sui generis. ᐃ


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New Zealand
🇳🇿 New Zealand - New Zealand
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 * ||colspan=2|New Zealand is a sovereign and internationally recognized Commonwealth realm.
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 * rowspan=3| ||New South Wales||1817: The governor of British New South Wales is given legal authority over the area of present-day New Zealand. 1840: The Treaty of Waitangi between the United Kingdom and various Māori chiefs from the North Island of present-day New Zealand brings the area under British sovereignity. At first it is administered as part of the colony of New South Wales.
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 * New Zealand||1841: New Zealand becomes a separate colony as the Colony of New Zealand. 1901: The Cook Islands and Niue are annexed to New Zealand. 1907: The colony is succeeded by the more independent dominion of New Zealand. 1931: The parliament of the United Kingdom passes the Statute of Westminster 1931 effectively establishing the legislative independence of the self-governing dominions of the British Empire from the United Kingdom. 1947: New Zealand becomes an independent Commonwealth realm, retaining the British monarch as its head of state. ᐃ
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Nicaragua
🇳🇮 Nicaragua - Republic of Nicaragua
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 * ||colspan=2|Nicaragua is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
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 * rowspan=2|1/3||Guatemala||1502: Cristoforo Colombo makes for Castile (Spain) landfall. The area is inhabited by various indigenous tribes. 1522: Spain starts the conquest of present-day Nicaragua. The conquest lasts until 1533. 1542: Spain establishes the Real Audiencia of Guatemala inside the Viceroyalty of New Spain, including also present-day →Guatemala, →Costa Rica, →Honduras, Nicaragua and →El Salvador. 1609: The Captaincy General of Guatemala as a province of New Spain is established. 1544: The →Archipelago of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina is placed under the administration of the Captaincy General of Guatemala. 1787: The Kingdom of ↑Mosquito is annexed by Spain. 1803: The Mosquito Coast is transfered to →New Granada. 1821: Following the Mexican War of Independence, Nicaragua becomes part of independent Mexico in 1822. The ↑Mosquito Coast is integrated into Mexico, but remains disputed with Colombia. De facto the area remains outside of Spanish control. 1824: Nicaragua joins Central America. 1838: Nicaragua becomes independent. 1844: →Mosquito is seceded as a British protectorate. 1860: ↑Mosquito is restored to Nicaragua.
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 * Nicaragua||1912: The United States intervene in ↑Nicaragua and occupy the country. 1914: With the Bryan–Chamorro Treaty Nicaragua becomes more or less a U.S. protectorate. The United States lease from Nicaragua the →Corn Islands. 1933: The United States withdraw from Nicaragua, restoring the independence of Nicaragua. 1971: The lease of the ↑Corn Islands is terminated. ᐃ
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 * rowspan=4|2/3||Mosquito||1638: Part of the Nicaraguan and Honduran coast is incorporated into the Mosquito, an English protectorate, populated by Miskito people.
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 * Guatemala||1787: The Kingdom of Mosquito is annexed by Spain.
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 * New Granada||1803: The Mosquito Coast is transfered to New Granada. 1822: After the independence of Colombia, the Mosquito Coast becomes part of Mexico. This is disputed by Colombia. 1922: Mosquito becomes part of Central America. 1838: Mosquito becomes part of Nicaragua.
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 * Mosquito||1844: The United Kingdom re-establishes in the Mosquito Kingdom as a protectorate. 1860: The Mosquito Kingdom is restored to Nicaragua. →1860
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 * 3/3||Corn Islands||1914: The United States lease from ↑Nicaragua the Corn Islands. 1971: The lease is terminated by Nicaragua. →1971


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Niger
🇳🇪 Niger - Republic of Niger
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 * ||colspan=2|Niger is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
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 * rowspan=4|1/2||Middle Niger||1899: France starts to conquer present-day Niger, previously part of the Bornu Empire, and adds the conquered areas to Middle Niger.
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 * Senegambia and Niger||1902: Middle Niger is united with ↑Upper Senegal into the Territory of Senegambia and Niger.
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 * Upper Senegal and Niger||1904: Senegambia and Niger is re-organized into Upper Senegal and Niger as part of French West Africa. After the inclusion of parts of the Mossi protectorates, the colony incluses parts of present-day Mali, Niger and Burkina Faso.
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 * Niger||1911: Niger is seceded from Upper Senegal and Niger and together with ↑Damagaram organized as the Military Territory of Niger. 1920s: The Tuareg are finally defeated. 1921: The Colony of Niger is established inside French West Africa. 1932: After a re-division part of Upper Volta falls to Niger. 1946: France establishes the French Union, of which the Overseas Territory of Niger inside French West Africa becomes a constituent part.1947:After a re-division part of Niger falls to new →Upper Volta. 1958: France grants autonomy to the Republic of Niger inside the French Community. 1960: Niger becomes independent. ᐃ
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 * 2/2||||1899: France defeats the Sultanate of Damagaram and makes it a French protectorate. 1911: Damagaram is incorporated into the territory of Niger. →1911


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Nigeria
🇳🇬 Nigeria - Federal Republic of Nigeria
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 * ||colspan=2|Nigeria is a sovereign and internationally recognized federal republic.
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 * rowspan=6|1/8||Slave Coast||1660: The Dutch West India Company (WIC) starts establishing various settlements at what they name the Slave Coast in present-day Nigeria and Benin. 1760: The WIC abandons the last settlement at the Slave Coast.
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 * Bight of Benin||1852: The United Kingdom declares the the former Slave Coast as Bight of Benin a British protectorate.
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 * Oil Rivers Protectorate||1885: The Bight of Benin and the ↑Bight of Biafra protectorates are united as the Oil Rivers Protectorate, including the former German claim on ↑Mahinland.
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 * Niger Coast||1893: The Oils River Protectorate is extended and renamed in Niger Coast Protectorate.
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 * Southern Nigeria||1900: The Niger Coast Protectorate is united with parts of the territories of the ↑Royal Niger Company to form the Protectorate of Southern Nigeria. The other parts become the →Protectorate of Northern Nigeria. 1906: ↑Lagos is incorporated and the protectorate is continued as the Colony and Protectorate of Southern Nigeria.
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 * Nigeria||1914: Southern Nigeria and ↑Northern Nigeria are merged into the Nigeria Colony and Protectorate. 1930: ↑Forcados and Badjibo become part of Nigeria. 1954: Nigeria becomes autonomous as the Federation of Nigeria. 1960: Nigeria becomes an independent Commonwealth realm, retaining the British monarch as its head of state until 1963. The northern part of ↑British Cameroon merges into Nigeria. ᐃ
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 * 2/8|||Bight of Biafra||1849: The United Kingdom declares the Bight of Biafra a British protectorate. 1884: The British protectorate is enlarged over Brass, Bonny, Opobo, Aobh, and Old Calabar. 1885: The protectorate merges into the Oil Rivers Protectorate. →1885
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 * rowspan=3|3/8||Lagos||1861: Lagos and the adjacent area are annexed by the United Kingdom as the Lagos Colony. 1866: Lagos becomes a territory of the British West African Settlements.
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 * Gold Coast||1874: Lagos becomes part of the →Gold Coast colony inside British West Africa.
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 * Lagos||1886: Lagos becomes a separate colony. 1887: Lagos is enlarged with a protectorate in its hinterland, Yorubaland. 1888: British West Africa is dissolved. 1906: Lagos is incorporated into Southern Nigeria. →1900
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 * rowspan=3|4/8||''Cameroon||1884: Germany establishes the Cameroon colony.
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 * Cameroon||1914: France, the United Kingdom and Belgium invade German Cameroon as part of World War I. 1916: Germany surrenders and Cameroon is occupied.
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 * British Cameroons||1922: Occupied Cameroon is divided by the League of Nations into the French mandate of Cameroon and the British League of Nation mandate of British Cameroons. 1946: Both mandates become United Nations trust territories, administered by France and the United Kingdom. 1961: After a plebiscite British Cameroons is divided. The southern part merges into the →Cameroon. The northern part of British Cameroons merges into Nigeria. →1961
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 * 5/8||Mahinland||1885: Gottlieb Leonhard Gaiser acquires for Germany what he calls Mahinland, east of Lagos. The same year Germany cedes its rights to the United Kingdom, leaving the area to the Oils River Protectorate. →1885
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 * rowspan=3|6/8||National African Company||1885: The British National African Company establishes a protectorate in the hinterland.
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 * Royal Niger Company||1886: The National African Company is renamed into the Royal Niger Company. 1900: The territories of the Royal Niger Company are divided between the →Protectorate of Southern Nigeria and the Protectorate of Northern Nigeria.
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 * Northern Nigeria||1900: Parts of the territories of the Royal Niger Company become the Protectorate of Northern Nigeria.1902: In Northern Nigeria the remnants of the Bornu Empire are conquered. 1903: The British take over the Sokoto Caliphate and the Kano Emirate. 1914: Northern Nigeria becomes part of the Nigeria Colony and Protectorate. →1914
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 * 7/8||Muri||1892: France establishes a protectorate over the Emirate of Muri. 1893: France withdraws from Muri. 1900: The area becomes part of Northern Nigeria. →1900
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 * 8/8||Forcados and Badjibo||1900: France leases from the United Kingdom in Nigeria the enclaves of Forcados and Badjibo for thirty years. 1930: The lease is not renewed, leaving the area to united Nigeria. →1930


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Niue
''🇳🇺 Niue - Niue
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 * ||colspan=2|''Niue is a 🇳🇿 New Zealand self-governing state, with sovereignty within the Ne Zealand realm..
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 * rowspan=4| ||Savage Island||1900: In response to requests of the ruler of Niue, Niue becomes a British protectorate, administered as one of the British Western Pacific Territories.
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 * Cook Islands||1901: The United Kingdom incorporates Niue as part of the Cook Islands into New Zealand.
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 * Cook Islands||1907: New Zealand becomes a dominion, making the Cook Islands a New Zealand dependency.
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 * Niue||1965: Niue is separated from the Cook Islands. 1974: Niue becomes self-governing. ᐃ


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Norfolk Island
''🇳🇫 Norfolk Island - Territory of Norfolk Island
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 * ||colspan=2|''Norfolk Island is a 🇦🇺 Australian overseas territory.
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 * rowspan=4|/1||New South Wales||1786: The uninhabited Norfolk Island is annexed by Great Britain to New South Wales.
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 * Van Diemen's Land 1844 NOR|Van Diemen's Land||1844: Norfolk Island is transferred to the colony of Van Diemen's Land.
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 * rowspan=2|Norfolk Island||1856: Norfolk Island becomes a distinct and separate settlement.
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 * 1914: The United Kingdom cedes Norfolk Island to Australia. ᐃ


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Northern Cyprus (disputed)
Northern Cyprus - Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus
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 * ||colspan=2|''Northern Cyprus is a de facto republic, not recognized by Cyprus, and only recognized by Turkey.
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 * rowspan=2| ||Cyprus||See for the development before 1974 →Cyprus.
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 * Northern Cyprus||1974: In response to a coup in ↑Cyprus, the Turkish army invades the island and conquers the north of Cyprus. Turkey secedes Northern Cyprus from Cyprus and establishes a federal state. 1983: Turkish Cyprus declares itself a independent republic, internationally not recognized and considered as part of Cyprus. ᐃ


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Northern Mariana Islands
''🇲🇵 Northern Mariana Islands - Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands
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 * ||colspan=2|"The Northern Mariana Islands are a 🇺🇸 United States unincorporated organized territory.
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 * rowspan=6| ||Mariana Islands||See also the closely related history of →Guam. 1521: Fernão de Magalhães discovers the archipelago for Spain. The islands are inhabited by Chamorro people. 1565: Spain claims the archipel as the Mariana Islands, including Guam, adds the archipelago to the Spanish East Indies. 1898: Spain cedes →Guam to the United States of America.
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 * Mariana Islands||1899: Spain sells the northern part of the Mariana Islands to Germany, that adds them to German New Guinea.
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 * Mariana Islands||1914: Japan occupies the Northern Mariana Islands.
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 * South Pacific Mandate||1922: The Northern Mariana Islands become part of the League of Nations South Pacific Mandate, administered by Japan. 1933: Japan withdraws from the League of Nations. 1935: Japan annexes the mandate.
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 * Pacific Islands||1944: The South Pacific Mandate, annexed by Japan in 1935, are occupied by the United States. 1947: The South Pacific Mandate is succeeded by the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands under United States administration and includes the Northern Mariana Islands.
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 * Northern Mariana Islands||1978: The Northern Mariana Islands become the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands in political union with the United States. ᐃ
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Norway
🇳🇴 Norway - Kingdom of Norway
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 * ||colspan=2|Norway is a sovereign and internationally recognized monarchy.
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 * rowspan=3|1/3||Norway||1537: Norway, until then a kingdom in a personal union with Denmark, becomes by declaration of the Danish Privy Council subordinated to Denmark.
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 * Norway||1814: Denmark cedes in the Treaty of Kiel ↑Norway to Sweden in a personal union. The →Faroe Islands, →Iceland and →Greenland become Danish colonies. 1905: Parliament declares the union with Sweden dissolved and elects a new king. With this Norway achieves full independence, which is confirmed with the Convention of Karlstad. 1922: Norway annexes →Jan Mayen. 1925: Norway formally assumes sovereignty over →Svalbard. ᐃ
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 * rowspan=2|2/3||Svalbard||1615: See Svalbard.
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 * 3/3||Jan Mayen|| 1615: The Dutch Northern Company uses the recently discovered island of Jan Mayen as a whaling base. 1638: Jan Mayen is abandoned. 1922: Jan Mayen is annexed to Norway →1922
 * 3/3||Jan Mayen|| 1615: The Dutch Northern Company uses the recently discovered island of Jan Mayen as a whaling base. 1638: Jan Mayen is abandoned. 1922: Jan Mayen is annexed to Norway →1922


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Oman
🇴🇲 Oman - Sultanate of Oman
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 * ||colspan=2|Oman is a sovereign and internationally recognized monarchy.
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 * rowspan=6|1/2||Oman||1517: Portugal conquers Muscat. Iman Muhammad bin Ismail has to accept the establishment of a protectorate over the Imamate of Oman.
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 * Muscat||1552: Muscat is shortly occupied by the Ottoman Empire.
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 * Muscat||1552: Muscat is restored to '’'Portugal the same year.
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 * Muscat||1581: Muscat is conquered by the Ottoman Empire.
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 * Muscat||1588: Portugal re-conquers Muscat. 1650: Sultan bin Saif bin Malik succeeds in expulsing the Portuguese and restores the independence of the Sultanate of Muscat. 1820: Muscat merges with the Imamate of Oman into Sultanate of Muscat and Oman. 1854: The →Kuria Muria Islands are ceded by Muscat and Oman to the United Kingdom. 1856: Muscat and Oman are partitioned into Muscat and Oman and →Zanzibar. 1967: The islands are restored to Oman. 1970: Muscat and Oman is continued by Oman. ᐃ
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 * 2/2||Kuria Muria Islands||1854: The Kuria Muria Islands are ceded by Muscat and Oman to the United Kingdom. 1937: The islands are administered under →Aden. 1963: The islands are administered by the resident of the Persian Gulf. 1967: The islands are restored to Oman. →1967
 * 2/2||Kuria Muria Islands||1854: The Kuria Muria Islands are ceded by Muscat and Oman to the United Kingdom. 1937: The islands are administered under →Aden. 1963: The islands are administered by the resident of the Persian Gulf. 1967: The islands are restored to Oman. →1967


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Pakistan
🇵🇰 Pakistan - Islamic Republic of Pakistan
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 * ||colspan=2|Pakistan is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
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 * 1/2|||Gwadar||1783: The Khan of Kalat Mir Noori Naseer Khan Baloch, grants suzerainty over Gwadar to Taimur Sultan, the defeated ruler of Muscat. When Taimur Sultan recaptures Muscat, Gwadar becomes a possession of Muscat. 1958: Oman transfers Gwadar to Pakistan. →1958
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 * 2/2||British India||1843: The British East India Company defeats at the Battle of Miani the Talpur rulers of Sindh and annexes Sindh. 1849: The East India Company defeats in the Anglo-Sikh wars the Sikh Empire and annexes its area as Punjab. 1858: After having supported the anti-British Indian Rebellion of 1857, emperor Bahadur Shah Zafar of the Mughal Empire is deposed. The Mughal Empire is annexed by the United Kingdom. The same goes for all East India Company areas. All British dependencies and protectorates in India are united into the British Raj, a structure comprising British India (a quasi-federation of presidencies and provinces directly governed by the British Crown and the Princely states, governed by Indian rulers, under the suzerainty of the British Crown. 1876: With the Treaty of Kalat of Makran, Kharan, Las Bela and Kalat become princely states under British protection. 1877: British India is styled Empire of India. 1919: With the Government of India Act, 1919, British India gets more autonomy. 1936: The Government of India Act 1935 provides for self-government. 1947: British India is partitioned between the independent states of India and Pakistan of which the area is part under the name West Pakistan. Pakistan also includes present-day Bangladesh. Pakistan becomes an independent Commonwealth realm, retaining the British monarch as its head of state, until 1956. Most of the princely states become at that moment part of India or Pakistan. Junagadh State tries to join Pakistan, but is annexed to India. Jammu and Kashmir wants to remain independent, but joins the same year after a Pakistani attack India. Part is annexed to Pakistan. 1958: Oman transfers ↑Gwadar to Pakistan. 1971: East Pakistan secedes from Pakistan as →Bangladesh. ᐃ


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Palau
🇵🇼 Palau - Republic of Palau
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 * ||colspan=2|Palau is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic, associated with the United States.
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 * rowspan=6| ||Caroline Islands||1885: After a German attempt to annex Palau, the international community recognizes Palau as a Spanish possession and part of the Caroline Islands. Palau is inhabited by Micronesians.
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 * Caroline Islands||1899: Spain sells the Caroline Islands to Germany, that adds them to →German New Guinea.
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 * Caroline Islands||1914: Japan occupies the German Caroline Islands.
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 * South Pacific Mandate||1922: The Caroline Islands become part of the League of Nations South Pacific Mandate, administered by Japan. 1933: Japan withdraws from the League of Nations. 1935: Japan annexes the mandate.
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 * Pacific Islands||1944: The Carolines are are occupied by the United States. 1947: The South Pacific Mandate is succeeded by the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands under United States administration and includes the Caroline Islands.
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 * Palau||1981: Palau becomes a separate republic. 1987: Palau becomes independent, freely associated with the United States. ᐃ
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Palestine
 Palestine - State of Palestine
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 * ||colspan=2|Palestine is a republic, not recognized by Israel, but recognized by 126 UN member states, the Holy See as well as Sahara.
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 * rowspan=6| ||Jerusalem||1099: crusaders conquer from the Fatimid Caliphate Palestine and establishes after the conquest of Jerusalem the Kingdom of Jerusalem. 1187: Jerusalem is conquered by the Mamluk Sultanate.
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 * Jerusalem||1191: The crusaders restore the Kingdom of Jerusalem. 1291: The Kingdom is conquered by the Mamluk Sultanate.
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 * Ottoman Empire||1516: The Ottoman Empire conquers and annexes large parts of the Mamluk Sultanate, including Palestine.
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 * Ottoman Empire||1916/1918: As part of the campaign in World War I against the Ottoman Empire Arab, and British forces conquer ↑Palestine. The area is placed under the Occupied Enemy Territory Administration.
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 * Palestine||1920: The League of Nations awards Palestine in the occupied ↑Ottoman Empire under mandate to the United Kingdom in the British Mandate of Palestine. 1947: A civil war starts in the mandate between Arab and Jewish inhabitants. 1948: The Jewish community declares the independence of Israel. This leads to the Arab-Israeli War and the occupation of parts of Palestine by Transjordan and Egypt.
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 * West Bank and Gaza Strip||1967: As a result of the Six-Day War, Israel conquers and occupies the Westbank and Gaza. 1988: Palestine declares its independence, not recognized by Israel. 1994: The administration over Gaza and parts of the Westbank are handed over to the Palestinian National Authority. ᐃ
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Panama
🇵🇦 Panama - Republic of Panama
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 * ||colspan=2|Panama is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
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 * rowspan=3|1/3||New Spain||1538: Spain conquers what now is known as Panama, and makes it part of the Viceroyalty of New Spain. The area is inhabited by Cueva people and other indigenous tribes.
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 * Peru||1542: The area becomes part of the Viceroyalty of Peru. 1698: Scotland establishes the colony of Caledonia. 1700: Scotland abandons ↑Caledonia and leaves it to Spain.
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 * New Granada||1717: Peru is divided and the region becomes part of the new Viceroyalty of New Granada. New Granada also includes alsp present-day Colombia, Venezuela and Ecuador. 1819: Separatist from Venezuela and New Granada declare their republics to be united as the Colombia. The liberation war continues. 1821: New Granada, including Panama, succeeds in the secession from Spain and become together with Venezuela independent as Colombia. 1831: Colombia falls apart and New Granada becomes a independent country. 1858: New Granada is renamed into the Granadine Confederation. 1863: The Granadine Confederation is renamed into Colombia. 1903: Panama secedes from ↑Colombia. 1904: Panama leases the →Panama Canal Zone to the Uited States. 1979: The United States return the Canal Zone to Panama. ᐃ
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 * 2/3||Caledonia||1698: The Scottish Company of Scotland Trading to Africa and the Indies establishes the colony of Caledonia. 1700: The colony is abandoned and left to Spain. →1700
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 * 3/3|||Panama Canal Zone||1904: Newly independent ↑Panama leases the Panama Canal Zone to the United States. 1979: The United States return the Canal Zone to Panama. →1979


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Papua New Guinea
🇵🇬 Papua New Guinea - Independent State of Papua New Guinea
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 * ||colspan=2|Papua New Guinea is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
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 * rowspan=5|1/5||British New Guinea||1883: The government of British Queensland annexes the southeastern quarter of the island of New Guinea for the British Empire. New Guinea is inhabited by several Papuan tribes. 1884: The United Kingdom proclaims a protectorate over this part of New Guinea, creating British New Guinea.
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 * British New Guinea||1902: The United Kingdom transfers British New Guinea to the authority of the new British dominion of Australia.
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 * Papua||1906: British New Guinea is renamed into the Territory of Papua. 1942: Japan occupies part of →Papua. 1943: Australia reconquers the occupied part of ↑Papua.
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 * Papua and New Guinea||1949: The Australian dependency of ↑Papua and the Australian United Nations mandate of ↑New Guinea are administrative unified as Papua and New Guinea.
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 * Papua New Guinea 1971|Papua New Guinea||1971: Papua and New Guinea is renamed into Papua New Guinea. 1975: Papua New Guinea becomes independent. ᐃ
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 * rowspan=5|2/5||Kaiser-Wilhelmsland||1884: Part of New Guinea is annexed by Germany as the protectorate of Kaiser-Wilhelmsland, administered by the German New Guinea Company. It is inhabited by various Papuan tribes.
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 * German New Guinea||1899: Kaiser-Wilhelmsland is united with the ↑Bismarck Archipelago, and the ↑German Solomon Islands into German New Guinea, also administering →Nauru, the →Caroline Islands and the →Mariana Islands. 1900: The eastern part of the Solomon Islands is ceded to the →British Solomon Islands 1906: The →Marshall Islands are administered by German New Guinea.
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 * New Guinea||1914: The Bismarck Archipelago, Kaiser-Wilhelmsland and the German Solomon Islands are conquered by Australia. →Nauru, the →Caroline Islands and the →Mariana Islands are conquered by Japan. 1920: German New Guinea becomes a League of Nations mandate as New Guinea, administered by Australia.
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 * occupied New Guinea||1942: Japan occupies New Guinea.
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 * New Guinea''||1944: Australia and allies reconquer New Guinea. 1945: New Guinea becomes a United Nations trust territory, administered by Australia. →1949
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 * 3/5||Bismarck Archipelago||1884: The Bismarck Archipelago, inhabited by indigenous tribes, is annexed by Germany as a protectorate administered by the German New Guinea Company. →1899
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 * 4/5||German Solomon Islands||1885: The northern part of the Solomon Islands becomes the German protectorate of the German Solomon Islands, administered by the German New Guinea Company. The islands are inhabited by indigenous tribes.→1899
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 * 5/5||occupied Papua||1942: Japan occupies part of Papua. 1943: Australia reconquers Papua. →1943


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Paraguay
🇵🇾 Paraguay - Republic of Paraguay
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 * ||colspan=2|Paraguay is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
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 * rowspan=4| ||New Andalusia||1537: The Spanish colonization of Paraguay begins as part of New Andalusia. The area is inhabited by Guaraní people.
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 * Río de la Plata||1542: New Andalusia becomes part of the Viceroyalty of Peru and inside Peru of the Governorate of Río de la Plata. →1617
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 * Paraguay||1617: The Governorate of Paraguay is separated from Río de la Plata.
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 * Río de la Plata||1776: Paraguay becomes part of the new Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata. 1810: The war of independence of Upper Peru starts. 1811: The local Spanish administration is overthrown, Paraguay becomes independent. ᐃ


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Peru
🇵🇪 Peru - Republic of Peru
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 * ||colspan=2|Peru is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
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 * ||Peru||1524: Spain starts the conquest of the Inca Empire. 1533: The conquest is completed and present-day Peru is annexed by Spain. 1542: Spain establishes the Viceroyalty of Peru, including present-day (North) Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Paraguay, Colombia, Ecuador, Venezuela and Panama. 1717: The Viceroyalty of →New Granada is separated from Peru. 1724: New Granada is re-incorporated into Peru. 1739: →New Granada is separated from Peru. 1776: The new →Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata is separated from the Viceroyalty of Peru. 1789: The →Captaincy General of Chile is separated from Peru. 1811: The Peruvian War of Independence starts. 1814: ↑Upper Peru is re-incorporated into the Viceroyalty of Peru. 1821: Peru declares its independence. 1824: Spain is defeated and Peru becomes independent, without →Upper Peru that remains under control by Spain. ᐃ


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The Philippines
🇵🇭 Philippines - Republic of the Philippines
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 * ||colspan=2|The Philippines is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
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 * rowspan=5|1/2||Spanish East Indies||1531: Fernão de Magalhães claims the present-day Philippines for Spain. 1543: The archipelago is named the Philippines (Filipinas). 1565: With an expedition by Miguel López de Legazpi Spain starts to colonize the Philippines and creates the Spanish East Indies inside the Viceroyalty of New Spain. The archipelago, first explored and claimed for Spain by Fernão de Magalhães in 1521, is inhabited by various indigenous nations. The Spanish East Indies include the →Caroline Islands and the Mariana Islands. 1606: Parts of present-day Indonesia become part of the Spanish East Indies. 1664: Spain withdraws from present-day →Indonesia. 1874: Spain adds the →Marshall Islands to the Spanish East Indies. 1885: Spain adds →Palau to the Spanish East Indies. 1896: The Philippine Revolution starts. 1898: The revolution succeeds and the Philippines become independent,
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 * Philippines||1898: The Philippine Republic is defeated and the ↑Philippines become the United States territory of the Philippine Islands. 1915: ↑Sulu is integrated into the Philippines. 1935: The Philippines are renamed into the Commonwealth of the Philippines.
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 * occupied Philippines||1942: The Philippines are occupied by Japan.
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 * Philippines||1943: Japan establishes the nominal independent Republic of the Philippines.
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 * Philippines||1945: Japan is defeated and United States rule is restored. 1946: The Philippines become independent as the Philippines. ᐃ
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 * rowspan=2|2/2||Sulu||1851: After the defeat of the Sulu forces by Spain, the eastern part of the sultanate becomes a Spanish protectorate. 1878: The western part is ceded to the United Kingdom as →North Borneo.
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 * Sulu||1898: With the defeat of the Spanish in the Spanish-American War, Sulu becomes an American protectorate. 1915: Sulu is integrated into the Philippines. →1915


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Pitcairn Islands
'' Pitcairn Islands - Pitcairn, Henderson, Ducie and Oeno Islands
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 * ||colspan=2|''The Pitcairn Islands are a 🇬🇧 British British crown dependency.
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 * || Pitcairn Islands||1838: Pitcairn Island, inhabited by descendants of mutineers of the Bounty and their Tahitian consorts, is made a British colony. 1898: Pitcairn is administered as one of the British Western Pacific Territories until 1952. 1983: The crown colony is referred to as a British dependent territory. 2002: The British dependent territory is referred to as a British overseas territory. ᐃ


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Poland
🇵🇱 Poland - Republic of Poland
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 * ||colspan=2|Poland is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
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 * 1/6||Teutonic Order||1230: The Teutonic Order establishes the State of the Teutonic Order in areas of present-day Poland, →Russia and →Lithuania, populated by the Baltic tribe of the Prussians. A section of the order, the Livonian Order, controls parts of present-day →Estonia and →Latvia. 1410: The Livonian Order is separated from the Teutonic Order. 1466: With the Peace of Thorn the state loses its western part to Poland and becomes a fief of Poland. 1525: The state is secularized and continued by the Duchy of Prussia. 1707: Prussia merges with Brandenburg into the Kingdom of Prussia. 1871: Prussia becomes part of Germany. 1945: Parts of Prussia are annexed to Poland. →1945
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 * 2/6||Prussia||1772: The Russian victory over the Bar Confederation in Poland leads to the first partition of Poland. Part of Poland is annexed by Prussia. 1793: With the second partition of Poland, more of Poland is annexed by Prussia. 1795: In a reaction to an uprising Russia, Prussia and Austria decide to wipe out Poland-Lithuania and with the third partition they divide the country between themselves. 1807: After a French occupation, part of Galicia becomes independent as →Warsaw. 1813: ↑Warsaw is destroyed. Poland remains divided between Russia, Austria and Prussia. 1871: Prussia becomes part of Germany. 1945: Parts of Prussia are annexed to Poland. 1918: Part of Prussia is included in independent →Poland. 1920: →Danzig becomes a free city under League of Nations supervision. 1939: ↑Danzig is re-incorporated into Germany. 1945: More of Prussia is awarded to Poland →1945
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 * 3/6||Galicia and Lodomeria||1772: The Russian victory over the Bar Confederation in Poland leads to the first partition of Poland. Part of Poland is annexed by Austria that establishes the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria. 1795: In a reaction to an uprising Russia, Prussia and Austria decide to wipe out Poland-Lithuania and with the third partition they divide the country between themselves. More of Poland becomes part of Austria. 1809: Part of the annexed areas are ceded to the →Warsaw. 1813: ↑Warsaw is destroyed. Poland remains divided between Russia, Austria and Prussia. 1815: Austria, Prussia and Russia create the protectorate of →Cracow. 1846: After the Greater Poland uprising, ↑Cracow is incorporated into Austrian Galicia 1918: Western Galicia becomes part of independent Poland. →1918
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 * rowspan=2|4/6||Russia||1795: With the third partition of Poland Russia annexes part of present-day Poland. 1807: After a French occupation, Poland becomes independent as Duchy of Warsaw. 1809: Part of ↑Galicia are ceded to the Warsaw.
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 * Kingdom of Poland||1813: Warsaw is occupied by Russia. 1815: Russia establishes the Kingdom of Poland, subordinate to Russia. 1815: Austria, Prussia and Russia create the protectorate of Cracow out of former ↑Polish territory. 1832: Poland is integrated into Russia. 1915: Russian Poland is occupied by Germany and Austria-Hungary. 1918: Poland becomes independent, including parts of ↑Prussia and ↑Galicia. 1939: Poland is divided between Nazi-Germany and the Soviet Union. 1941: The whole of Poland is annexed to Nazi-Germany. 1945: Poland regains independence, loses parts to the Soviet Union and gains parts from Germany, including former ↑Danzig. ᐃ
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 * 5/6||Cracow||1815: Austria, Prussia and Russia create the protectorate of Cracow out of former ↑Polish territory. 1846: After the Greater Poland uprising, Cracow is incorporated into Austrian Galicia →1846
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 * 6/6||Danzig||1920: Danzig is separated from →Germany and is established as free city under auspices of the League of Nations (firstly under the authority of the Principal Allied and Associated Powers). 1939: Danzig is incorporated into Germany. →1846
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Portugal
🇵🇹 Portugal - Portuguese Republic
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 * ||colspan=2|Portugal is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
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 * rowspan=2|0/2||Portugal||For Portugal see the entries →Madeira and →Azores. Not listed are the conquests by Arabs in Portugal and the territorial expansion of Portugal. ᐃ
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 * rowspan=6|1/2||Madeira||1418: Madeira is claimed for Portugal by João Gonçalves Zarco. 1420: The colonization of the islands starts. The islands are divided into several s. 1580: Madeira is united into the crown colony of Madeira.
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 * Madeira||1801: Madeira is occupied by British forces.
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 * Madeira||1802: Madeira is restored to Portugal.
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 * Madeira||1807: Madeira is occupied by British forces.
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 * Madeira||1814: Madeira is restored to Portugal.
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 * Portugal||1835: Madeira is fully integrated into Portugal]''. →1835
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 * rowspan=2|2/2||Azores||1427: The uninhabited Azores are discovered for Portugal and granted as separate donatarias in the upcoming years. 1766: The islands are united into the Captaincy-general of the Azores.
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 * Portugal||1832: The Azores are fully integrated into Portugal. →1832
 * Portugal||1832: The Azores are fully integrated into Portugal. →1832


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Puerto Rico
''🇵🇷 Puerto Rico - Commonwealth of Puerto Rico
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 * ||colspan=2|"Puerto Rico is a 🇺🇸 United States unincorporated organized territory.
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 * rowspan=4|1/2||Santo Domingo||1493: Cristoforo Colombo lands for Castile (Spain) at present-day Puerto Rico and claims it as Isla de San Juan Bautista. The island is inhabited by Taíno. 1508: The Spanish colonization of the island starts. It becomes a colony subordinated to Santo Domingo inside New Spain. 1520: The island gets the name Puerto Rico. 1700s: Puerto Rico includes the ↑Island of Crabs or Spanish Virgin Islands.
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 * Puerto Rico||1797: Puerto Rico is separated from Santo Domingo. 1811: The ↑Island of Crabs becomes part of Puerto Rico as Vieques. 1897: The island gets self-government.
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 * Porto Rico||1898: As part of the Spanish–American War, the United States invade Puerto Rico. Spain cedes Puerto Rico to the United States, that names it Porto Rico. 1917: Porto Rico becomes a U.S. territory.
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 * Puerto Rico||1932: Porto Rico is renamed into Puerto Rico. 1952: Puerto Rico becomes an associated state as the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico. ᐃ
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 * rowspan=3|2/2||Saint Thomas||1682: The Danish West India and Guinea Company (VGK) conquers from Saint Thomas what they call Island of Crabs.
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 * Island of Crabs||1689: Brandenburg settles from Saint Thomas the Island of Crabs]]. 1694: Brandenburg abandonds the island.
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 * Vieques||1698: A Scottish fleet of the Company of Scotland Trading to Africa and The Indies makes landfall and takes possession of the former Brandenburger Island of Crabs. The Scots abandon the island shortly after, de facto restoring it to Spain. →1700s


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Qatar
🇶🇦 Qatar - State of Qatar
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 * ||colspan=2|Qatar is a sovereign and internationally recognized monarchy.
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 * rowspan=5| ||Bahrein||1521: Part of the Eastern Arabian coast, including Bahrain and Qatar, dominated by Bani Khalid, is seized by Portugal from the Jabrid ruler of Eastern Arabia Migrin ibn Zamil. The Portuguese rule is disputed by the rulers of Al-Hasa.
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 * Ottoman Empire||1602: The Portuguese are expelled from Qatar and the area comes under Ottoman control. 1670: Qatar comes under control of the Bani Khalid. 1793: Qatar is annexed to Diriyah. 1818: Qatar becomes part of Bahrain.
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 * Bahrain||1820: Bahrain of which Qatar is a dependency, participates in the General Maritime Treaty of friendship with the United Kingdom. 1868: The United Kingdom recognizes the Emirate of Qatar as an independent state separated from Bahrain.
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 * Ottoman Empire||1872: The sovereignty of the Ottoman Empire over ↑Qatar is recognized. 1916: Qatar becomes a British protectorate.
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 * Qatar||1916: Emir Abdullah bin Jassim Al Thani signs a treaty to make ↑Qatar a British protectorate. 1937: Zubarah, previously part of Bahrain, is annexed. 1971: Qatar becomes independent. ᐃ


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Queen Maud Land
'' Queen Maud Land - Queen Maud Land
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 * ||colspan=2|''Queen Maud Land is the 🇳🇴 Norwegian claim on a division of Antarctica.
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 * 1/2||Queen Maud Land||Claims in Antarctica are established by →Argentina (1904), →United Kingdom (1908), →New Zealand (1923), →France (1924), →Australia (1933), Norway (1939), →Germany (1939), and →Chile (1940). 1939: Norway establishes as claim on a part of the Antarctic Queen Maud Land, the validity of this claim is not recognised universally. The same year Nazi-Germany claims an area in Antarctica as →New Swabia, coinciding with the Norwegian claim. 1945: ↑New Swabia is abandoned and left to Norway. 1961: The Antarctic Treaty System is signed, in which no territorial sovereignty claims are recognized or established. All claims are frozen. ᐃ
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 * 2/2||New Swabia||1939: Nazi-Germany claims an area in Antarctica as New Swabia, coinciding with the Norwegian claim of →Queen Maud Land. 1945: New Swabia is abandoned and left to Norway. →1945


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Réunion
''🇷🇪 Réunion - Region of Réunion
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 * ||colspan=2|''Réunion is a a 🇫🇷 French overseas department and region.
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 * rowspan=9| ||Santa Apolónia||1509: Portugal claims the uninhabited island of Santa Apolónia, present-day Réunion, discovered in 1507 by Diogo Fernandes Pereira.
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 * Mascarene Island||1513: Santa Apolóni is renamed Mascarene Island, but remains unsettled.
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 * Saint-Paul||1642: The uninhabited Mascarene Island, claimed by Portugal, is conquered and claimed by France as Saint Paul.
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 * Bourbon Island||1649: Saint Paul is renamed into Bourbon Island. 1665: Colonization starts. 1735: France conquers →Rodrigues and adds it to Bourbon Island.
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 * Réunion||1793: Bourbon Island is renamed into Réunion.
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 * Bonaparte Island||1801:Réunion is renamed into Bonaparte Island. 1809: Rodriques is conquered by the →United Kingdom.
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 * rowspan=2|Bourbon Island||1810: Bonaparte Island is occupied by the United Kingdom and renamed into Bourbon Island.
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 * 1815: Bourbon Island is returned to France. 1840: France annexes →Nossi-Bé to Réunion. 1842: France makes the island of →Mayotte a dependency of Bourbon Island.
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 * Réunion||1848: Bourbon Island is renamed into Réunion. 1908: →Mayotte is separated from Réunion. 1940: With the start of World War II the island is under the authority of the Vichy Regime. 1942: The Free French take over the island. 1946: Réunion becomes an overseas department. 1982: The island becomes also an overseas region. ᐃ


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Romania
🇷🇴 Romania - Romania
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 * ||colspan=2|Romania is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
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 * 1/3||Wallachia||1541: The Principality of Wallachia becomes an Ottoman vassal. 1861: Wallachia and ↑Moldavia unite into the United Romanian Principalities. 1877: Romania becomes independent, recognized in 1878. 1918: Transylvania becomes part of Romania. The same year ↑Bessarabia, independent as the Moldovan Democratic Republic, joins Romania. 1940: →Bessarabia is conquered and annexed to the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics as Moldova. 1941: ↑Moldova is annexed to Romania. 1944: →Moldova is conquered by the Soviet Union. ᐃ
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 * 2/3||Moldavia||1541: The Principality of Moldavia becomes an Ottoman vassal. 1792: Bessarabia, the eastern part of Moldavia is conquered by →Russia. 1861: Wallachia and Moldavia unite into the United Romanian principalities. →1861
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 * 3/3||Ottoman Empire||1541: Part of ↑Hungary, including Transylvania is annexed to the Ottoman Empire. 1699: The Ottomans are defeated and Hungary becomes part of Austria. 1867: Austria is reorganized into Austria-Hungary. 1918: Transylvania becomes part of Romania. →1918
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Ross Dependency
Ross Dependency - Ross Dependency
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 * ||colspan=2|''The Ross Dependency is the 🇳🇿 New Zealand claim on a division of Antarctica.
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 * ||Ross Dependency||Claims in Antarctica are established by →Argentina (1904), →United Kingdom (1908), New Zealand (1923), →France (1924), →Australia (1933), →Norway (1939), →Germany (1939), and →Chile (1940). 1923: Part of Antarctica is claimed by New Zealand as Ross Dependency, the validity of this claim is not recognised universally. 1961: The Antarctic Treaty System is signed, in which no territorial sovereignty claims are recognized or established. All claims are frozen. ᐃ


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Russia
🇷🇺 Russia - Russian Federation
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 * ||colspan=2|Russia is a sovereign and internationally recognized federal republic.
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 * rowspan=4|0/3||Russia||''Russia itself was not colonized, but in the area of Russia entities of various countries existed. The territorial expansion of Muscovy and Russia inside present-day Russia is not listed. Crimea can be found here. ᐃ
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 * 1/3||Teutonic Order||1230: The Teutonic Order establishes the State of the Teutonic Order in areas of present-day Russia, →Russia and →Lithuania, populated by the Baltic tribe of the Prussians. A section of the order, the Livonian Order, controls parts of present-day →Estonia and →Latvia. 1410: The Livonian Order is separated from the Teutonic Order. 1466: With the Peace of Thorn the state loses its western part to Poland and becomes a fief of Poland. 1525: The state is secularized and continued by the Duchy of Prussia. 1707: Prussia merges with Brandenburg into the Kingdom of Prussia. 1871: Prussia becomes part of Germany. 1945: Parts of Prussia are annexed to Russia inside the Soviet Union. →1945
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 * 2/4||Crimea||1266: See Ukraine.
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 * rowspan=4|3/4||China||1696: The Mongol region of Tannu Uriankhai is annexed to China.
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 * Russia||1912: After a separatist revoluton in 1911, Tuva, a.k.a. Tannu, is occupied by Russia.
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 * China||1920: Tuva is occupied by China.
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 * Tannu-Tuva||1921: Tuva is occupied by Russia, that establishes Tannu-Tuva as soviet protectorate. 1944: Tuva joins the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. →1944
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 * 4/4||Karafuto||1855: The Treaty of Shimoda acknowledges that both Russia and Japan haved joint rights of occupation to Sakhalin, without setting a definite territorial demarcation. 1875: In the Treaty of Sain Petersburg, Japan agrees to give up its claims on Sakhalin in exchange for undisputed ownership of the Kuril Islands. 1905: The southern part of Sakhalin Island becomes a Japanese colony as Karafuto. 1945: Karafuto is conquered and annexed as Sakhalin by the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. →1945
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 * 4/4||Karafuto||1855: The Treaty of Shimoda acknowledges that both Russia and Japan haved joint rights of occupation to Sakhalin, without setting a definite territorial demarcation. 1875: In the Treaty of Sain Petersburg, Japan agrees to give up its claims on Sakhalin in exchange for undisputed ownership of the Kuril Islands. 1905: The southern part of Sakhalin Island becomes a Japanese colony as Karafuto. 1945: Karafuto is conquered and annexed as Sakhalin by the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. →1945
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Rwanda
🇷🇼 Rwanda - Republic of Rwanda
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 * ||colspan=2|Rwanda is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
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 * rowspan=2| ||Rwanda||1896: King Yuhi V of Ruanda accepts that the kingdom becomes a German protectorate within →German East Africa.
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 * Ruanda-Urundi||1916: Ruanda is conquered by Belgium. 1922: Ruanda is together with →Burundi administered as part of the Belgian League of Nations mandate Ruanda-Urundi. 1945: Ruanda-Urundi becomes a Belgian United Nations trust territory. 1962: Ruanda-Urundi is partitioned, Ruanda becomes independent as Rwanda. ᐃ


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Saba
'' Saba - Public body of Saba
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 * ||colspan=2|''Saba is a public body of the 🇳🇱 Netherlands.
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 * rowspan=19| ||Saba||1635: The at that time uninhabited island of Saba is claimed but not colonized by France.
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 * Saba||1640: Saba is colonized by the Dutch West India Company (WIC).
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 * Saba||1665: Saba is occupied by England.
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 * Saba||1665: Saba is the same year restored to the Dutch.
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 * Saba||1672: Saba is occupied by England.
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 * Saba||1682: Saba is restored to the Dutch.
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 * Saba||1781: Saba is occupied by Great Britain.
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 * Saba||1781: Saba, occupied by Great Britain, is occupied by France.
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 * Saba||1784: Saba is restored by France to the Dutch. 1792: The WIC is dissolved and its possessions are nationalized by the Dutch Republic.
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 * Saba||1795: Saba is occupied by France.
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 * Saba||1801: Saba is returned to the Batavia Republic as successor of the Netherlands.
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 * Saba||1801: Saba is occupied by British forces.
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 * Saba||1803: Saba is restored to the Batavia Republic.
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 * Saba||1810: Saba is occupied by British forces.
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 * Sint Eustatius||1816: Saba is returned to the Netherlands and united into Sint Eustatius and Dependencies.
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 * West Indian Possessions||1828: ↑Suriname, ↑Curaçao and Sint Eustatius are united into the Dutch West Indies.
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 * Curaçao||1845: The Dutch West Indies are dissolved and partitioned into Curaçao and →Suriname. Saba becomes part of Curaçao and Depencies. 1936: The colony is renamed into Curaçao.
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 * Netherlands Antilles||1946: Curaçao is renamed into the Netherlands Antilles. 1954: The Netherlands Antilles become a country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands.
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 * Saba||2010: The Netherlands Antilles is dissolved and Saba becomes an overseas part of the Netherlands. ᐃ


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Sahara
See Western Sahara


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Saint Barthélemy
''🇧🇱 Saint Barthélemy - Collectivity of Saint Barthélemy
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 * ||colspan=2|''Saint Barthélemy is a 🇫🇷 French overseas collectivity.
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 * rowspan=11| ||San Bartolomé||1502: Cristoforo Colombo lands at present-day Saint Barthélemy and claims it for Castile (Spain). The island is inhabited by Caribs..
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 * Saint Barthélemy||1648: French colonists settle the island of San Bartolomeo as Saint Barthélemy, owned by the Compagnie des Îles de l'Amérique.
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 * Saint Barthélemy||1651: The 1651: The French settlement is destroyed by Caribs. Ownership of Saint Barthélemy is transfered by the French Islands of America Company to the Knights Hospitaller.
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 * Saint Barthélemy||1665: Saint Barthélemy is bought from the Knights Hospitaller by the French Compagnie française des Indes occidentales along with the Order's other possessions in the Caribbean. 1674: The company is dissolved and the island becomes part of the French Kingdom.
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 * Saint Barthélemy||1758: Saint Barthélemy is briefly controlled by Great Britain.
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 * Saint Barthélemy||1758: Saint Barthélemy is returned to France the same year.
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 * Saint Barthélemy||1784: France cedes Saint Barthélemy to Sweden.
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 * Saint Barthélemy||1801: Saint Barthélemy is occupied by British forces.
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 * Saint Barthélemy||1802: Swedish rule at Saint Barthélemy is restored. 1812: Saint Barthélemy becomes a personal possession of the Swedish king. 1840s: The island is brought under national administration.
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 * Guadeloupe||1878: Sweden sells Saint Barthélemy to France, that makes it part of Guadeloupe. 1940: The administration is loyal to Vichy France. 1943: The administration becomes loyal to the Free French. 1946: Guadeloupe becomes an overseas department, including Saint Martin and Saint Barthélemy. 1982: Guadeloupe becomes also an overseas region.
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 * Saint Barthélemy||2007: Saint Barthélemy becomes a separate overseas collectivity. ᐃ
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Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha
''🇸🇭 Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha - Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha
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 * ||colspan=2|''Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha is a 🇬🇧 British British crown dependency.
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 * rowspan=7|1/3||rowspan=5|Saint Helena||1588: The island of Saint Helena is claimed for England.
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 * 1633: The island of Saint Helena, claimed by England, is also claimed by the Netherlands, but remains unsettled.
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 * 1659: The English East India Company establishes the colony of Saint Helena.
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 * 1672: The Dutch United East India Company (VOC) conquers Saint Helen.
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 * 1673: The Dutch are defeated and Saint Helena is restored to England. 1834: The rule of the East India Company ends and Saint Helena becomes the Crown Colony of Saint Helena. 1922: ↑Ascension becomes a dependency of Saint Helena. 1938: ↑Tristan da Cunha becomes a dependency of Saint Helena.
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 * Saint Helena and Dependencies||1945: Saint Helena is renamed into Saint Helena and Dependencies. 1983: The crown colony is referred to as a British dependent territory. 2002: Saint Helena and dependencies are referred to as a British overseas territory.
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 * Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha||2009: ↑Saint Helena and Dependencies is renamed into Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha. ᐃ
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 * 2/3||Ascension||1815: The island of Ascension is annexed to the United Kingdom. 1922: Ascension becomes a dependency of Saint Helena. →1922
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 * 3/3||Tristan da Cunha||1816: The island of Tristan da Cunha is annexed to the United Kingdom. 1938: Tristan da Cunha becomes a dependency of Saint Helena. →1938


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Saint Kitts and Nevis
🇰🇳 Saint Kitts and Nevis - Federation of Saint Christopher and Nevis
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 * ||colspan=2|Saint Kitts and Nevis is a sovereign and internationally recognized Commonwealth realm.
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 * rowspan=16|1/3||San Cristóbal||See also the separate entry →Nevis. 1493: Cristoforo Colombo discovers the island of San Cristóbal and claims it for Castile (Spain). The island is inhabited by Caribs.< →1625/→1625
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 * Saint Christopher||1625: England and →France divide the Spanish claimed island of San Cristóbal]. 1650: England colonizes →Anguilla from Saint Christopher.
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 * Saint Christophe||1666: France conquers the entire island.
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 * Saint Christopher||1667: The French are defeated and the English part of Saint Christopher with →Anguilla is restored.
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 * Colony of the Leeward Islands||1671: Saint Christopher is united with ↑Antigua, Nevis and the ↑English Virgin Islands into the Leeward Islands.
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 * Saint Christophe||1696: France conquers the entire island.
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 * Colony of the Leeward Islands||1697: The French are defeated and the English rule over part of Saint Christopher is restored. 1702: England conquers the entire island.
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 * Saint Christopher||1816: After the dissolution of the Leeward Islands, Saint Christopher becomes a separate colony, including ↑Nevis, ↑Anguilla, and the ↑Virgin Islands.
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 * Antigua||1833: The colony of Saint Christopher is incorporated into Antigua.
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 * Federal Colony of the Leeward Islands||1871: The colony of Antigua is united with →Dominica into the Leeward Islands. 1940: Dominica is separated from the Leeward Islands and becomes part of the colony of the →Windward Islands.
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 * Saint Christopher||1956: The Leeward Islands are dissolved, Saint Christopher becomes a separate colony
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 * West Indies Federation||1958: Saint Christopher unites with ↑Antigua (with ↑Montserrat, that becomes a separate province), ↑Barbados, ↑Dominica, ↑Grenada, ↑Jamaica (with the ↑Cayman Islands and the ↑Turks and Caicos Islands), ↑Saint Lucia, ↑Saint Vincent, and Trinidad and Tobago into the West Indies Federation in preparation of a joint independence.
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 * Saint Christopher||1962: The West Indies Federation is dissolved and Saint Christopher becomes a separate colony.
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 * Saint Christopher-Nevis-Anguilla||1967: 1967: Saint Christopher becomes an associated state of the United Kingdom and is renamed into Saint Christopher-Nevis-Anguilla. The independence of →Anguilla is proclaimed, not recognized by the United Kingdom. 1969: The Republic of Anguilla is proclaimed, not recognized by the United Kingdom. The same year British rule restored under emergency powers. 1971: →Anguilla is formally detached from Saint Christopher-Nevis and becomes de facto a separate dependency.
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 * Saint Christopher and Nevis||1980: Saint Christopher-Nevis-Anguilla is renamed into Saint Christopher and Nevis.
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 * Saint Kitts and Nevis||1983: Saint Kitts and Nevis become an independent Commonwealth realm, retaining the British monarch as its head of state. ᐃ
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 * rowspan=3|2/3||Nuestra Señora de las Nieves||1493: Cristoforo Colombo discovers the island of Nevis and claims it for Castile (Spain). The island is inhabited by Caribs.
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 * Nevis||1623: England colonizes Spanish claimed Nuestra Señora de las Nieves as Nevis. The island is inhabited by Caribs.<
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 * Colony of the Leeward Islands||1671: Nevis becomes with ↑Antigua, Saint Christopher, and the ↑English Virgin Islands part of into the Leeward Islands. 1816: After the dissolution of the Leeward Islands, Nevis become part of the colony of Saint Christopher. →1816
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 * rowspan=3|3/3||Saint Christophe||1625: France and →England divide the Spanish claimed island of San Cristóbal. 1648: French Saint Christophe includes the French part of Saint Martin.
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 * Saint Christophe||1651: The ownership of the French part of Saint Christopher is transfered by the Islands of America Company to the Knights Hospitaller.
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 * Saint Christophe||1665: The Knights' part of Saint Christophe is bought by the French Compagnie française des Indes occidentales along with the Order's other possessions in the Caribbean. 1666: France conquers the ↑entire island. 1667: The status ante quo bellum is →restored. 1696: France conquers the entire island. 1697: The status ante quo bellum is →restored. 1702: England conquers the entire island. →1702


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Saint Lucia
🇱🇨 Saint Lucia - Saint Lucia
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 * ||colspan=2|Saint Lucia is a sovereign and internationally recognized Commonwealth realm.
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 * rowspan=20| ||Santa Lucia||1502: Cristoforo Colombo discovers the island of Saint Lucia and claims it for Castile (Spain).
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 * Sainte Lucie||1635: France claims the island of ↑Saint Lucia. The island is inhabited by Caribs. 1643: France establishes the first settlement.
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 * Saint Lucia||1664: French ↑Saint Lucia is occupied by England.
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 * Sainte Lucie||1666: ↑Saint Lucie is restored to France.
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 * Guadeloupe||1674: Guadeloupe becomes a possession of the French Crown with Saint Lucie as dependency.
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 * neutral territory||1724: Saint Lucie is a neutral territory between Great Britain and France.
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 * Guadeloupe||1743: Saint Lucia is under French control.
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 * neutral territory||1748: The island is a neutral territory between Great Britain and France.
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 * Guadeloupe||1756: Saint Lucie is under French control. 1759: While Guadeloupe is occupied by Great Britain, Saint Lucie remains a French possession.
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 * Saint Lucia||1762: Saint Lucia is occupied by Great Britain.
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 * Guadeloupe||1763: Guadeloupe and Saint Lucie are returned to France.
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 * Saint Lucia||1778: The Sainte Lucie] is occupied by Great Britain.
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 * Sainte Lucie||1796: Saint Lucia is occupied by France.
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 * Saint Lucia||1796: Saint Lucia is restored to England the same year.
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 * Sainte Lucie||1802: France occupies Saint Lucia.
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 * Saint Lucia||1803: The United Kingdom occupies and annexes Saint Lucia, which is confirmed in 1814.
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 * Windward Islands||1833: Saint Lucia joins ↑Grenada, ↑Barbados, ↑Saint Vincent and ↑Tobago form together the British Windward Islands. 1885: →Barbados is seceded from the Windward Islands 1899: Tobago is separated from the Windward Islands. 1940: ↑Dominica is separated from the Leeward Islands and becomes part of the colony of the Windward Islands.
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 * Saint Lucia||1956: The Windward Islands are dissolved.
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 * West Indies Federation||1958: Saint Lucia joins ↑Antigua (with ↑Montserrat, that becomes a separate province), ↑Barbados, ↑Dominica, ↑Grenada, ↑Jamaica (with the ↑Cayman Islands and the ↑Turks and Caicos Islands), ↑Saint Christopher (with Nevis and ↑Anguilla), ↑Saint Vincent, and Trinidad and Tobago in the West Indies Federation in preparation of a joint independence.
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 * Saint Lucia||1962: The West Indies Federation is dissolved and and Saint Lucia becomes a separate colony. 1967: Saint Lucia becomes an associated state of the United Kingdom. 1979: Saint Lucia becomes an independent Commonwealth realm, retaining the British monarch as its head of state. ᐃ


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Saint Martin (Dutch)
See Sint Maarten.


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Saint Martin (French)
'' Saint Martin - Territorial collectivity of Saint Martin
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 * ||colspan=2|''Saint Martin is a a 🇫🇷 French overseas collectivity.
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 * rowspan=28| ||San Martín||The colonial history of Saint Martin is closely related to the colonial history of →Sint Maarten on the same island. 1493: Cristoforo Colombo discovers the island of Saint Martin and claims it for Castile (Spain). The island is inhabited by Caribs.
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 * Sint Maarten||1631: Dutch West India Company (WIC) founds the settlement of Fort Amsterdam on Spanish claimed San Martín.
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 * San Martín||1633: Spain conquers San Martín from the Dutch.
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 * Saint Christophe||1648: Spain deserts the island of ↑San Martín. France and the Netherlands sign the Treaty of Concordia and agree to divide the island in two: Saint Martin and Sint Maarten. Saint Martin is part of the colony of Saint Christophe.
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 * Saint Martin||1651: The ownership of Saint Martin is transfered by the French Islands of America Company to the Knights Hospitaller.
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 * Saint Christophe||1665: Saint Martin is bought by the French Compagnie française des Indes occidentales along with the Order's other possessions in the Caribbean.
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 * Saint Christopher||1672: Saint Martin is together with Saint Christophe occupied by England.
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 * Saint Christophe||1674: Saint Martin is returned to France. 1679: France conquers Sint Maarten. 1689: Sint Maarten is restored to the →Netherlands.
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 * Saint Martin||1690: The whole island is occupied by England.
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 * Saint Martin||1699: The whole island is returned to France.
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 * Sint Maarten||1703: The Dutch conquers the whole island.]
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 * Guadeloupe||1713: Saint Martin is returned to France and becomes a dependency of Guadeloupe.
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 * Saint Martin||1744: Saint Martin is occupied by Great Britain.
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 * Guadeloupe||1748: Saint Martin is returned to France.
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 * Guadeloupe||1759: Saint Martin is occupied by Great Britain.
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 * Guadeloupe||1763: Saint Martin is returned to France.
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 * Saint Martin||1779: Saint Martin is occupied by Great Britain.
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 * Guadeloupe||1779: Saint Martin is returned to France. France holds the entire island.
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 * Saint Martin||1781: The entire island is occupied by Great Britain. The same year the Dutch zone is srestored to the Netherlands.
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 * Guadeloupe||1784: Saint Martin is returned to France.
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 * {{anchor|Saint Martin 1793}Sint Maarten||1793: The Dutch conquers the whole island.
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 * Guadeloupe||1794: Saint Martin is occupied by Great Britain.
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 * Guadeloupe||1795: The entire island is hold by France.
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 * Saint Martin||1801: The entire island is occupied by the United Kingdom.
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 * Guadeloupe||1802: Saint Martin is returned to France.
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 * Saint Martin||1810: The entire island is occupied by the United Kingdom.
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 * Guadeloupe||1816: Saint Martin is returned to France and is administered as part of Guadeloupe. 1946: Guadeloupe becomes an overseas department, including Saint Martin. 1982: Guadeloupe becomes also an overseas region.
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 * Saint Martin||2007: ↑Saint Martin becomes a separate overseas collectivity. ᐃ


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Saint Pierre and Miquelon
''🇵🇲 Saint Pierre and Miquelon - Overseas Collectivity of Saint Pierre and Miquelon
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 * ||colspan=2|''Saint Pierre and Miquelon are a a 🇫🇷 French overseas collectivity.
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 * rowspan=9| ||Saint Pierre and Miquelon||1536: France takes Saint Pierre and Miquelon, which are not permanently settled into possession as part of →New France.
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 * Newfoundland||1713: Saint Pierre and Miquelon are conquered by the British and as Saint Peter and Miquelon administered as part of Newfoundland.
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 * Saint Pierre and Miquelon||1763: Saint Pierre and Miquelon are returned to France.
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 * Saint Peter and Miquelon||1778: Saint Pierre and Miquelon become British.
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 * Saint Pierre and Miquelon||1783: Saint Pierre and Miquelon are returned to France.
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 * Saint Peter and Miquelon||1793: Saint Pierre and Miquelon become British.
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 * Saint Pierre and Miquelon||1802: Saint Pierre and Miquelon are returned to France.
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 * Saint Peter and Miquelon||1803: Saint Pierre and Miquelon become British.
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 * Saint Pierre and Miquelon||1816: The French possession of Saint Pierre and Miquelon is confirmed and the islands are resettled. 1946: The islands become an overseas territory. 1976: The islands become an overseas department. 1985: The islands become a territorial collectivity. 2003: The islands become an overseas collectivity. ᐃ


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Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
🇻🇨 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines - Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
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 * ||colspan=2|Saint Vincent and the Grenadines is a sovereign and internationally recognized Commonwealth realm.
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 * rowspan=11| ||Saint Vincent||1719: France establishes the first settlement on Saint Vincent. The island is inhabited by Caribs. The island gets disputed between France and Great Britain.
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 * Saint Vincent||1763: Saint Vincent becomes a British colony.
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 * Southern Caribbean Islands||1764: Saint Vincent, ↑Grenada, ↑Dominica, and ↑Tobago are united by Great Britain into the Southern Caribbean Islands colony, administered from Grenada.
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 * Saint Vincent||1779: Saint Vincent is restored to French rule.
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 * Southern Caribbean Islands||1793: Saint Vincent is regained by the British.
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 * Saint Vincent||1802: The Southern Caribbean Colony is dissolved, Saint Vincent becomes a separate colony.
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 * Windward Islands||1833: Saint Vincent forms together with ↑Grenada, ↑Barbados, ↑Saint Lucia, and ↑Tobago the British Windward Islands.
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 * Saint Vincent||1956: The Windward Islands are dissolved and Saint Vincent becomes a seperate crown colony.
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 * West Indies Federation||1958: [Saint Vincent joins ↑Antigua (with ↑Montserrat, that becomes a separate province), ↑Barbados, ↑Dominica, ↑Grenada, ↑Jamaica (with the ↑Cayman Islands and the ↑Turks and Caicos Islands), ↑Saint Christopher (with Nevis and ↑Anguilla), ↑Saint Lucia, and Trinidad and Tobago in the West Indies Federation in preparation of a joint independence. →1962
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 * Saint Vincent||1962: The West Indies Federation is dissolved and Saint Vincent becomes a seperate crown colony. 1967: Saint Vincent becomes an associated state of the United Kingdom.
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 * Saint Vincent and the Grenadines||1979: Saint Vincent and the Grenadines become an independent Commonwealth realm, retaining the British monarch as its head of state. ᐃ


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Samoa
🇼🇸 Samoa - Independent State of Samoa
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 * ||colspan=2|Samoa is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
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 * rowspan=3| || German Samoa||1899: Germany and the United States abolish the Kingdom of Samoa. 1900: Germany establishes in the west of Samoa the protectorate of German Samoa.
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 * Samoa||1914: As part of World War I New Zealand conquers and occupies German Samoa.
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 * Western Samoa||1920: Occupied Samoa is administered as the New Zealand League of Nations mandate Western Samoa. 1945: Western Samoa becomes a New Zealand United Nations trust territory. 1962: Western Samoa becomes independent. 1997: Western Samoa is renamed into Samoa. ᐃ


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San Marino
🇸🇲 San Marino - Republic of San Marino
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 * ||colspan=2|San Marino is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
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 * |||San Marino||San Marino follows the history of the Papal States until 1243. 1243: The Republic of San Marino is recognized by the Papal States as an independent state, confirmed in 1631.


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São Tomé and Príncipe
 São Tomé and Príncipe - Democratic Republic of São Tomé and Príncipe
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 * ||colspan=2|São Tomé and Príncipe is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
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 * rowspan=8|1/2||São Tomé||1493: Portugal establishes the settlement of São Tomé and rules as its dependency also ↑Ano Bom. The unihabited island of São Tomé was discovered in 1471 by João de Santarém. 1494: Portugal starts the settlement of →Fernão do Po. 1522: São Tomé becomes a Portuguese crown colony.
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 * São Tomé||1599: Portuguese São Tomé is conquered by the Netherlands.
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 * São Tomé||1599: São Tomé is retaken by Portugal the same year.
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 * Guinea Coast||1641: São Tomé is conquered by the Netherlands.
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 * São Tomé||1649: São Tomé is returned to Portugal.
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 * São Tomé||1709: São Tomé is occupied by France.
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 * São Tomé||1709: São Tomé is restored to Portugal the same year.
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 * São Tomé and Príncipe||1753: São Tomé and ↑Príncipe are united into the Crown Colony of São Tomé and Príncipe. 1778: Under the Treaty of El Pardo Portugal cedes the islands of Ano Bom and Fernão do Po with its possessions at the Guinea coast to →Spain. 1951: The islands become the Overseas Province of São Tomé & Príncipe. 1974: The islands receive autonomy. 1975: São Tomé and Príncipe become independent. ᐃ
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 * rowspan=3|2/2||Príncipe||1502: Príncipe, earlier known as Santo Antão and discovered in 1471 by João de Santarém, is settled by Portugal.
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 * Príncipe||1598: Portuguese Príncipe is conquered by the Netherlands.
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 * Príncipe||1599: Príncipe is restored to Portugal. 1753: Príncipe becomes part of São Tomé and Príncipe. →1753


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Saudi Arabia
🇸🇦 Saudi Arabia - Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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 * ||colspan=2|Saudi Arabia is a sovereign and internationally recognized monarchy.
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 * rowspan=2|1/3||Ottoman Empire||1517: The west of present-day Saudi-Arabia, formerly part of the Mamluk Sultanate, Hejaz, is conquered and annexed by the Ottoman Empire. 1803: The region is occupied by Diriyah.
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 * Ottoman Empire||1813: Ottoman rule is restored. 1916: The region becomes independent as Hejaz. 1924/1925: →Nejd conquers Hejaz. 1927: Hejaz becomes part of Hejaz and Nejd. →1927
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 * rowspan=2|2/3|||Ottoman Empire||1550: Al-Hasa is conquered and annexed by the Ottoman Empire. 1670: Ottoman rule ends and the region is controlled by the Banu Khalid tribe. 1795: Al-Hasa is conquered by Diriyah. 1818: The Banu Khald tribe reconquers al-Hasa. 1830: The Emirate of Nejd conquers al-Hasa.
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 * Ottoman Empire||1871: Ottoman rule is restored over al-Hasa. 1913: Al-Hasa is conquered and annexed by Nejd. →1913
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 * 3/3|||Ottoman Empire||1818: Diriyah is defeated and conquered by the Ottoman Empire. 1824: The region becomes independent as Nejd. 1830: Nejd conquers ↑al-Hasa. 1871: Ottoman rule is restored over →al-Hasa. 1913: ↑Al-Hasa is conquered and annexed by Nejd. 1924/1925: Nejd conquers →Hejaz. 1927: Hejaz and Nejd become the dual kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd. 1930: Asir is incorporated into Hejaz and Nejd. 1932: Hejaz and Nejd are continued as Saudi-Arabia ᐃ


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Senegal
🇸🇳 Senegal - Republic of Senegal
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 * ||colspan=2|Senegal is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
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 * rowspan=12|1/4||Ilha de Palma||1444: Portugal claims the uninhabited Ilha de Palma, present-day Gorée.
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 * Goedereede||1617: The Dutch West Indian Company (WIC) takes Ilha da Palma from Portugal and rename it into Goedereede.
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 * Upper Coast||1627: The WIC establishes the Upper Coast, administered from the island of Goedereede. 1677: France conquers Goedereede and continue it as →Gorée.
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 * Saint Louis||1678: France conquers the other Dutch trading posts in the Upper Coast.
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 * Senegal Coast||1693: The French possessions at the Senegal Coast are occupied by England.
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 * Senegal Coast||1693: The possessions at the Senegal Coast are returned to France.
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 * Senegambia||1758: Great Britain occupies Gorée and Senegal.
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 * Gorée||1763: Gorée is restored to France.
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 * Senegal||1779: Gorée is retaken by France'''
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 * Senegambia||1809: Senegal is occupied by the United Kingdom'''
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 * Senegal||1817: Senegal is restored to France.
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 * Gorée and dependencies||1854: Gorée is separated from Senegal and a the separate Colony of Gorée and Dependencies is established, including the settlements in →French Gabon, the →French Gold Coast and the →Southern Rivers Settlements. 1859: The colony of Gorée and dependencies is dissolved, Gorée without its dependencies is re-incorporated into Senegal. →1859
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 * rowspan=2|2/4||Cacheu||1645: Portugal establishes the settlement of Ziguinchor in Casamance. Ziguinchor is subordinated to Cacheu.
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 * Senegal 1852|Portuguese Guinea||1852: Ziguinchor becomes with Cacheu part of Portuguese Guinea. 1888: As a result of the Berlin Conference of 1886, Portugal hands the town over to France. →1888
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 * rowspan=8|3/4|||Saint Louis||1659: France starts the conquest of the coast of Senegal with the establishment of Saint-Louis by French traders on an uninhabited island called Ndar in the Kingdom of Waloo. 1677: France conquers Dutch ↑Goedereede and continue it as Gorée. 1678: France conquers the other Dutch trading posts in the ↑Upper Coast.
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 * Senegal Coast||1693: The French possessions at the Senegal Coast are occupied by England.
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 * Saint Louis||1693: The english occupied French possessions at the Senegal Coast are returned to France.
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 * Senegal||1718: The colony is administered through the French East India Company.
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 * Senegambia||1758: Great Britain occupies Senegal. 1763: Gorée is returned to →France. 1765: Great Britain creates the Colony of Senegambia. 1766: The colony becomes the Crown Colony of Senegambia.<
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 * Senegal||1779: Senegal is retaken by France, with Gambia. 1783: Gambia is separated from Senegal and formally restored to Great Britain.
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 * Senegal||1809: Senegal is occupied by the United Kingdom.
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 * Senegal||1817: Senegal is restored to France. after 1825: France starts to establish settlements on the north bank of the Senegal River in present-day →Mauritania. 1850: France establishes protectorate treaties with local rulers in Casamance. 1854: →Gorée becomes a separate colony. 1859: ↑Gorée is reintegrated into Senegal. 1880: France extends its colony of Senegal into present-day Mali as the →Upper River region. 1886: ↑Ziguinchor is formally ceded to France by Portugal. 1888: Ziguinchor and Casamance becomes part of Senegal. 1890: The Upper River region becomes a separate colony as →French Sudan. 1895: Senegal becomes part of French West Africa. 1899: French Sudan is divided, part goes to Senegal. 1901: France starts conquering most of →Mauritania. 1903: →Mauritania becomes a separate French protectorate. 1904: Senegal becomes as Senegal Colony and Protectorate one of the entities of French West Africa. 1924: →Dakar is separated into a separate colony. 1940: The administration is loyal to Vichy France. 1942: The administration supports the Free French. 1946: France establishes the French Union, of which French West Africa becomes a constituent part. ↑Dakar is reintegrated into Senegal. 1958: France grants autonomy to the Republic of Senegal inside the French Community. 1960: Senegal becomes part if the Mali Federation, split the same year into the Senegal and →Mali. ᐃ
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 * 4/4||Dakar||1924: Dakar is separated from ↑Senegal as a separate colony inside French West Africa. 1946: Dakar is reintegrated into Senegal. →1946


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Serbia
🇷🇸 Serbia - Republic of Serbia
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 * ||colspan=2|Serbia is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
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 * rowspan=2|1/3||Ottoman Empire||1459: With the Ottoman victory over the Serbian Despotate, the Ottoman Empire starts the conquest of present-day Serbia. 1521: Most of Serbia is annexed by the Ottoman Empire. 1689: Northern Serbia is occupied by Austria. 1691: Ottoman rule is restored. 1689: Northern Serbia is occupied by Austria. 1691: Ottoman rule is restored. 1717: Northern Serbia is occupied by Austria. 1739: Ottoman rule is restored. 1789: Northern Serbia is occupied by Austria. 1791: Ottoman rule is restored. 1804: An uprising against Ottoman rule takes place. 1813: The uprising is defeated.
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 * Serbia||1815: In a part of Serbia the Ottoman vassal state of Serbia is established. The remaining part remain under direct Ottoman rule. 1867: Serbia becomes independent. 1878: ↑Southern Serbia is annexed to Serbia. 1912: ↑Kosovo and ↑Macedonia are annexed to Serbia. 1918: Serbia becomes part of Yugoslavia. 2003: Yugoslavia is reorganized into Serbia and Montenegro. 2006: Montenegro secedes and Serbia becomes independent. ᐃ
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 * 2/3||Ottoman Empire||1815: When In a part of Serbia the vassal state of→Serbia is established, the remaining part remain under direct Ottoman rule. 1878: Southern Serbia is annexed to Serbia. →1878
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 * 2/3||Kosovo||1999: ''See Kosovo for the unrecognized separation.


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Seychelles
🇸🇨 Seychelles - Republic of Seychelles
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 * ||colspan=2|Seychelles is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
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 * rowspan=4| ||Isle de France||1756: France claims and settles the uninhabited Seychelles as part of Isle de France.
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 * Isle de France||1794: The Seychelles are occupied by Great Britain.
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 * Mauritius||1810: The Seychelles are formally annexed to the United Kingdom as part of Mauritius.
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 * Seychelles||1903: The Seychelles are separated from Mauritus. 1965: Aldabra, Farquhar and Desroches are ceded to the new →British Indian Ocean Territory. 1976: The Seychelles become independent. ᐃ


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Sierra Leone
🇸🇱 Sierra Leone - Republic of Sierra Leone
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 * ||colspan=2|Sierra Leone is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
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 * 1/3||Sherbro Island||1628: An English trading post is established on Sherbro Island for the coast of present-day Sierra Leone. England keeps settlements at this coast for the upcoming centuries. 1808: The settlements become part of Sierra Leone. →1808
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 * 2/3|||Freedom||1787: The Province of Freedom is established by the Committee for the Relief of the Black Poor. 1800: The Province of Freedom is abandoned. →1808
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 * rowspan=2|3/3||Freetown||1792: Settlers from British Nova Scotia establish the Colony of Freetown.
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 * Sierra Leone||1808: ↑Freetown is joined with the other ↑British possessions into the new Sierra Leone Colony. 1821: Sierra Leone is together with →Bathurst and the →British Gold Coast governed as part of the British West African Settlements. 1850: British West Africa is dissolved. 1860: The British declare →Bolama annexed to Sierra Leone. 1870: Bolama is restored to →Portugal. 1866: British West Africa is restored. 1888: British West Africa is demised. 1896: The colony is enlarged into the Sierra Leone Colony and Protectorate, including the interior of Sierra Leone. 1953: Sierra Leone gets self-government. 1961: Sierra Leone becomes an independent Commonwealth realm, retaining the British monarch as its head of state until 1971. ᐃ


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Singapore
🇸🇬 Singapore - Republic of Singapore Japan
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 * ||colspan=2|Singapore is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
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 * rowspan=5| ||Singapore||1819: Singapore becomes a de facto British protectorate, ruled by the East India Company. 1824: Sultan Hussein Shah of Johor cedes the island to the East India Company.
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 * Straits Settlements||1826: ↑Prince Edward Island, ↑Malacca, and Singapore are united into the Straits Settlements. 1857: The Straits Settlements become subordinated to British India. 1867: The Straits Settlements becomes a crown colony separated from British India.
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 * occupied Singapore||1942: The Straits Setllements are occupied by Japan.
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 * Straits Settlements||1945: Japan is defeated and British rule is restored.
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 * Singapore||1946: The Straits Settlements are dissolved. Malacca and Penang become part of the →Malay Union. Singapore becomes a separate colony. 1955: Singapore is granted autonomy. 1959: Singapore is granted self-rule as the State of Singapore. 1963: Singapore becomes part of the newly formed Malaysia. 1965: Singapore becomes independent. ᐃ


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Sint Eustatius
'' Sint Eustatius - Public body of Sint Eustatius
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 * ||colspan=2|''Sint Eustatius is a public body of the 🇳🇱 Netherlands.
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 * rowspan=20| ||San Eustaquio||1493: Cristoforo Colombo discovers the island of the uninhabited island of Sint Eustatius and claims it for Castile (Spain).
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 * Sint Eustatius||1636: Sint Eustatius is colonized by the Dutch West India Company (WIC)
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 * Sint Eustatius||1665: Sint Eustatius is occupied by England.
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 * Sint Eustatius||1668: Sint Eustatius is restored to the Netherlands.
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 * Sint Eustatius||1672: Sint Eustatius is occupied by England.
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 * Sint Eustatius||1682: Sint Eustatius is restored to the Netherlands.
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 * Sint Eustatius||1689: Sint Eustatius is occupied by England'''
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 * Sint Eustatius||1696: Sint Eustatius is restored to the Netherlands.
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 * Sint Eustatius||1781: Sint Eustatius is occupied by England.
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 * Sint Eustatius||1781: France conquers the British occupied Dutch island of Sint Eustatius.
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 * Sint Eustatius||1784: Sint Eustatius is restored to the Netherlands. 1792: The WIC is dissolved and its possessions are nationalized by the Dutch Republic.
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 * Sint Eustatius||1795: France conquers Sint Eustatius.
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 * Sint Eustatius||1801: Sint Eustatius is occupied by British forces.
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 * Sint Eustatius||1802: Sint Eustatius is returned to the Batavian Republic as successor of the Netherlands.
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 * Sint Eustatius||1810: Sint Eustatius is occupied by British forces.
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 * Sint Eustatius||1816: Sint Eustatius is restored to the Netherlands. Sint Eustatius, Sint Maarten and Saba are united into Sint Eustatius and Dependencies.
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 * West Indian Possessions||1828: ↑Suriname, ↑Curaçao and Sint Eustatius are united into the Dutch West Indies.
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 * Curaçao||1845: The Dutch West Indies are dissolved and partitioned into Curaçao and →Suriname. Sint Eustatius becomes part of Curaçao and Depencies. 1936: The colony is renamed into Curaçao.
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 * Netherlands Antilles||1946: Curaçao is renamed into the Netherlands Antilles. 1954: The Netherlands Antilles become a country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. →2010
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 * Sint Eustatius||2010: The Netherlands Antilles are dissolved. Sint Eustatius becomes an overseas part of the Netherlands. ᐃ
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Sint Maarten (Saint Martin (Dutch))
'' Sint Maarten - Sint Maarten
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 * ||colspan=2|''Sint Maarten is a constituent country of the 🇳🇱 Kingdom of the Netherlands|- valign=top
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 * rowspan=22| ||San Martín||The colonial history of Sint Maarten is closely related to the colonial history of →Saint Martin on the same island. 1493: Cristoforo Colombo discovers the island of Isla de San Martín and claims it for Castile (Spain). The island is inhabited by Caribs.
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 * Sint Maarten||1631: Dutch West India Company (WIC) founds the settlement of Fort Amsterdam on Spanish claimed San Martín.
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 * San Martín||1633: Spain conquers San Martín from the Dutch.
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 * Sint Maarten||1648: Spain deserts the island of San Martín. France and the Netherlands sign the Treaty of Concordia and agree to divide the island in two: Saint Martin and Sint Maarten. Sint Maarten is subordinated to the WIC administration in Sint Eustatius.
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 * Saint Martin||1679: France holds the wholhe island.
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 * Sint Maarten||1689: Sint Maarten is restored to the Netherlands.
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 * Saint Martin||1690: The entire island is occupied by England.
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 * Saint Martin||1699: The entire island is controlled by France.
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 * Saint Martin||1702: Sint Maarten is returned to the Netherlands. 1703: The Netherlands occupy Saint Martin.<br1713: Saint Martin is left to →France''.
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 * Sint Maarten||1703: The Dutch WIC defeats the French and holds the entire island. 1713: The northern part is returned to →France.
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 * ''Guadeloupe||1779: The entire islandis occupied by France.
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 * Saint Martin||1781: United Kingdom conquers the entire island.
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 * {{anchor|Sint Maarten 1781a}Sint Maarten||1784: Sint Maarten is restored to the Netherlands. 1792: The WIC is dissolved and its possessions are nationalized by the Dutch Republic.
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 * Guadeloupe||1795: The entire island is hold by France.
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 * Saint Martin||1801: The entire island is occupied by British forces.
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 * Sint Maarten||1802: Sint Maarten is restored to the Batavian Republic as successor of the Dutch Republic.
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 * Saint Martin||1810: The entire island is occupied by British forces.
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 * Sint Eustatius||1816: Sint Maarten is restored to the Netherlands and united with Sint Eustatius and Saba into Sint Eustatius and Dependencies.
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 * West Indian Possessions||1828: ↑Suriname, ↑Curaçao and Sint Eustatius are united into the Dutch West Indies.
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 * Curaçao||1845: The Dutch West Indies are dissolved and partitioned into Curaçao and →Suriname. Sint Maarten becomes part of Curaçao and Depencies. 1936: The colony is renamed into Curaçao.
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 * Netherlands Antilles||1946: Curaçao is renamed into the Netherlands Antilles. 1954: The Netherlands Antilles become a country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands.
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 * Sint Maarten||2010: Sint Maarten becomes a country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. ᐃ


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Slovakia
🇸🇰 Slovakia - Slovak Republic
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 * ||colspan=2|Slovakia is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
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 * ||Slovakia||For Slovakia there are no entries of colonization. The feudal belonging to Hungary as well as the inclusion in Austria(-Hungary) and Czechoslovakia are not listed ᐃ


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Slovenia
🇸🇮 Slovenia - Republic of Slovenia
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 * ||colspan=2|Slovenia is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
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 * ||Trieste||1947: After the defeat of Italy in World War II, Trieste and surroundings are separated from Italy. The Free Territory of Trieste under international occupation is established, partially occupied by the United Kingdom and the United States partially by Yugoslavia. 1954: The territory is divided between →Italy and within Yugoslavia between Slovenia and →Croatia. 1991: Slovenia secedes from Yugoslavia. ᐃ
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Solomon Islands
🇸🇧 Solomon Islands - Solomon Islands
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 * ||colspan=2|The Solomon Islands are a sovereign and internationally recognized Commonwealth realm.
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 * rowspan=3|1/2||Solomon Islands||1595: Spain Spain is unsuccesful in establishing colonies in what they named the Solomon Islands. The islands are populated by Papuans and Melanesians. 1605: The islands are finally abandoned by Spain.
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 * ''German Solomon Islands||1885: The northern part of the Solomon Islands becomes the German protectorate of the German Solomon Islands, administered by the German New Guinea Company. The islands are inhabited by indigenous tribes. →1899
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 * German New Guinea||1899: The German Solomon Islands become part of German New Guinea. 1900: The eastern part of the Solomon Islands is ceded to the British Solomon Islands, the northern part remains part of →German New Guinea. →1900
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 * rowspan=3|2/2||British Solomon Islands||1893: The United Kingdom establishes the British Solomon Islands Protectorate, administered as one of the British Western Pacific Territories. 1900: Germany cedes part of the ↑German Solomon Islands to the British.
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 * occupied Solomon Islands||1942: The Solomon Islands are occupied by Japan as part of World War II.
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 * British Solomon Islands||1943: British rule is restored after the Battle of Guadalcanal. 1960: The islands get self-government. 1971: The BWPT are dissolved.
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 * Solomon Islands||1978: The Solomon Islands become an independent Commonwealth realm, retaining the British monarch as its head of state. ᐃ


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Somalia
🇸🇴 Somalia - Federal Republic of Somalia
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 * ||colspan=2|Somalia is a sovereign and internationally recognized federal republic.
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 * rowspan=2|1/8||Zanzibar||1704: Muscat conquers the Mogadishu sultanate. 1726: Oman withdraws from Mogadishu.
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 * Zanzibar||1828: Muscat and Oman brings Mogadishu under its suzerainty. 1861: When Oman is partitioned, the region becomes part of Zanzibar →1876
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 * rowspan=2|2/8||Somalia||1870: Ottoman Egypt starts the conquest of the Somali Coast, peviously controlled by Muscat.
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 * British Somaliland||1884: The United Kingdom takes over the Egyptian administration of the Somali Coast and establishes the protectorate of British Somaliland, garrisoned from Aden and administered from British India. 1886: The United Kingdom signs protectorate treaties with sultan Maxamuud Cali Shiire of the Warsangali Sultanate and other northern Somali sultans. 1898: The British protectorate is formalized into the British Protectorate of the Somali Coast, using various official names. 1905: The British protectorate is formally named Protectorate of British Somaliland. 1920: The Dervish State is defeated by the British. 1940: British Somaliland is occupied by Italy as part of World War II. 1941: Italy is defeated and British Somaliland is restored. 1960: British Somaliland, succeeded by the State of Somaliland and the Trust Territory of Somaliland unite into independent Somalia. →1960
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 * rowspan=4|3/8||Italian Somalia||1876: Italian societies start to explore and settle at the Somali Coast. The settlements remains unorganized. 1888: Germany leaves its settlements to Italy. 1909: The Italian Somali settlements, ↑Hobyo and ↑Majerteen are administered as the Colony of Italian Somalia. The Sultanate of the Geledi is incorporated into Italian Somalia. 1925: ↑Trans-Juba is incorporated into Italian Somalia.
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 * Italian East Africa||1936: Italian Somalia becomes with ↑Eritrea and conquered ↑Ethiopia part of Italian East Africa.
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 * Italian Somalia||1941: Italian Somalia is conquered and occupied by the United Kingdom.
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 * Somalia||1950: Occupied Italian Somalia becomes the United Nations Trust Territory of Somalia under Italian administration. 1960: British Somaliland, succeeded by the State of Somaliland, and the Trust Territory of Somalia unite into independent Somalia. ᐃ
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 * 4/8||German Somalia||1884: Gustav Hörnecke and others acquire on behalf of Germany various settlements at the Somali Coast. 1888: Germany abandons the Somali Coast and leave the area to Italy. →1888
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 * rowspan=3|5/8||Jubaland||1887: The southern part of present-day Somalia, Jubaland, is leased by the sultan of Zanzibar to the United Kingdom'''’s British East Africa Company, later the Imperial British East Africa Company.
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 * British East Africa||1895: The same year the British government established direct rule over Jubaland through the East Africa Protectorate, remaining under the sovereignity of the sultan of Zanzibar.
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 * Trans-Juba||1924: Jubaland is ceded by the British to Italy as the colony of Trans-Juba. 1925: Trans-Juba is incorporated into Italian Somalia. →1925
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 * 6/8||Hobyo||1888: Sultan Yuusuf Cali Keenadiid of the Sultanate of Hobyo signs an agreement to make the sultanate an Italian protectorate. 1909: Hobyo is incorporated into Italian Somalia. →1909
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 * 7/8|||Majerteen||1889: Sultan Cismaan Maxamuud of the Majerteen Sultanate signs an agreement to make the sultanate an Italian protectorate. 1909: Majerteen is incorporated into Italian Somalia. →1909
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 * 8/8||Somaliland||1991: ''See Somaliland for the unrecognized secession.


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Somaliland (disputed)
Somaliland - Republic of Somaliland
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 * ||colspan=2|''Somaliland is a de facto republic, not recognized by Somalia, internationally recognized as an autonomous region of Somalia.
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 * rowspan=2| ||Somalia||See for the development before 1991 →Somalia.
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 * Somaliland||1991: ᐃ


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South Africa
🇿🇦 South Africa - Republic of South Africa
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 * ||colspan=2|South Africa is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
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 * rowspan=5|1/13||Cape Colony||1652: The Dutch United East India Company (VOC) establishes the Cape Colony. The area is inhabited by Khoisan. In the upcoming decades the colony is enlarged to the north and the east into areas also inhabited by Xhosa people.
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 * Cape Colony||1795: Great Britain conquers the Dutch Cape Colony and annexes Swellendam. 1796: Great Britain annexes Graaff-Reinet.
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 * Cape Colony||1803: The Cape Colony is returned to the Batavian Republic'''Dutch as successor of the Netherlands, meanwhile the VOC was nationalized in 1796.
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 * Cape Colony||1806: The British defeats the in the Battle of Blaauwberg and conquer the Cape Colony.
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 * Cape of Good Hope||1814: The Netherlands cede in the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814 the Cape Colony to the United Kingdom, whereby the Colony of Cape of Good Hope is formed, a.k.a. The Cape Colony. 1830s: Dutch farmers migrate inland in wat is known as the Great Trek and form various Boer republics independent from the British. 1848: The Cape Colony declares British sovereignty over the lands to the north and to the south of the Vaal river. The Boers inhabiting the area resist British sovereignity. 1852: With the Sand River Convention the United Kingdom recognizes the independence of the South African Republic. 1854: The United Kingdom recognizes the Orange Free State as an independent state. 1860: British →Kaffraria is separated from the Cape of Good Hope and becomes a separate crown colony. 1866: ↑Kaffraria is incorporated into the Cape of Good Hope. 1872: The Cape Colony becomes self-governing. 1880: ↑New Griqualand and ↑Griqualand West become part of the Cape Colony. 1885: The area inhabited by Tswana is divided. One part becomes as British Bechuanland part of the Cape Colony. At the same time the United States of Stellaland are annexed to British Bechuanaland. The northern part becomes as Bechuanaland Protectorate a protectorate of the United Kingdom. 1910: The Cape Colony unites with Natal, Transvaal and the Orange River Colony to form South Africa. →1910
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 * 2/13||Natal||1843: The United Kingdom conquers and annexes the Natalia Republic and establishes the Natal Colony. 1848: The colony of Natal annexes the Republic of Klip River. 1893: Natal gets self-government. 1897: ↑Zululand is incorporated into Natal. 1910: The Cape Colony unites with Natal, Transvaal and the Orange River Colony to form South Africa. →1910
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 * rowspan=2|3/13||Orange River Sovereignity||1848: The Cape Colony declares British sovereignty over the lands to the north and to the south of the Vaal river. The Boers inhabiting the area resist British sovereignity. 1854: The United Kingdom recognizes the independence of the Orange Free State. 1899: The British invade the Orange Free State in the Second Boer War.
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 * Orange River Colony||1899: The British invade the Orange Free State in the Second Boer War. 1902: The Orange Free State is defeated and with the Treaty of Vereeniging it is annexed to the British Empire as the Orange River Colony. 1907: The Orange River Colony gets self-government. 1910: The Orange River Colony unites with the Cape Colony, Natal and Transvaal to form South Africa. →1910
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 * 4/13||British Kaffraria||1860: British Kaffraria is separated from the Cape of Good Hope and becomes a separate crown colony. 1866: Kaffraria is incorporated into the Cape of Good Hope. →1866
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 * 5/13||Griqualand West||1871: Griqualand West becomes a British colony. 1880: Griqualand West becomes part of the Cape Colony. →1880
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 * 6/13||New Griqualand||1874: The British conquer the Republic of New Griqualand. 1880: New Griqualand becomes part of the Cape Colony. →1880
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 * rowspan=2|7/13||Transvaal||1877: The British invade and annex the South African Republic in the First Boer War as the Transvaal Colony. 1881: After a victory in the First Boer War Transvaal becomes independent as the South African Republic. 1899: The British invade the South African Republic in the Second Boer War.
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 * Transvaal||1899: The British invade the South African Republic in the Second Boer War. 1902: The republic is defeated and with the Treaty of Vereeniging it is annexed to the British Empire as the Transvaal Colony. 1906: Transvaal gets self-government. 1910: Transvaal unites with the Cape of Good Hope, Natal and the Orange River Colony to form South Africa. →1910
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 * rowspan=3|8/13||South Africa||1910: The ↑Cape Colony unites with ↑Natal, ↑Transvaal and the ↑Orange River Colony to form South Africa. 1931: The parliament of the United Kingdom passes the Statute of Westminster 1931 effectively establishing the legislative independence of the self-governing dominions of the British Empire from the United Kingdom. South Africa becomes an independent Commonwealth realm, retaining the British monarch as its head of state, until 1961. 1976/1981: South Africa creates out of its territory the so-called independent republics of →Transkei, →Bophuthatswana, →Venda, and →Ciskei. 1994: The so-called independent states of ↑Transkei, ↑Bophuthatswana, ↑Venda, and ↑Ciskei are re-integrated into South Africa. ᐃ
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 * 9/13||Zululand||1887: The British protectorate of Zululand is established. 1897: Zululand is incorporated into Natal. →1897
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 * 10/13||Transkei||1976: South Africa declares Transkei independent, making it a de facto dependency. 1994: Transkei is reintegrated into South Africa. →1994
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 * 11/13||Bophuthatswana||1977: South Africa declares Bophuthatswana independent, making it a de facto dependency. 1994: Bophuthatswana is reintegrated into South Africa. →1994
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 * 12/13||Venda||1979: South Africa declares Venda independent, making it a de facto dependency. 1994: Venda is reintegrated into South Africa. →1994
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 * 13/13||Ciskei||1981: South Africa declares CIskei independent, making it a de facto dependency. 1994: Ciskei is reintegrated into South Africa. →1994
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 * 13/13||Ciskei||1981: South Africa declares CIskei independent, making it a de facto dependency. 1994: Ciskei is reintegrated into South Africa. →1994


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South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
'' South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands - South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
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 * ||colspan=2|''South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands are a 🇬🇧 British British crown dependency.
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 * rowspan=4| ||Falkland Islands||1775: Great Britain claims sovereignty over South Georgia. 1908: The United Kingdom claims sovereignty over the South Sandwich Islands. Both are governed as part of the →Falkland Islands Dependencies. 1927: Argentina claims South Georgia. 1938: Argentina claims the South Sandwich Islands.
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 * Malvine Islands||1982: South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands are occupied by Argentine forces.
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 * Falkland Islands||1982: The islands are after the Falkland War under British control.
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 * South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands||1985: The islands are split from the Falkland Islands and divided into the British dependent territory of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands and the →British Antarctic Territory. 2002: The British dependent territory is refered to as a British overseas territory. ᐃ


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South Ossetia-Alania (disputed)
South Ossetia - Republic of South Ossetia-State of Alania
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 * ||colspan=2|''South Ossetia is a de facto republic, not recognized by Georgia, and only recognized by Russia, Nicaragua, and Venezuela as well as Sahara, Abkhazia, Artsakh and Transnistria.
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 * rowspan=3| ||Georgia||See for the development before 1991 →Georgia.
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 * South Ossetia||1991: When ↑Georgia becomes independent, the South Ossetian parliament secedes unrecognized, leading to a de facto Russian protectorate.. 1992: With the Sochi agreement a cease fire between South Ossetia and Georgia is enacted, leading to the de facto independence of South Ossetia. 2008: After a Georgian attempt to regain control over South Ossetia, Russia intervenes in Georgia to secure its de facto independence. Georgia loses the area of South Ossetia it controlled. Russia recognizes the independence of South Ossetia.
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 * South Ossetia-Alania||2017: South Ossetia is renamed into Republic of South Ossetia-State of Alania ᐃ


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South Sudan
🇸🇸 South Sudan - Republic of South Sudan
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 * ||colspan=2|South Sudan is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
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 * rowspan=2|1/3||Ottoman Empire||1871: Present-day South Sudan, controlled by Al-Zubayr Rahma Mansur, becomes part of the Ottoman →Egyptian Sudan. The region is populated by Dinka, Luo and Nuer. 1881: Mahdiya starts to establish a secessionist state.
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 * Sudan||1882: Egypt, that rules most of present-day Sudan and South Sudan becomes a de facto British protectorate. 1885: The Mahdi movement leads a nationalist revolt culminating in the fall of Khartoum and the establishment of the de facto Mahdist State. 1894: The British lease the →Lado Enclave to the king of Belgium. 1898: A combined British-Egyptian force is sent to Sudan and defeats the Mahdist State. France establishes a settlement at →Fashoda in the southern part of Sudan. Under British pressure, France withdraws from the region 1899: Sudan is proclaimed a condominium under British-Egyptian administration as the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. 1910: The ↑Lado Enclave is handed over to Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. 1922: Egypt becomes independent. The United Kingdom gradually assumes more control of the condominium, edging out Egypt almost completely by 1924. 1953: Sudan gets self-government. 1956: After an agreement between Egypt and the United Kingdom Sudan becomes independent. 2011: South Sudan becomes independent from Sudan. ᐃ
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 * 2/3||Lado Enclave||1894: Belgium leases from the British rulers in ↑Sudan the Lado Enclave, administered from the →Congo Free State. 1910: The Lado Enclave is ceded to the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, the southern tip of the Enclave is integrated into Uganda. →1910
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 * 3/3|||Fashoda||1898: France establishes a settlement at Fashoda in the southern part of ↑Sudan. Under British pressure, France withdraws from the region. →South Sudan


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Spain
🇪🇸 Spain - Kingdom of Spain
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 * ||colspan=2|Spain is a sovereign and internationally recognized federal monarchy.
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 * rowspan=4|0/5||||For Spain see the entries →Canary Islands, →Ceuta, →Melilla and →Menorca. Spain claims →Gibraltar. Not listed are the conquests by Arabs and the territorial expansion of Aragon and Castile in mainland Spain. ᐃ
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 * rowspan=2|1/5||Canary Islands||1402: Jean de Béthencourt conquers Fuerteventura, Hierro and Lanzarote islands and then proclaims himself king of the Kingdom of the Canary Islands as a vassal of the king of Castile. The islands are inhabited by indigenous people now known as Guanches. 1405: The Canary Islands become a protectorate of Castile. 1448: →Lanzarote becomes Portuguese. 1477:↑Lanzarote is ceded to Castile. 1480: Gran Canaria becomes a colony of Castile. 1483: The conquest of Gran Canaria completed. 1493: The conquest of La Palma is completed. 1496: The conquest of Tenerife completed. Tenerife comes a colony of Spain. 1526: The Real Audiencia de Canarias is created. 1569: Lanzarote is occupied by Morocco, that retreats the same year. 1586: Lanzarote is occupied by Morocco, that retreats the same year. 1589: The islands are united into the Captaincy-general of the Canary Islands. 1595: The islands are redivided into individual islands. 1625: The Captaincy-general of the Canary Islands is restored.
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 * Spain||1833: The Canary Islands become a integral part of Spain. →1833
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 * 2/5|||Lanzarote||1448: ↑Lanzarote is sold to Portugal. 1477: Lanzarote is ceded to Castile. →1477
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 * rowspan=5|3/5||Ceuta||1415: Portugal conquers the city of Ceuta from Marinid Morocco.
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 * Ceuta||1640: Ceuta remains part of Spain when Portugal and Spain are separated.
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 * North Africa||1847: Ceuta, →Melilla, Vélez de la Gomera, and Peñón de Alhucemas are united as the Captaincy-general of North Africa.
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 * Morocco||1912: Ceuta becomes subordinated to Spanish Morocco.
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 * Spain||1956: When Spanish Morocco becomes part of independent →Morocco, Ceuta becomes part of mainland Spain. →1956
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 * rowspan=4|4/5||Melilla||1497: Castile (Spain) conquers Melilla by defeating Wattasid Moroccan forces.
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 * North Africa||1847: Melilla, →Ceuta, Vélez de la Gomera, and Peñón de Alhucemas are united as the Captaincy-general of North Africa.
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 * Morocco||1912: Melilla becomes subordinated to Spanish Morocco.
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 * Spain||1956: When Spanish Morocco becomes part of independent →Morocco, Melilla becomes part of mainland Spain. →1956
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 * rowspan=4|5/5||Menorca||1708: Menorca, inhabited by Catalans, is conquered by Great-Britain. 1713: Spain cedes in the Treaty of Utrecht Menorca to Great-Britain.
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 * Menorca||1756: Menorca is occupied by France.
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 * Menorca||1763: British rule over Menorca is restored. 1782: Menorca returns to Spain.
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 * Menorca||1798: British rule in Menorca is restored after an invasion. 1802: The United Kingdom cedes Menorca to Spain. →1802
 * Menorca||1798: British rule in Menorca is restored after an invasion. 1802: The United Kingdom cedes Menorca to Spain. →1802


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Sri Lanka
🇱🇰 Sri Lanka - Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka
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 * ||colspan=2|Sri Lanka is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
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 * rowspan=4|1/2||Ceylon||1505: Portuguese settlers arrive in the Kingdom of Kotte. 1597: Kotte falls to Portugal, colonizing part of the island of Ceylon as Portuguese Ceylon, subordinated to India. 1619: Portugal annexes the Kingdom of Jaffna. 1658: Portuguese power in Ceylon is overthrown by the Dutch.
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 * Ceylon||1640: As part of the Dutch–Portuguese War the Dutch support the Kingdom of Kandy against the Portuguese occupiers of Ceylon. They establish the Governorate of Dutch Ceylon, administered by the Dutch United East India Company (VOC). 1658: With the conquest of Jaffna, Portugal is completely defeated. 1782: Great Britain occupies ↑Trincomalee. 1784: ↑Trincomalee Trincomalee is restored to the Netherlands.
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 * Ceylon||1795: The British East India Company begins the occupation of Dutch Ceylon. The conquered areas become subordinate to the presidency of Madras in British India. 1796: The conquest of Dutch Ceylon is completed.
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 * British Ceylon||1798: Ceylon becomes a separate colony as British Ceylon. 1802: Ceylon becomes the Crown Colony of Ceylon. 1815: After the British defeated king Sri Vikrama Rajasinha of the Kingdom of Kandy, Kandy is with the Kandyan Convention annexed to British Ceylon. 1931: With the Donoughmore Constitution Ceylon gets self-government. 1948: Ceylon becomes an independent Commonwealth realm, retaining the British monarch as its head of state until 1972. 1972: Ceylon is renamed into Sri Lanka. ᐃ
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 * rowspan=2|2/2||Trincomalee||1782: Great Britain occupies Trincomalee on Dutch Ceylon.
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 * Trincomalee||1782: France conquers British occupied Trincomalee on the Dutch island of Ceylon. 1784: Trincomalee is restored to the Netherlands. →1784


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Sudan
🇸🇩 Sudan - Republic of the Sudan
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 * ||colspan=2|Sudan is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
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 * rowspan=2| ||Ottoman Empire||1820: Ottoman Egypt starts the conquest of Sudan 182 822: With the conquest of the Sultanate of Sennar, most of present-day Sudan is annexed by Egypt. 1871: Egyptian rule is enlarged into →South Sudan. 1875: The Sultanate of Darfur is defeated and annexed by the Ottomans. 1881: Mahdiya starts to establish a secessionist state.
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 * Anglo-Egyptian Sudan||1882: Egypt, that rules most of present-day Sudan becomes a de facto British protectorate. 1885: The Mahdi movement leads a nationalist revolt culminating in the fall of Khartoum and the establishment of the de facto Mahdist State. 1898: A combined British-Egyptian force is sent to Sudan and defeats the Mahdist State. 1899: Sudan is proclaimed a condominium under British-Egyptian administration as the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. 1922: Egypt becomes independent. The United Kingdom gradually assumes more control of the condominium, edging out Egypt almost completely by 1924. 1953: Sudan gets self-government. 1956: After an agreement between Egypt and the United Kingdom Sudan becomes independent. 2011: →South Sudan becomes independent from Sudan. ᐃ


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Suriname
🇸🇷 Suriname - Republic of Suriname
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 * ||colspan=2|Suriname is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
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 * rowspan=9| ||Guayana||1593: Spain establishes as colony the Province of Guayana in a region inhabited mainly by Caribs.
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 * Willoughby||1650: England establishes in the area claimed by Spain as Guayana as settlement Willoughby at the coast of present-day Suriname.
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 * Suriname||1667: The English cede Willoughbyland to the Dutch West India Company (WIC), that creates the colony of Suriname. Suriname, Essequibo, Berbice and Demerara are together known as Dutch Guiana. 1683: Suriname is governed by the Society of Suriname. 1795: The Society of Suriname is nationalized.
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 * Suriname||1799: Suriname is occupied by British forces.
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 * Suriname||1802: Suriname is restored to the Batavian Republic.
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 * Suriname||1804: Suriname is occupied by British forces.
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 * Suriname||1816: Suriname is restored to the Netherlands.
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 * West Indian Possessions||1828: Suriname, ↑Curaçao and ↑Sint Eustatius are united into the Dutch West Indies.
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 * Suriname||1845: The Dutch West Indies are dissolved and partitioned into Suriname and →Curaçao. 1845: The colony is partitioned and Suriname becomes a separate colony. 1941: Suriname is occupied by the United States on request of the Dutch government in exile, Dutch rule continues. 1945: The occupation ends. 1954: Suriname becomes a country inside the Kingdom of the Netherlands. 1975: Suriname becomes independent. ᐃ
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Svalbard
'' Svalbard - Svalbard
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 * ||colspan=2|''Svalbard is part of 🇳🇴 Norway with several restrictions under the Svalbard Treaty.
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 * rowspan=2| ||Smeerenburg||1615: The Dutch Northern Company establishes the settlement of Smeerenburg at what is then calles Spitsbergen. around 1660: Smeerenburg is abandoned.
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 * Svalbard||1920: After been a neutral territory between Norway and Russia, Norwegian sovereignty over Svalbard starts to be recognized. 1925: Norway formally assumes sovereignty. ᐃ


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Swaziland (eSwatini)
🇸🇿 Swaziland - Kingdom of eSwatini
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 * ||colspan=2|Swaziland is a sovereign and internationally recognized monarchy.
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 * ||Swaziland||1903: After the United Kingdom defeated Transvaal, Queen regent Labotsibeni Mdluli has to accept a British protectorate over Swaziland. 1967: Swaziland gets autonomy as the Protected State of Swaziland. 1968: Swaziland becomes independent. ᐃ


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Sweden
🇸🇪 Sweden - Kingdom of Sweden
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 * ||colspan=2|Sweden is a sovereign and internationally recognized monarchy.
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 * rowspan=2| ||Sweden||For Sweden there are no entries of colonization. The territorial expansion of Sweden inside present-day Sweden is not listed.ᐃ
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Switzerland
🇨🇭 Switzerland - Swiss Confederation
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 * ||colspan=2|Switzerland is a sovereign and internationally recognized federal republic.
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 * ||Switzerland||For Switzerland there are no entries of colonization. The territorial expansion of Switzerland is not listed.ᐃ


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Syria
 Syria - Syrian Arab Republic
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 * ||colspan=2|Syria is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
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 * 1/6||Antioch||1098: crusaders conquer Antioch from the Fatimid Caliphate and establish the Principality of Antioch. 1268: Antioch is conquered by the Mamluk Sultanate. 1516: Syria is conquered by the Ottoman Empire. →1516
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 * 2/6||Edessa||1098: crusaders conquer Edessa from the Fatimid Caliphate and establish the County of Edessa. 1150: Edessa is conquered by the Seljuk Empire. 117 194: This part of the Seljuk Empire becomes part of the Ayyubid Empire. around 1260: The are becomes part of the Mamluk Sultanate. 1516: Syria is conquered by the Ottoman Empire. →1516
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 * rowspan=4|3/6||Ottoman Empire||1516: The Ottoman Empire conquers and annexes large parts of the Mamluk Sultanate, including present-day ↑Syria. 1833: Inside the Ottoman Empire the area is under Egyptian rule. 1841: Direct Ottoman rule is restored.
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 * Ottoman Empire||'1917/1918: As part of the campaign in World War I against the Ottoman Empire Arab, French and British forces conquer present-day ↑Syria. The area is placed under French Occupied Enemy Territory Administration and includes also →1917 and part of →1917|.
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 * Damascus||1920: The League of Nations awards under mandate to France in the French Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon. The mandate is divided in six states, among them is the State of Damascus. The other states are →Aleppo, →Alwaite State/→Jabal Druze, →Grand Lebanon and Alexandrette.
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 * Syria||1925: Damascus and ↑Aleppo are united into the State of Syria. 1930: The State of Syria is continued by the Syrian Republic inside the mandate. 1936: ↑Jabal ad-Druze and the ↑Alawite State merge into Syria. 1938: →Alexandrette secedes as the Hatay State from Syria, to become part of Turkey in 1939. 1940: Syria comes under control of Vichy France. 1941: Syria is conquered by the Free French. Syria proclaims its independence. 1946: Syria becomes independent. 1967: As a result of the Six-Day War, Israel conquers and occupies the →Golan Heights. 1981: The Golan Heights are de facto annexed to Israel.'' ᐃ
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 * 3/6||Aleppo||1920: The League of Nations mandate for ↑Syria and the Lebanon is divided in six states, among them is the State of Aleppo. 1923: ↑Alexandrette is attached to Aleppo. 1925: Damascus and Aleppo are united into the State of Syria. →1925
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 * 4/6||Alawite State||1920: The League of Nations mandate for ↑Syria and the Lebanon is divided in six states, among them is the Alawite State. 1936: The Alawite State merges into Syria. →1936
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 * 5/6||Jabal Druze||1920: The League of Nations mandate for ↑Syria and the Lebanon is divided in six states, among them is Jabal ad-Druze. 1936: Jabal ad-Druze merges into Syria. →1936
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 * 6/6||Golan Heights||1967: As a result of the Six-Day War, Israel conquers and occupies the Syrian ↑Golan Heights. 1981: The Golan Heights are de facto annexed to Israel. ᐃ


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Taiwan (Republic of China)
 Republic of China - Republic of China
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 * ||colspan=2|Taiwan is a republic, not recognized by China, but recognized by a limited number of countries as the Republic of China.
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 * 1/5||Pescadores||1622: After the lost Battle of Macau against Portugal, the Dutch United East India Company (VOC) establishes a fort on the Pescadores. 1624: The Dutch are expelled from the islands by Ming Chinaand resettle at →Taiwan.
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 * rowspan=4|2/5||Formosa||1624: The Dutch VOC, expelled from the ↑Pescadores establishes the colony of Formosa, inhabited by Taiwanese aborigines. 1642: The Dutch VOC defeat the Spanish and annex Spanish ↑Formosa to Dutch Formosa. 1645: The Kingdom of Middag is conquered and annexed to Dutch Formosa. 1640s/1650s: Both Chinese immigrants as native inhabitants of the islands start to rebel against Dutch rule. 1662: The Dutch are defeated by Tungning. 1664: ''The Dutch re-capture the fortress of →Fort Noord-Holland in the north of the kingdom. 1668: ↑Fort Noord-Holland is abandoned and left to Tungning.
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 * China||1683: The Kingdom of Tungning is defeated and Taiwan is annexed to China. 1885: France captures as part of the Sino-French War the →Pescadores. 1886: France abandons the ↑Pescadores.
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 * Taiwan||1895: With the Treaty of Shimonoseki ending the First Sino-Japanese War, China cedes Taiwan to Japan, that makes it a Japanese colony.
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 * China||1945: After the Japanese defeat, Taiwan is re-incorporated into China. 1949: After it lost the civil war in China, the Nationalist Chinese government flees to Taiwan. As Republic of Republic of China it becomes a de facto independent state. ᐃ
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 * 3/5||Formosa||1626: Spain establish the colony of Spanish Formosa as part of the Spanish East Indies. 1642: The Dutch defeat the Spanish and annex Spanish Formosa to Dutch Formosa. →1642
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 * 4/5||Fort Noord-Holland||1664: The Dutch re-capture the fortress of Fort Noord-Holland in the north of Tungning. 1668: Fort Noord-Holland is abandoned and left to Tungning. →1668
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 * 5/5||Pescadores||1885: France captures as part of the Sino-French War the Pescadores or Penghu Islands from China. 1886: France abandons the Pescadores. →1886


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Tajikistan
🇹🇯 Tajikistan - Republic of Tajikistan
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 * ||colspan=2|Tajikistan is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
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 * rowspan=2|1/2||Bukhara||1868: Parts of present-day Tajikistan is conquered by and annexed to Russia.
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 * Union of Soviet Socialist Republics||1922: Russia becomes a constituent state of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. 1924: ↑Bukhara joins the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. Together with other parts of present-day Tajikistan it becomes part of Uzbekistan as a constituent state. 1929: Tajikistan is separated from Uzbekistan. 1991: Tajikistan becomes an independent republic. ᐃ
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 * 2/2||Bukhara||1868: The Emirate of Bukhara, including parts of present-day Tajikistan become a Russian protectorate. 1924: BUkhara becomes part of the Soviet Republic of Uzbekistan. →1924


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Tanzania
🇹🇿 Tanzania - United Republic of Tanzania
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 * ||colspan=2|Tanzania is a sovereign and internationally recognized federal republic.
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 * rowspan=4|1/2||Zanzibar||1505: The island of Zanzibar is conquered by Portugal. 1508: The island is abandoned by Portugal.
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 * Zanzibar||1528: Zanzibar is brought under Portuguese suzerainty.
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 * Zanzibar||1698: Zanzibar becomes part of the Sultanate of Muscat. It includes part of the coast of present-day Kenya, Tanzania and →Somalia. 1861: Muscat and Oman is divided into two independent states, Muscat and Oman and Zanzibar. 1885"anzibar has to accept a German protectorate over a part of its →coastal possessions. 1887: Zanzibar leases the →coast of present-day Kenya to the United Kingdom.
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 * Zanzibar||1890: The Sultanate of Zanzibar becomes a British protectorate. 1963: The United Kingdom grants Zanzibar self-rule. The same year Zanzibar becomes independent as Zanzibar. 1964: Zanzibar merges with Tanganyika into Tanzania. →1964
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 * rowspan=3|2/2||German East Africa||1885: Germany establishes a protectorate over part of ↑Zanzibar's coastal possessions, known as German East Africa, administered by the German East Africa Company (DOAK). 1891: The DOAK protectorate is sold out to the German government, that rules German East Africa directly. 1894: The →Kionga Triangle is annexed to German East Africa. 1896: →Rwanda becomes a protectorate within German East Africa. 1899: →Burundi becomes a protectorate within German East Africa.
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 * German East Africa||1916: German East Africa is as part of World War I conquered by British and Belgian forces.
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 * Tanganyika||1922: The League of Nations awards German East Africa without Burundi and Ruanda under mandate to the United Kingdom as the Tanganyika. A small part falls to →Portuguese East Africa. 1946: Tanganyika becomes a United Nations trust territory, administered by the United Kingdom. 1961: Tanganyika becomes the independent Commonwealth realm, retaining the British monarch as its head of state until 1962. 1964: Tangayika merges with ↑Zanzibar into Tanzania. ᐃ
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Thailand
🇹🇭 Thailand - Kingdom of Thailand
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 * ||colspan=2|Thailand is a sovereign and internationally recognized monarchy.
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 * ||Thailand||For Thailand there are no entries of colonization. The Japanese occupation is not listed.ᐃ


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Timor-Leste
See East Timor.


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Togo
🇹🇬 Togo - Togolese Republic
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 * ||colspan=2|Togo is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
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 * rowspan=3| || Togo||1884: Germany establishes the protectorate of Togo in part of the Slave Coast, inhabited by Ewe and other tribes. 1905: Togo becomes the colony of Togo.
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 * French Togoland||1914: British and French forces invade and conquer German Togo. 1916: Togoland is divided in French and British zones, whereby the British zone is administered as part of the →Gold Coast. 1922: The League of Nations divides Togo into the French mandate of French Togoland and the British League of Nation mandate of →British Togoland. 1940 The administration is loyal to Vichy France until 1942, when it shifts to the Free French. 1946: The mandate becomes a United Nations trust territory. 1946: France establishes the French Union, of which French Togoland becomes a constituent part.
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 * Togo||1958: France grants autonomy to the Togolese Republic inside the French Community. 1960: Togo becomes independent. ᐃ
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Tokelau
''🇹🇰 Tokelau - Tokelau
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 * ||colspan=2|''Tokelau is a 🇳🇿 New Zealand overseas territory.
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 * ||colspan=2 style="background: khaki|
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 * rowspan=5| ||Union Islands||1877: The United Kingdom claims all unclaimed pacific islands, among them the Union Islands and subordinate them to the British Western Pacific Territories. 1899: The United Kingdom conquers the Union Islands.
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 * Gilbert and Ellice Islands||1916: The Union Islands are included in the Gilbert and Ellice Islands.
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 * Union Islands||1926: The Union Islands are separated from the British Gilbert and Ellice Islands and placed under the jurisdiction of New Zealand.
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 * Tokelau Islands||1956: The Union Islands are renamed into Tokelau Islands. 1948: The islands are annexed to New Zealand.
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 * Tokelau||1976: The Tokelau Islands are renamed into Tokelau. 2001: The islands become self-governing. ᐃ


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Tonga
🇹🇴 Tonga - Kingdom of Tonga
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 * ||colspan=2|Tonga is a sovereign and internationally recognized monarchy.
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 * ||Tonga||1900: Tonga becomes a protected state due to a treaty of friendship with the United Kingdom, while retaining its sovereignty. 1970: The status of protected state ends, Tonga becomes fully independent. ᐃ


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Transnistria (disputed)
Transnistria - Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic
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 * ||colspan=2|''Transnistria is a de facto republic, not recognized by Moldova, and only recognized by Abkhazia, Artsakh and South Ossetia.
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 * rowspan=2| ||Moldova||See for the development before 1992 →Moldova.
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 * Transnistria||1992: Transnistria secedes supported by unrecognized from ↑Moldova and is by most countries considered part of Moldova. De facto Transnistria can be considered a Russian client state.The secession leads to the Transnistria War. The war ends with a cease-fire. ᐃ


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Trinidad and Tobago
🇹🇹 Trinidad and Tobago - Republic of Trinidad and Tobago
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 * ||colspan=2|Trinidad and Tobago is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
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 * rowspan=10|1/3||Trinidad||1498: Trinidad is discovered by Cristoforo Colombo as Isla La Santissima Trinidad and claimed for Castile (Spain). The island is inhabited Caribs and Arawak.
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 * Trinidad||1521: Trinidad becomes a Spanish colony as the Trinidad Province, subordinated to Santo Domingo.
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 * Guayana and Trinidad||1591: Trinidad becomes part of the Province of Guayana and Trinidad, still subordinated to Santo Domingo.
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 * New Granada||1717: Trinidad becomes part of the Viceroyalty of New Granada.
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 * Santo Domingo||1724: Trinidad is subject again to Santo Domingo.
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 * New Granada||1739: Trinidad becomes the province of Trinidad, subordinated to New Granada.
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 * Venezuela||1777: Trinidad is with Venezuela separated from New Granada.
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 * Trinidad||1797: Trinidad is occupied by Great Britain. 1802: Trinidad is formally ceded by Spain to Great Britain and becomes the Colony of Trinidad. 1889: Tobago is administered from Trinidad.
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 * Trinidad and Tobago||1899: Trinidad and ↑Tobago are united into the Colony of Trinidad and Tobago.
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 * West Indies Federation||1958: Trinidad and Tobago joins ↑Antigua (with ↑Montserrat, that becomes a separate province), ↑Barbados, ↑Dominica, ↑Grenada, ↑Jamaica (with the ↑Cayman Islands and the ↑Turks and Caicos Islands), ↑Saint Christopher (with Nevis and ↑Anguilla), ↑Saint Lucia, and ↑Saint Vincent to form the West Indies Federation in preparation of a joint independence. →Turks and Caicos Islands and the →Cayman Islands are separated from Jamaica inside the federation. 1962: The federation is dissolved. Trinidad and Tobago become an independent Commonwealth realm, retaining the British monarch as their head of state until 1976. ᐃ
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 * rowspan=4|2/3||Asuncion||1498: Tobago is discovered by Cristoforo Colombo as Isla de la Asunción and claimed for Castile (Spain). The island is inhabited Caribs.
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 * New Walcheren||1626: After attempts by Spain and England to settle at Tobago, the Dutch West India Company (WIC) establishes the colony of New Walcheren at ↑Tobago. 1637: Spain destroys New Walcheren.
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 * Tobago||1639: England establishes a settlement at Tobago, abandoned in 1640.
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 * New Courland||1649: Courland establishes New Courland on Tobago. 1650: New Courland is abandoned. 1654: Courland establishes New Courland for the second time, whilst the Netherlands re-establish →New Walcheren. 1659: New Courland is conquered by the Netherlands and added to New Walcheren. →1654
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 * rowspan=14|3/3||New Walcheren||1654: New Walcheren is re-established on Tobago by the Dutch WIC. The same year Courland establishes the colony of New Courland. The two colonies co-exist. 1659: The WIC occupies ↑New Courland, uniting Tobago as New Walcheren under Dutch rule.
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 * Tobago||1666: New Walcheren is occupied by England.
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 * Tobago||1666: France conquers British occupied New Walcheren on Tobago.
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 * New Walcheren||1667: New Walcheren is returned by France to the Dutch.
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 * Tobago||1672: England occupies Dutch New Walcheren, leading to its abandonment. →1676
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 * New Walcheren||1676: New Walcheren is restored as a Dutch colony. 1677: After a French attack, New Walcheren is abandoned, which it remains until 1680.
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 * New Courland||1680: Courland re-establishes New Courland. 1693: New Courland is abandoned.
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 * Tobago||1763: After several attempts for settlement, Tobago becomes the separate British Colony of Tobago.
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 * Southern Caribbean Islands||1764: Tobago becomes with ↑Grenada, ↑Dominica, ↑Saint Vincent, and ↑Tobago part of the united Southern Caribbean Islands colony, administered from Grenada.
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 * Tobago||1781: Tobago becomes a French colony.
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 * Southern Caribbean Islands||1793: Tobago is occupied by Great Britain.
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 * Tobago||1802: The Southern Caribbean Islands colony is dissolved, Tobago is returned to France.
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 * Tobago||1803: Tobago is conquered by Great Britain and becomes the crown Colony of Tobago.
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 * Windward Islands||1833: Tobago forms together with ↑Grenada, ↑Barbados, ↑Saint Lucia, and ↑Saint Vincent the British Windward Islands. 1885 →Barbados is seceded from the Windward Islands. 1889: Tobago is administered from Trinidad. 1899: Tobago is merged into Trinidad and Tobago. →1899


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Tunisia
🇹🇳 Tunisia - Tunisian Republic
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 * ||colspan=2|Tunisia is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
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 * rowspan=2|1/3||Tunis||1531: The Sultanate of Tunis becomes a vassal of the Ottoman Empire. 1535/1550: Spain enlarges its possessions at the Barbary Coast into the coast of Tunis. 1540: The ruler of Tunis gives the island of →Tabarca as a concession to the Genoese Lomellini family. 1570: Tunis comes under Ottoman suzerainty. 1573: The city of Tunis is occupied by Spain. 1574: Spain abandons its possessions at the coast of Tunis. 1574: The Ottoman Empire defeats the Sultanate of Tunis and annexes present-day Tunisia. 1705: Tunisia becomes a the Beylik of Tunis a de facto regency under Ottoman suzerainty. 1741: Genoa surrenders ↑Tabarca to Tunis.
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 * Tunisia||1881: France invades and conquers the autonomous Ottoman Beylik of Tunis. Bey Ali III ibn al-Husayn of Tunisia has to accept a de facto protectorate over Tunisia. 1883: The Conventions of La Marsa leads to the formation of the French protectorate of Tunisia, in which the bey of Tunis remains head of state. 1940: Tunisia is administered by the Vichy government. 1942: As part of World War II Italian and German forces enter and occupy Tunisia in the Tunisian Campaign. 1943: Italian and German forces are forced out of Tunisia and the Free French overtake Tunisia. Bey Muhammad VII al-Munsif is accused of collaborating with the Vichy Government and is deposed. 1955: Tunisia gets self-government. 1956: Tunisia becomes independent. ᐃ
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 * 2/3||''Barbary Coast||1535/1550: Spain enlarges its possessions at the Barbary Coast into Bizerte, Tunis, La Goulette and Mahdia, previously part of the Hafsid Sultanate of Tunis. 1574: Spain abandons its possessions. →1574
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 * 3/3||Tabarca||1540: The Ottoman Bey of ↑Tunis gives the island of Tabarca as a concession to the Genoese Lomellini family. 1741: Genoa surrenders Tabarca to Ottoman Tunis. →1741
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Turkey
🇹🇷 Turkey - Republic of Turkey
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 * ||colspan=2|Turkey is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
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 * 1/7||Latin Empire||1204: After the sack of Constantinople during the Fourth Crusade, in which Byzantine emperor Alexios V Doukas is defeated by the crusaders, the participants decide with the Partitio terrarum imperii Romaniae amongst others to create the Latin Empire. 1261: The Latin Empire is defeated leading to the restoration of the Byzantine Empire. 1453: The Byzantine Empire is defeated and annexed by the Ottoman Empire. 1917: France occupies →Hatay. 1918: France occupies →Cilicia, Italy conquers part of →Anatolia and a international occupation of →Constantinople starts. 1919: Italy cedes →Smyrna to Greece.br>1922: France and ↑Italy withdraw from Turkey and leaves the regions to Turkey. The same year Turkey conquers ↑Smyrna. 1923: The allies forces retreat from ↑Constantinople and leave the city to Turkey. 1939: ↑Hatay joins Turkey. ᐃ
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 * 3/7||Constantinople||1918: After the Ottoman defeat in World War I the capital of the Ottoman Empire Constantinople is occupied by the international forces of the United Kingdom, France, and Italy. 1923: The allies forces retreat from Constantinople and leave the city to Turkey. →1923
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 * 4/7||Ottoman Empire||1918: As part of the campaign inWorld War I against the Ottoman Empire Italy occupies parts of Ottoman Anatolia. The area is placed under the Italian Occupied Enemy Territory Administration. 1919: Italy leaves the Izmir region to →Greece. 1922: Italy withdraws from Cilicia and leaves the region to Turkey. →1922
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 * 5/7||Ottoman Empire||1918: As part of the campaign in World War I against the Ottoman Empire French forces conquer the Cilicia region. The area is placed under the French Occupied Enemy Territory Administration. 1922: France withdraws from Turkey and leave the region to Turkey. →1922
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 * 6/7||Smyrna||1919: As part of the campaign in World War I against the Ottoman Empire Greece occupies parts of Ottoman Anatolia around the city of Smyrna, earlier occupied by →Italy. 1922: Turkey invades Smyrna and annexes the Greek dependency to Turkey. The Greek inhabitants are forced to emigrate to Greece. →1922
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 * rowspan=4|7/7||Ottoman Empire||1917/1918: As part of the campaign in World War I against the Ottoman Empire Arab, French and British forces conquer present-day Alexandretta. The area is placed under French Occupied Enemy Territory Administration.
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 * Alexandretta||1920: The League of Nations awards a small part of present-day Turkey under mandate to France in the French Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon. The mandate is divided in six states, among them is the Sanjak of Alexandretta.
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 * Aleppo||1923: Alexandrette is attached to Aleppo.
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 * Syria||1925: Damascus and Aleppo are united into the State of Syria. 1930: The State of Syria is continued by the Syrian Republic inside the mandate. 1938: Alexandrette secedes as Hatay from Syria, to become part of Turkey in 1939. →1939
 * Syria||1925: Damascus and Aleppo are united into the State of Syria. 1930: The State of Syria is continued by the Syrian Republic inside the mandate. 1938: Alexandrette secedes as Hatay from Syria, to become part of Turkey in 1939. →1939
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Turkmenistan
🇹🇲 Turkmenistan - Turkmenistan
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 * ||colspan=2|Turkmenistan is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
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 * rowspan=2| ||Russia||1869/1885: The area of present-day Turkmenistan, ruled by the Tekke Turkomans, is conquered by and annexed to Russia.
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 * Union of Soviet Socialist Republics||1922: Russia becomes a constituent state of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. 1924: Turkmenistan is separated from Russia and becomes a separate constituent state. 1991: Turkmenistan becomes an independent republic. ᐃ
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Turks and Caicos Islands
🇹🇨 Turks and Caicos Islands - Turks and Caicos Islands
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 * ||colspan=2|''The Turks and Caicos Islands are a 🇬🇧 British British crown dependency.
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 * rowspan=9| ||rowspan=4|Turks and Caicos Islands||1492: Cristoforo Colombo discovers the islands he names Turks and Caicos and claims them for Castile (Spain). The islands, inhabited by Taíno and Lucayans remain uncolonized.
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 * 1681: Salt collectors from Bermuda settle the Turks Islands, claimed by Spain, making it an English possession. 1706: France, England and Spain dispute the islands. The islands become popular pirate hideouts.
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 * 1783: The islands are conquered by France in the Battle of Grand Turk.
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 * 1783: With the Treaty of Paris the Turks and Caicos Islands are returned to Great Britain.
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 * Bahamas||1799: The Turks and Caicos Islands are annexed by Great Britain to the Bahamas.
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 * Turks and Caicos Islands||1848: The Turks and Caicos Islands become a separate colony.
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 * Jamaica||1873: The Turks and Caicos Islands become part of the colony of Jamaica.
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 * West Indies Federation||1958: Jamaica joins ↑Antigua (with ↑Montserrat, that becomes a separate province), ↑Barbados, ↑Dominica, ↑Grenada, ↑Saint Christopher (with Nevis and ↑Anguilla), ↑Saint Lucia, ↑Saint Vincent, and Trinidad and Tobago to form the West Indies Federation in preparation of a joint independence. 1959: The Turks and Caicos Islands are separated from Jamaica inside the federation.
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 * Turks and Caicos Islands||1962: The West Indies Federation is dissolved and the islands become a separate colony. 1983: The crown colony is referred to as a British dependent territory. 2002: The British dependent territory is refered to as a British overseas territory. ᐃ


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Tuvalu
🇹🇻 Tuvalu - Tuvalu
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 * ||colspan=2|Tuvalu is a sovereign and internationally recognized Commonwealth realm.
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 * rowspan=2| ||Gilbert and Ellice Islands||1892: The United Kingdom declares the Ellice Islands together with the →Gilbert Islands a British protectorate with the name Gilbert and Ellice Islands. The Ellice Islands are inhabited by Polynesians. The protectorate is administered as one of the British Western Pacific Territories (BWPT). 1900: ↑Ocean Island is included in the Gilbert and Ellice Islands. 1916: The administration of the BWTP ends and the islands become a Crown Colony. The ↑Union Islands are included in the colony. 1919: The ↑Christmas Islands are annexed to the colony.< 1927: The Union Islands are as →Tokelau separated from the Gilbert and Ellice Islands and placed under the jurisdiction of New Zealand. 1942: The British evacuate from the colony due to World War II. The Gilbert Islands are conquered by Japan. 1943: Most of the Gilbert Islands are under control of the allied forces. 1971: The BWPT are dissolved.
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 * 1975: The Gilbert and Ellice Islands are split into Tuvalu, the former Ellice Islands, and →Gilbert Islands. 1978: Tuvalu becomes an independent Commonwealth realm, retaining the British monarch as its head of state. ᐃ
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Uganda
🇺🇬 Uganda - Republic of Uganda
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 * 1/2||Uganda||1892: King Mwanga II of the Kingdom of Buganda signs a treaty giving Buganda the status of protectorate under the authority of the United Kingdoms Imperial British East Africa Company. 1894: The protectorate becomes the British Uganda Protectorate. 1896: The protectorate is extended to include Bunyoro-Kitara, Tooro, Nkore and Busoga and is further enlarged afterwards. 1910: The southern tip of the ↑Lado Enclave is integrated into Uganda. 1962: Self-government is granted. The same year Uganda becomes an independent Commonwealth realm, retaining the British monarch as its head of state, until 1963. ᐃ
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 * 2/2||Lado Enclave||1894: Belgium leases from the British rulers in ↑Sudan the Lado Enclave, administered from the →Congo Free State. 1910: The southern tip of the Lado Enclave is integrated into Uganda. →1910


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Ukraine
🇺🇦 Ukraine - Ukraine
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 * ||colspan=2|Ukraine is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
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 * rowspan=2|1/7||Gazaria||Crimea is nowadays disputed between Ukraine and Russia. 1266: The Golden Horde transfers parts of southern Crimea to Genoa. The Genoese possessions in Crimea are named Gazaria.
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 * Crimea 1475a|Ottoman Empire||1475: Gazaria is annexed to the Ottoman Empire. 1774: Former Gazaria is annexed to the Khanate of Crimea. →1774
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 * rowspan=6|2/7||Crimean Khanate||Crimea is nowadays disputed between Ukraine and Russia. 1475: The Ottoman Empire conquers the Crimean Khanate and make it a vassal state. The Khanate includes at that moment also parts of present-day →Ukraine outside Crimea.
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 * Crimea||1774: As a result of the Russian victory over the Ottoman Empire, the Ottomans grant in the Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca the ↑Crimean Khanate independence, in reality it becomes a Russian satellite state. Crimea annexes former ↑Gazaria from the Ottoman Empire.
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 * Russia||1783: Crimea is annexed to Russia. 1917: Crimea secedes as Crimea from Russia. 1918: Crimea is continued by Taurida. 1919: Taurida is continued by Crimea.
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 * Russia||1920: Crimea is annexed to Russia.
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 * Union of Soviet Socialist Republics||1922: Russia becomes a constituent state of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. 1942: Crimea is occupied by Nazi Germany. 1943: The Soviet Union reconquers Crimea. 1954: Within the Soviet Union Crimea is transferred to Ukraine. 1991: Crimea becomes part of independent Ukraine.
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 * Russia||2014: Crimea secedes from Ukraine and joins unrecognized the same year Russia. By most countries Crimea is considered to be legally part of Ukraine. ᐃ
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 * rowspan=2|3/7|||Russia||1648: Defeating Poland, Russia enlarges into present-day Ukraine with the annexation of Chernigov and Novgorod-Seversk. 1667: Russia annexes more of Ukraine, including Kiyiv. 1774: Russia defeats the Ottoman Empire and annexes the ↑Ottoman parts of Ukraine. 1783: Russia annexes the →Crimean Khanate. 1793: With the second partition of Poland, part of present-day Ukraine is annexed by Russia. 1795: In a reaction to an uprising Russia, Prussia and Austria decide to wipe out Poland-Lithuania and with the third partition they divide the country between themselves. More of present-day Ukraine becomes part of Russia. 1917: Ukraine secedes from Russia.
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 * Union of Soviet Socialist Republics||1922: Ukraine becomes a constituent state of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. 1939: ↑West Ukraine is annexed by the USSR. 1941: The western part of the USSR, including Ukraine, is conquered and occupied by Nazi Germany. 1944: Soviet rule is restored. 1991: Ukraine becomes an independent republic. 2014: In reaction to a revolution pro-Russion separatists secede de facto →Donetsk and →Lugansk from Ukraine. The secessions are internationally not recognized. ᐃ
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 * 4/7||Ottoman Empire||1672: Podolia is ceded by Poland to the Ottoman Empire. 1774: After been defeated by Russia, Podolia is ceded to Russia. →1774
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 * 5/7|||Galicia and Lodomeria||1772: The Russian victory over the Bar Confederation in Poland leads to the first partition of Poland. Part of present-day Ukraine is annexed by Austria that establishes the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria. 1795: In a reaction to an uprising Russia, Prussia and Austria decide to wipe out Poland-Lithuania and with the third partition they divide the country between themselves. 1918: Eastern Galicia becomes independent as West Ukraine. 1920: West Ukraine is annexed to Poland. 1939: West Ukraine is annexed to the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. →1939
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 * 6/7||Donetsk||2014: ''See |Donetsk]] for the unrecognized secession.
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 * 7/7||Lugansk||2014: ''See |Donetsk]] for the unrecognized secession.


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United Arab Emirates
🇦🇪 United Arab Emirates - United Arab Emirates
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 * ||colspan=2|The United Arab Emirates are a sovereign and internationally recognized federal monarchy.
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 * rowspan=2| ||Trucial Sheikhdoms||1820: Abu Dhabi, Ajman, Ras al-Khaimah, Sharjah and Umm Al Quwain participate in the General Maritime Treaty of friendship with the United Kingdom. 1822: Ras al-Khaimah signs the General Maritime Treaty. 1833: Dubai secedes from Abu Dhabi, shortly after signing the treaty. 1853: They sign a treaty with the United Kingdom, under which the sheikhs (the Trucial Sheikhdoms) agreed to a "perpetual maritime truce". 1871: Daba secedes from Sharjah. 1875: Hamriyya secedes from Sharjah.
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 * Trucial States||1892: The Trucial Sheikdoms become British protectorates as the Trucial States, a.k.a. as Trucial Oman. 1968: After the British decision to withdraw from its involvement in the Trucial States, the sheiks of Abu Dhabi and Dubai invite the other trucial rulers to join them in a Federation. 1971: Abu Dhabi, Dubai, Ajman, Sharjah, Umm Al Quwain and Fujairah found the United Arab Emirates. Ras al-Khaimah becomes an independent emirate, joining the union in 1972. ᐃ


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United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
🇬🇧 United Kingdom - United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
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 * ||colspan=2|The United Kingdom is a sovereign and internationally recognized federal monarchy.
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 * rowspan=4|0/2||United Kingdom||For the United Kingdom see the entries →Orkney and Shetland Islands and →Northern Ireland. Not listed are the creation of states by Danish and Norwegian vikings and the territorial expansion of England and other states inside Great Britain. ᐃ
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 * 1/2||Northern Isles||875: King Haraldr Hárfagri of Norway annexes the present-day Orkney and Shetland Islands as the Northern Isles. 1439: The Orkney Islands are mortgaged to Scotland. 1468: The Shetland Islands are mortgaged to Scotland. 1516:Norway becomes subordinated to Denmark. 1590: The sovereignty over the islands are ceded to Scotland. →1590
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 * rowspan=4|2/2|||Ireland||Northern Ireland is nowadays part of the →United Kingdom. See also the closely related history of →Ireland.'' 1201: Ulaid is defeated and has to accept the English lord of Ireland as overlord. 1542: Ireland becomes a the Kingdom of Ireland with king Henry VIII of England as king of Ireland. 1632: Ireland annexes the last parts of Leinster, completing the full conquest of Ireland.
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 * England||1649: With the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland, Ireland is integrated into the Commonwealth of England.
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 * Ireland||1660: The ↑Commonwealth is defeated and the kingdom of Ireland is restored with king Charles II in a personal union with England and Scotland.
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 * United Kingdom||1801: Ireland merges into the United Kingdom under king George III. 1918: The separatist Irish Republic controls part of Ireland. 1919: After the declaration of independence of the Irish Republic, the Irish War of Independence start. 1922: →Ireland becomes a self-governing dominion of the United Kingdom. Northern Ireland remains part of the United Kingdom. →1590
 * Ireland||1660: The ↑Commonwealth is defeated and the kingdom of Ireland is restored with king Charles II in a personal union with England and Scotland.
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 * United Kingdom||1801: Ireland merges into the United Kingdom under king George III. 1918: The separatist Irish Republic controls part of Ireland. 1919: After the declaration of independence of the Irish Republic, the Irish War of Independence start. 1922: →Ireland becomes a self-governing dominion of the United Kingdom. Northern Ireland remains part of the United Kingdom. →1590


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United States of America
 United States of America - United States of America
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 * ||colspan=2|The United States of America is a sovereign and internationally recognized federal republic.
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 * rowspan=3|1/40||Florida||1513: Castile (Spain) claims on the basis of discovery large parts of south eastern part of the present-day United States of America as Spanish Florida, mainly inhabited by Muskogee and the Caribs. 1535: Florida is considered to be part of New Spain. 1565: Spain starts to establish settlements in Florida and destroys ↑French Florida. 1607: Florida is administered as part of the Captaincy General of Cuba inside New Spain. 1719: The French conquer part of Spanish Florida.
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 * East Florida||1763: Spain cedes Florida to the British. The colonies of East Florida and →West Florida are established.
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 * Florida||1783: With the Peace of Paris East Florida and ↑West Florida are ceded to Spain. 1810: West Florida declares its independence, but is annexed to the →United States of America the same year.'' 1821: Spanish Florida is ceded with the Adams–Onís Treaty to the United States. →1821
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 * 2/40||French Florida||1562: French Huguenots establish the colony of French Florida. Florida is inhabited by indigenous tribes, e.g. the Timucua. 1565: In reaction to French Florida, Spain starts to establish settlements in Florida and destroys French Florida. →1565
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 * 3/40||Roanoke||1586: English colonist found the Roanoke Colony in present-day North Carolina, a region inhbaited mainly by Roanoke people. 1587: The colony is abandoned and refounded. Shortly after the colonists disappear. →1629
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 * 4/40||Cuttyhunk||1602: The English Bartholomew Gosnold founds at Cuttyhunk, one of the Elizabeth Islands in present-day Massachusetts, a fort and trading post, in a region mainly inhabited by Wampanoag.The settlement is abandoned the same year. →1620
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 * 5/40||Acadia||1604: Acadia, inhabited by indigenous tribes, becomes a division of French →New France. It includes parts of Maine. 1674: The Dutch conquer the capital of Acadia, Fort Pentagouet, and claim the area as New Holland. 1675: France regains control over the colony. 1710: Acadia is conquered by Great Britain and become part of Massachusetts Bay. →1710
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 * 6/40||Virginia||1606: The Virginia Company of London is chartered by England. 1607: The company founds the settlement of Jamestown in a region occupied chiefly by Algonquian, Iroquoian, and Siouan peoples. 1609-1615: →Bermuda is governed by the Virginia Company. 1611: The company founds Henricus. 1622: Henricus is destroyed. 1624: The possessions of the company become the royal Colony of Virginia. 1766: With the Declaratory Act the British parliament stated that its authority is the same in the American colonies as in Britain and asserts its authority to pass laws that are binding on the American colonies. This leads to resistance to British power in the colonies. 1776: New York joins the United States of America. →1776
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 * 7/40||Popham Colony||1607: The English Virginia Company of Plymouth settles the Popham Colony in present-day Maine in a region mainly inhabited by Abenaki. 1608: The colony is abandoned. →1629
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 * rowspan=4|8/40||New Netherland||1615: The Dutch New Netherland Company starts to colonize what is to be called New Netherland in an area mainly inhabited by various Algonquian tribes, including the Lenape. 1621: New Netherland is administered by the Dutch West India Company (WIC). 1638: The Swedish South Company establishes the colony of →New Sweden in area claimed by the WIC. 1655: The WIC conquers ↑New Sweden and annexes it to New Netherland.
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 * New York||1664: The English conquer New Netherland, which is confirmed at the Treaty of Breda. The English establish in the area the provinces of New York and →New Jersey . 1665: ↑Gardiners Island joins New York.
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 * New Netherland||1673: New York is captured by the Dutch as New Netherland.
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 * New York||1674: The Dutch are defeated and New York is restored to England . 1688: New York joins the Dominion of New England. 1689: The Dominion of New England is abolished. 1766: With the Declaratory Act the British parliament stated that its authority is the same in the American colonies as in Britain and asserts its authority to pass laws that are binding on the American colonies. This leads to resistance to British power in the colonies. 1776: New York joins the United States of America. →1776
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 * 9/40||Plymouth||1620: English settlers establish the Plymouth Colony of Massachusetts in a region mainky inhabited by Wampanaog. 1686: Plymouth Colony joins the Dominion of New England. 1689: The Dominion of New England is abolished. 1691: The Plymouth Colony becomes part of Massachusetts Bay. →1691
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 * rowspan=2|10/40||Cape Ann||1624: The English Dorchester Company settles the fishing colony of Cape Ann. 1626: The settlers abandon Cape Ann and move to Salem.
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 * Salem Colony||1628: The English settlers from Cape Ann found the establish the Salem Colony in present-day Massachusetts. 1629: The Salem Colony merges into the Massachusetts Bay Colony. →1629
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 * 11/40||Massachusetts Bay||1628: The Massachusetts Bay Colony is founded by the English in a region inhabited chiefly by Massachusett. 1629: The ↑Salem Colony merges into the Massachusetts Bay Colony. 1641: ↑New Hampshire is incorporated into Massachusetts. 1680: →New Hampshire is seceded from Massachusetts. 1686: Massachusetts Bay, New Hampshire, the Plymouth Colony and the possessions in Maine work together in the Dominion of New England. 1687: Rhode Island and Connecticut join New England. 1688: East Jersey, West Jersey and New York join New England. 1689: The Dominion of New England is abolished. 1691: The Massachusetts Bay Colony, the ↑Plymouth Colony and the settlements in ↑Maine are united in the Province of Massachusetts Bay 1710: ↑Acadia is conquered by Great Britain. 1766: With the Declaratory Act the British parliament stated that its authority is the same in the American colonies as in Britain and asserts its authority to pass laws that are binding on the American colonies. This leads to resistance to British power in the colonies. 1776: Massachusetts Bay joins the United States of America. →1776
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 * 12/40||Maine||1629: The first English settlements in Maine are established in a region dominaited by the Wabanaki. 1686: Maine joins the Dominion of New England. 1689: The Dominion of New England is abolished. 1691: Maine becomes part of Massachusetts Bay. →1691
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 * rowspan=3|13/40||New Hampshire||1629: The Province of New Hampshire is founded by the English in a region mainly inhabited by Abenaki.
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 * Massachusetts Bay||1641: New Hampshire is integrated into the Massachusetts Bay Colony.
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 * New Hampshire||1680: New Hampshire is separated from Massachusetts and restored. 1686: New Hampshire joins the Dominion of New England. 1689: The Dominion of New England is abolished. 1766: With the Declaratory Act the British parliament stated that its authority is the same in the American colonies as in Britain and asserts its authority to pass laws that are binding on the American colonies. This leads to resistance to British power in the colonies. 1776: New Hampshire joins the United States of America. →1776
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 * rowspan=2|14/40||Carolina||1629: The Province of Carolina is founded by the English in a region inhabited by Pamlico, Cherokee and Siouan tribes|.
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 * North Carolina||1712: British Carolina is divided into the Provinces of North Carolina and →South Carolina. 1766: With the Declaratory Act the British parliament stated that its authority is the same in the American colonies as in Britain and asserts its authority to pass laws that are binding on the American colonies. This leads to resistance to British power in the colonies. 1776: North Carolina joins the United States of America. →1776
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 * 15/40||Maryland||1632: The English Province of Maryland is founded in a region populated by a mix of Iroquois and Algonquian peoples. 1776: Maryland joins the United States of America. →1776
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 * 16/40||Saybrook||1635: The English Saybrook Colony in present-day Connecticut is founded in a region inhabited by Wangunk tribes. 1644: Saybrook is incorporated into Connecticut. →1644
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 * rowspan=2|17/40||Providence Plantations||1636: English colonists from Massachusetts Bay found the Providence Plantations in present-day Rhode Island in an area granted by the Narragansett.
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 * Rhode Island and Providence Plantations||1663: The Providence Plantations and ↑Rhode Island are united into the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations 1687: Rhode Island joins the Dominion of New England. 1689: The Dominion of New England is abolished. 1766: With the Declaratory Act the British parliament stated that its authority is the same in the American colonies as in Britain and asserts its authority to pass laws that are binding on the American colonies. This leads to resistance to British power in the colonies. 1776: Rhode Island and Providence Plantations joins the United States of America. →1776
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 * 18/40||Connecticut||1636: The English Connecticut Colony is founded in a region inhabited y Wangunk.. 1644: ↑Saybrook is incorporated into Connecticut 1650: With the Treaty of Hartford ↑New Netherland cedes its eastern part to English Connecticut. 1664: ↑New Haven is incorporated into Connecticut. 1687: Connecticut joins the Dominion of New England. 1689: The Dominion of New England is abolished. 1766: With the Declaratory Act the British parliament stated that its authority is the same in the American colonies as in Britain and asserts its authority to pass laws that are binding on the American colonies. This leads to resistance to British power in the colonies. 1776: Connecticut joins the United States of America. →1776
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 * 19/40||New Haven||1637: The English New Haven Colony in present-day Connecticut is founded in a region inhabited by Wangunk. 1664: New Haven is incorporated into Connecticut. →1664
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 * 20/40||Rhode Island||1638: English colonists from Massachusetts Bay found a colony at Rhode Island, populated by Narrangansett. 1663: Rhode Island merges into Rhode Island and Providence Plantations. →1663
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 * 21/40||Gardiners Island||1639: The English Lion Gardiner from Connecticut founds the proprietary colony of Gardiners Island, he bought from the Montaukett. 1665: Gardiners Island becomes subordinated to New York. →1665
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 * 22/40||New Sweden||1638: The Swedish Swedish South Company establishes the colony of New Sweden in area claimed by the Dutch and inhabited bhy Lenape. 1655: New Sweden is conquered by the Netherlands. →1655
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 * rowspan=3|23/40||New Jersey||1664: The English conquer ↑New Netherland, which is confirmed at the Treaty of Breda. The English establish in the area the Province of New Jersey.
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 * East Jersey||1676: New Jersey is divided into East Jersey and →West Jersey. 1688: East Jersey joins the Dominion of New England. 1689: The Dominion of New England is abolished.
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 * New Jersey||1703: East Jersey and ↑West Jersey are united as New Jersey, until 1738 administered by New York. 1766: With the Declaratory Act the British parliament stated that its authority is the same in the American colonies as in Britain and asserts its authority to pass laws that are binding on the American colonies. This leads to resistance to British power in the colonies. 1776: New Jersey joins the United States of America. →1776
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 * 24/40||Canada||1673: The French start to settle from →New France in the north into what becomes Illinois Country as part of the colony of Canada. Illinois Country is inhabited by the Illiniwek tribes and other tribes. 1717: Illinois Country is seceded from Canada and becomes as Upper Louisiana part of Louisiana. →1717
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 * 25/40||New Holland||1674: The Dutch conquer the capital of ↑Acadia, Fort Pentagouet, and claim the area as New Holland. 1675: France regains control over the colony. →1675
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 * 26/40||West Jersey||1676: ↑New Jersey is divided into West Jersey and →East Jersey. 1688: West Jersey joins the Dominion of New England. 1689: The Dominion of New England is abolished. 1703: East and West Jersey are united as New Jersey. →1703
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 * 27/40||Pennsylvania||1681: The English Province of Pennsylvania is founded in a region inhabited by Lenape. 1701: →Delaware is separated from Pennsylvania. 1766: With the Declaratory Act the British parliament stated that its authority is the same in the American colonies as in Britain and asserts its authority to pass laws that are binding on the American colonies. This leads to resistance to British power in the colonies. 1776: Pennsylvania joins the United States of America. →1776
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 * 28/40||Louisiana||1682: The French enlarge their colony in North America, →New France as Louisiana into large part of the middle of the present-day United States. The area is inhabited by various Native American tribes. 1699: The French start the permanent settlement of lands in the Lower Mississippi River watershed in what is called Lower Louisiana. 1717: ↑Illinois Country is seceded from Canada and becomes as Upper Louisiana part of Louisiana. 1719: The French conquer part of Spanish Florida. 1762/1763: Spain acquieres with the Treaty of Fontainebleau Louisiana, that continues it as Spanish Louisiana inside New Spain.
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 * 29/40||Fort Saint Louis||1685: France establishes the Fort Saint Louis in present-day Texas in a region inhabited by Karankawa. 1688: The colonization attempt fails. →1690
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 * 30/40||New Spain||1690: Spanish New Spain expands into present-day Texas. The area is inhabited by various Native American tribes. 1762/1763: Spain acquires ↑French Louisana and adds it as Spanish Louisana to New Spain. 1767: New Spain is enlarged with the Californias in the west of the present-day United States. 1800: With the Third Treaty of San Ildefonso Louisiana is returned by Spain to France. 1810: The Mexican War of Independence against Spanish rule in New Spain starts. 1821: The main parts of New Spain, including the parts in the present-day United States secede from Spain with the Declaration of Independence of the Mexican Empire as Mexico. 1835: Texas secedes from Mexico and joins the United States in 1845. 1845: Mexico secedes Northern Mexico to the United States. →1845.
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 * 31/40||Delaware||1701: The Delaware Colony is separated from ↑Pennsylvania. 1766: With the Declaratory Act the British parliament stated that its authority is the same in the American colonies as in Britain and asserts its authority to pass laws that are binding on the American colonies. This leads to resistance to British power in the colonies. 1776: Delaware joins the United States of America. →1776
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 * 32/40||South Carolina||1712: British ↑Carolina is divided into the Provinces of South Carolina and →North Carolina. 1766: With the Declaratory Act the British parliament stated that its authority is the same in the American colonies as in Britain and asserts its authority to pass laws that are binding on the American colonies. This leads to resistance to British power in the colonies. 1776: South Carolina joins the United States of America. →1776
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 * 33/40||Georgia||1732: The British establish the Province of Georgia as buffer colony against the Spanish in a region inhabited by Yamasee and Hitchiti. 1766: With the Declaratory Act the British parliament stated that its authority is the same in the American colonies as in Britain and asserts its authority to pass laws that are binding on the American colonies. This leads to resistance to British power in the colonies. 1776: Georgia joins the United States of America. →1776
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 * 34/40||West Florida||1763: Spain cedes ↑Florida to the British. The colonies of West Florida and →East Florida are established. 1783: With the Peace of Paris East and West Florida are ceded to Spain. →1783
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 * 35/40||''Quebec||1763: The parts east of the Missouri River of French Louisiana are ceded by France to Great Britain and become part of their colony of Quebec. 1787: The British part of former Illinois County falls to the United States of America. →1787
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 * 36/40||Indian Reserve||1763: Great Britain establishes the Indian Reserve west of the colonies. 1783: With the Peace of Paris Great Britain recognizes the Indian Reserve as part of the United States of America. →1783
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 * rowspan=2|37/40||Russian America||1774: Russia starts the colonization of the Aleutian Islands with the establisment of Unalaska. The area is inhabited by Inuit. 1799: The Russian settlements, known as Russian America are under Russian-American Company rule. 1812: As part of Russian America, Russia establishes Fort Ross in California. 1842: Russia abandons Fort Ross.
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 * Alaska||1867: Russia sells Russian America to the United States. The region is administered as Department of Alaska). 1870: Alaska becomes the district of Alaska. 1912: Alaska becomes an incorporated territory of the United States of America. →1912
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 * rowspan=2|38/40||United States of America||1776: The British colonies of ↑New Hampshire, ↑Massachusetts Bay, ↑Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, ↑Connecticut, ↑New York, ↑New Jersey, ↑Pennsylvania, ↑Delaware, ↑Maryland, ↑Virginia, ↑North Carolina, ↑South Carolina and ↑Georgia, declare at the Continental Congress their independence as the United States of America, leading to the American Revolutionary War. 1783: With the Peace of Paris Great Britain recognizes the independence of the United States of America and cedes the ↑Indian Reserve to the United States. 1787: The British part of former ↑Illinois County falls to the United States of America. 1810: ↑West Florida is annexed to the United States. 1821: Spanish ↑Florida is ceded with the Adams–Onís Treaty to the United States. 1835: ↑Texas, until 1835 part of Mexico joins the United States. 1845: Mexico secedes ↑Northern Mexico to the United States. 1846: Part of the ↑Columbia Department falls as Oregon to the United States. 1861: The Confederate States of America secede from the United States. 1865: The Confederate States of America are defeated and reincorporated into the United States. 1867: Russia sells ↑Russian America to the United States. 1900: ↑Hawaii, American since 1898, becomes an incorporated territory of the United States. 1912: ↑Alaska, American since 1867, becomes an incorporated territory of the United States. ᐃ
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 * 39/40||Columbia||1793: The British North West Company establishes the Columbia District in present-day Washington and Oregon in an area mainly inhabited by Native American tribes. 1816: The United States claim the Columbia District as the Oregon County. 1821: The North West Company is absorbed into the Hudson Bay Company, whereby the Columbia district is renamed into the Columbia Department. 1846: The Columbia Department is divided between the United States of America and the →British.'' →1846
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 * rowspan=2|40/40||Kauaʻi||1815: Russias Russian-American Company establishes a protectorate over Kauaʻi with the support of its ruler Kaumualii and establishes Fort Elizabeth. 1817: Russia leaves the island to Hawaii.
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 * Hawaii||1898: Hawaii is annexed to the United States. 1900: Hawaii becomes an incorporated territory of the 'United States of America. →1900
 * Hawaii||1898: Hawaii is annexed to the United States. 1900: Hawaii becomes an incorporated territory of the 'United States of America. →1900


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United States Virgin Islands
'' United States Virgin Islands - Virgin Islands of the United States
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 * ||colspan=2|"The United States Virgin Islands are a 🇺🇸 United States unincorporated organized territory.
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 * rowspan=7|1/7||Santa Cruz||1493: Cristoforo Colombo discovers and claims Saint Croix for Castile (Spain), mainly inhabited by Caribs.
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 * Santa Cruz||1625: Both England and the →Netherlands establish a colony at Santa Cruz. 1631: The English colony is destroyed by Spain.
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 * Santa Cruz||1642: England establishes a new colony at Santa Cruz. 1645: The Dutch leaves their colony at ↑Santa Cruz to England.
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 * Santa Cruz||1650: The English colony at Santa Cruz is conquered by Spain.
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 * Saint Croix||1651: The Spanish are defeated by a French intervention. France leaves the island to the Knights Hospittaler.
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 * Saint Croix||1665: Saint Croix is bought by the French Compagnie française des Indes occidentales along with the Order's other possessions of the Knights Hospitaller in the Caribbean.
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 * Saint Croix||1733: The Compagnie sells Saint Croix to the Danish West India and Guinea Company (VGK) from the French West India Company. It is administered as a separate colony. →1754
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 * 2/7||Dutch Virgin Islands||1625: The Dutch West India Company (WIC) establish a permanent settlement at the eastern part of ↑Santa Cruz, starting the Dutch Virgin Islands. 1628: The WIC establish a permanent settlement at →Virgin Gorda in the present-day British Virgin Islands. 1648: The WIC establishes a permanent settlement on Ter Tholen. 1645: The WIC leaves Santa Cruz to England. →1645
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 * 3/7||Dutch Virgin Islands||1657: The Dutch West India Company (WIC) establishes a colony at Saint Thomas as part of the Dutch Virgin Islands. The island is mainly inhabited by Caribs. 1666: The Danish West India and Guinea Company (VGK) starts the conquest of →Saint Thomas. 1672: The VGK annexes Saint Thomas. →1672
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 * 5/7||Saint John||1684: The Denmark West India and Guinea Company (VGK) annexes Saint John, mainly populated by Caribs. Saint John becomes part of the Danish West Indies. →1754
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 * 6/7||Saint Thomas||1685: Brandenburg leases a factory on Danish ↑Saint Thomas. 1715: The factory is returned to Denmark. →1715
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 * 4/7||Saint Thomas||1666: The Danish West India and Guinea Company (VGK) starts the conquest of Dutch ↑Saint Thomas. 1672: The VGK annexes Saint Thomas. 1685: Brandenburg leases a factory on →Saint Thomas. 1715: The Prussian (Brandenburger) lease on ↑Saint Thomas ends. Saint Croix becomes part of the Danish West Indies. →1754
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 * rowspan=6|7/7||Danish West Indies||1754: Saint Thomas, ↑Saint Croix, and ↑Saint John are nationalized and merged as the Danish West Indies.
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 * Danish West Indies||1801: The Danish West Indies are occupied by British forces.
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 * Danish West Indies||1802: The Danish West Indies are restored to Denmark.
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 * Danish West Indies||1807: The Danish West Indies are occupied by British forces.
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 * Danish West Indies||1815: The Danish West Indies are restored to Denmark.
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 * U.S. Virgin Islands||1917: The Danish West Indies are purchased by the United States and renamed into the Virgin Islands of the United States. 1954: The Virgin Islands become a organized, unincorporated United States territory. ᐃ


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Uruguay
🇺🇾 Uruguay - Oriental Republic of Uruguay
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 * ||colspan=2|Uruguay is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
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 * 1/3||Uruguay||1512: Portuguese explorers visit present-day Uruguay. 1516: The →Spanish arrive in the region. The indigenous peoples', the Charrúa, resistance to conquest, limits their settlement and the region becomes a zone of contention between the Spanish and Portuguese empires. 1669: When Portugal tries to expand into the region, Spanish colonization increases and Portugal is defeated. →1669
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 * rowspan=3|2/3||New Andalusia||1516: The Spanish arrive in the region. The indigenous peoples', the Charrúa, resistance to conquest, limits their settlement and the region becomes a zone of contention between the Spanish and Portuguese empires. 1536: The region is considered part of the Governorate of New Andalusia.
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 * Río de la Plata||1542: New Andalusia is succeeded by the Governorate of the Río de la Plata, part of the Viceroyalty of Peru. 1624: Spain founds its first permanent settlement. 1669: When Portugal tries to expand into the region, Spanish colonization increases. The region is known as Banda Oriental. 1706: Portuguese ↑Sacramento is under Spanish rule. 1716: Portuguese rule in →Sacramento is restored. 1776: The Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata, with the Banda Oriental, is separated from Peru. 1777: ↑Sacramento is ceded to Spain. 1807: The main settlement, Montevideo is shortly occupied by a British force. 1811: A successful revolution against the Spanish authorities in the region starts. 1815: The region becomes as Banda Oriental autonomous. 1816: Rio de la Plata declares its independence.
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 * Brazil||1817: Portugal conquers the Banda Oriental and annexes it to Brazil. 1822: The Empire of Brazil becomes independent and keeps the Banda Oriental. 1825: Banda Oriental becomes part of Rio de la Plata. 1828: Uruguay becomes independent. ᐃ
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 * rowspan=3|3/3||Colonia del Sacramento||1680: Portugal establishes the Colony of Sacramento
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 * Río de la Plata||1706: Sacramento is under Spanish rule.
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 * Colonia del Sacramento||1716: Portuguese rule in Sacramento is restored. 1777: Sacramento is ceded to Spain. →1777


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Uzbekistan
🇺🇿 Uzbekistan - Republic of Uzbekistan
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 * ||colspan=2|Uzbekistan is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
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 * rowspan=2|1/3||Russia||1864/1876: The eastern part of Uzbekistan, part of the Khanate of Kokand, is conquered by and annexed to Russia.
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 * Union of Soviet Socialist Republics||1922: Russia becomes a constituent state of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. 1924: ↑Bukhara and ↑Khiva join the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, Uzbekistan is established as a constituent state. 1991: Uzbekistan becomes an independent republic. ᐃ
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 * 2/3||Bukhara||1868: The Emirate of Bukhara becomes a Russian protectorate. 1924: Bukhara becomes part of Uzbekistan inside the Union of Soviet Socialist Republic. →1924
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 * 3/3||Khiva||1873: The Khanate of Khiva becomes a Russian protectorate. 1924: Bukhara becomes part of Uzbekistan inside the Union of Soviet Socialist Republic. →1924


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Vanuatu
🇻🇺 Vanuatu - Republic of Vanuatu
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 * ||colspan=2|Vanuatu is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
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 * ||New Hebrides||1825-1887: British and French traders and settlers arrive in the New Hebrides, inhabited by indigenous Melanesians and immigrant Polynesians, 1878: Both countries declare the area to be neutral territory. The British settlers are under the jurisdiction of →Fiji. 1887: The Anglo-French Joint Naval Commission is instituted to protect the colonists. 1889: The Independent Commune of Franceville declares itself independent, without being recognized. 1890: The commune is dissolved. 1900: The French settlers placed under the jurisdiction of New Caledonia. 1906: The countries establish the British-French New Hebrides Condominium, whereby the British administration is part of the British Western Pacific Territories. 1940: The French administration is loyal to the Free French. 1975: The New Hebrides get limited self-government. 1977: The self-government is abolished. 1980: Espiritu Santo tries to secede as the Republic of Vemerana. The same year the New Hebrides become independent as Vanuatu. Vemerana is with the support of Papua-New Guinea integrated into Vanuatu. ᐃ


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Vatican City
🇻🇦 Vatican City - Vatican City State
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 * ||colspan=2|Vatican City is a sovereign and internationally recognized thecoratic state.
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 * ||Vatican City||For Vatican City there are no entries of colonization. The French occupation and the Italian annexation of the Papal States are not included. De facto Vatican City is an Italian protectorate.ᐃ


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Venezuela
🇻🇪 Venezuela - Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela
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 * ||colspan=2|Venezuela is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
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 * rowspan=3|1/2||Venezuela||1522: The Spanish colonization of present-day Venezuela starts. The region is inhabited by many Amerindian tribes, aming them the Kalina Caribs and the Timoto-Cuica. 1527: Spain establishes the Province of Venezuela as part of New Spain.
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 * Little Venice||1528: Spain grants the Welser family from Germany most of Venezuela as Little Venice.
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 * Venezuela||1546: The Welser colony is revoked by Spain. Spanish rule in ↑Venezuela is restored as the Province of Venezuela inside the Viceroyalty of Peru. 1638: The Dutch are expelled from ↑Tortuga. 1717: The province becomes part of the new Viceroyalty of New Granada. 1777: Venezuela is separated from New Granada as the Captaincy General of Venezuela. 1810: Venezuela declares its independence as the United States of Venezuela. 1812: The separatists are defeated. 1813: Separatists conquer part of Venezuela in the Admirable Campaign and establish the Republic of Venezuela. 1814: The separatists are defeated. 1817: The separatists gain as part of the Venezuelan War of Independence most of Venezuela and proclaim the Republic of Venezuela. 1819: Separatists from Venezuela and Colombia declare their republics to be united as Colombia. The liberation war continues. 1821: New Granada, including Panama, succeeds in the secession from Spain and become together with Venezuela Colombia. 1823: The remaining Spanish forces are finally defeated. 1830: Venezuela becomes independent from Colombia. ᐃ
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 * 2/2||Tortuga||1624: The Dutch start to seasonally visit Tortuga to exploit the salt evaporation ponds on the east of the island and establish a fort. 1638: The Dutch are expelled by Spain. →1638
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Vietnam
 Vietnam - Socialist Republic of Vietnam
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 * ||colspan=2|Vietnam is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
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 * rowspan=8|1/4||Tonkin||1636: The Dutch United East India Company (VOC) establishes trading posts in Tonkin, especially in Đông Kinh (Hanoi) and Hoi An. 1699: The VOC abandons Đông Kinh. 1741: The VOC abandons Hoi An and leaves it to Vietnam. 1787: The area is continued as Dai Viet. 1804: Dai Viet is continued as Vietnam. 1839: Vietnam is continued as Dai Nam. 1858: France starts the conquest of the south as →Cochinchina. 1884: The remaining parts of Vietnam become the protectorates of Tonkin and Annam. →1884/ →1884
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 * Tonkin||1873: France occupies Hanoi and Haiphong in Tonkin. 1884: Emperor Hiệp Hòa of Dai Nam agrees in the Treaty of Hué with France that Tonkin becomes the Protectorate of Tonkin and Annam becomes the →Protectorate of Annam, orginally administered as one entity. 1887: ↑Annam, Tonkin and ↑Cochinchina are united with Cambodia into the Indochinese Union, a.k.a. French Indochina. 1940: The colonial administration is loyal to Vichy France and accepts that Japanese troops are based in Indochina.
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 * Vietnam||1945: Japan occupies Indochina. Emperor Bao Dai proclaims the end of the French protectorate and the restoration of the independence of Vietnam as the Empire of Vietnam (in full cooperation with Japan).
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 * Tonkin||1945: The same year the empire is abolished. Tonkin is occupied by Chinese forces. Independence is proclaimed by the Democratic Republic of Vietnam. 1946: The First Indochina War starts between the North Vietnamese and France.
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 * Vietnam||1948: France establishes the Provisional Central Government of Vietnam as successor of Tonkin, ↑Annam and ↑Cochinchina. 1949: In the south the State of Vietnam becomes autonomous as member of the Indochinese Federation.
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 * (North) Vietnam||1954: The division of Vietnam is formalized by the Geneva Accords. The last French troops leave Hanoi. The Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North Vietnam) and →South Vietnam are recognized as independent republics.
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 * Vietnam||1975: ↑South Vietnam is annexed to North Vietnam, becoming the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. ᐃ
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 * 2/4||Pulo Condore Island||1702: The English East India Company founds a post on the island of Pulo Condor off the south coast of Vietnam, inhabited by Vietnamese.. 1705: The settlement is destroyed. →1705
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 * rowspan=4|3/4||Cochinchina||1858: France occupies Da Nang (renamed Tourane) in the Dai Nam. 1859: French occupy Saigon and the southern part of Dai Nam. 1862: The occupied territories are ceded to France. 1864: France establishes the Colony of Cochinchina. 1867: France annexes more parts of southern Dai Nam. 1887: ↑Annam, ↑Tonkin and Cochinchina are united with Cambodia into the Indochinese Union, a.k.a. French Indochina. 1940: The colonial administration is loyal to Vichy France and accepts that Japanese troops are based in Indochina.
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 * Vietnam||1945: Japan occupies Indochina. Emperor Bao Dai proclaims the end of the French protectorate and the restoration of the independence of Vietnam as the Empire of Vietnam (in full cooperation with Japan).
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 * Cochinchina||1945: The same year the empire is abolished and French rule is restored. Cochinchina is occupied by British forces. 1946: The First Indochina War starts between the North Vietnamese and France. Cochinchina becomes the Autonomous Republic of Cochinchina. 1948: France establishes the Provisional Central Government of Vietnam as successor. →1948
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 * VietnamVietnam''||1948: France establishes the Provisional Central Government of Vietnam as successor of Tonkin, ↑Annam and Cochinchina. 1949: In the south the State of Vietnam becomes autonomous as member of the Indochinese Federation. 1954: The division of Vietnam is formalized by the Geneva Accords. The last French troops leave Hanoi. South Vietnam and the →North Vietnam' are recognized as independent republics. 1975: South Vietnam is annexed to North Vietnam, becoming Vietnam. →1975
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 * rowspan=3|4/4||Annam||1884: Emperor Hiệp Hòa of Vietmam agrees in the Treaty of Hué with France that Tonkin becomes the →Protectorate of Tonkin and Annam becomes the Protectorate of Annam, orginally administered as one entity. 1887: Annam, Tonkin and Cochinchina are united with Cambodia into the Indochinese Union, a.k.a. French Indochina. 1940: The colonial administration is loyal to Vichy France and accepts that Japanese troops are based in Indochina.
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 * Vietnam||1945: Japan occupies Indochina. Emperor Bao Dai proclaims the end of the French protectorate and the restoration of the independence of Vietnam as the Empire of Vietnam (in full cooperation with Japan).
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 * Annam||1945: The same year the empire is abolished. The south of Annam is occupied by British forces. The north is occupied by Chinese forces. In the northern part independence is proclaimed by the Democratic Republic of Vietnam. 1946: The First Indochina War starts between the North Vietnamese and France. 1948: France establishes the Provisional Central Government of Vietnam as successor. →1948
 * Annam||1945: The same year the empire is abolished. The south of Annam is occupied by British forces. The north is occupied by Chinese forces. In the northern part independence is proclaimed by the Democratic Republic of Vietnam. 1946: The First Indochina War starts between the North Vietnamese and France. 1948: France establishes the Provisional Central Government of Vietnam as successor. →1948


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Wake Island
'' Wake Island - Wake Island
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 * ||colspan=2|"Wake Island is an uninhabited 🇺🇸 United States unincorporated unorganized territory.
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 * rowspan=3| ||Wake Island||1899: The United States annex Wake Island as an unincorporated territory.
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 * occupied Wake Island||1941: Wake Island is occupied by Japan as Otori-Jima.
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 * Wake Island||1945: Japan is defeated and American rule is restored. ᐃ


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Wallis and Futuna
''🇼🇫 Wallis and Futuna - Territory of the Wallis and Futuna Islands
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 * ||colspan=2|''Wallis and Futuna is a a 🇫🇷 French overseas collectivity.
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 * rowspan=3| ||Uvea||1887: The Queen of Uvea (on the island of Wallis) signs a treaty officially establishing a French protectorate.
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 * New Caledonia||1888: The kings of Sigave and Alo on the islands of Futuna and Alofi sign a treaties establishing protectorates. The islands are together with Uvea put under the authority of New Caledonia.
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 * Wallis and Futuna||1917: The Wallis and Futuna protectorates are annexed to France and turned into the colony of Wallis and Futuna under the authority of New Caledonia. 1940: The administration is loyal to Vichy France, but shifts its loyalty to the Free French the same year. The administration of Wallis and Futuna remains pro-Vichy. 1942: The administration of Wallis and Futuna is deposed by the Free French. 1961: The islands are separated from New Caledonia and become a French overseas territory. 2003: Wallis and Futuna becomes a overseas collectivity. ᐃ


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Western Sahara (disputed)
🇪🇭 Western Sahara - Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
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 * ||colspan=2|Western Sahara is a republic with limited territorial control, not recognized by Morocco, but recognized by 45 UN member states and South Ossetia
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 * 1/3||Río de Oro||1884: Despite resistance of Morocco Spain claims as a result of the Berlin Conference a protectorate over the Saharan coast from Cape Bojador to Cap Blanc, named Río de Oro, controlled by Morocco. 1924: Río de Oro becomes part of Spanish Sahara. →1924
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 * 2/3||Saguia el-Hamra||1904: Spain annexes Saguia el-Hamra and establishes a second district. 1924: Saguia el-Hamra becomes part of Spanish Sahara. →1924
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 * rowspan=3|3/3||Spanish Sahara||1924: ↑Río de Oro and ↑Saguia el-Hamra are united as the Colony of Spanish Sahara.
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 * Spanish West Africa||1946: Spanish Sahara and ↑Ifni are united into Spanish West Africa. 1957: After the Ifni War most of Ifni is occupied by Morocco.
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 * Spanish Sahara||1958: The Spanish Sahara is separated from →Ifni as the Overseas Province of Spanish Sahara. 1973: The War of Independence against the Spanish rulers commences. 1975: After the Madrid Accords Spain abandons the province. The Sahara is divided and annexed by Morocco and Mauretania. 1976: The Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic is proclaimed, that controls only a thin strip of area in the Western Sahara region and claims sovereignty over the entire territory of Western Sahara. 1979: Mauretania withdraws from the Western Sahara and leaves its part to Morocco. ᐃ


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Yemen
🇾🇪 Yemen - Republic of Yemen
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 * ||colspan=2|Yemen is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
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 * 1/6||Socotra||1506: The island of Socotra is conquered by Portugal from the Mahra Sultanate. 1512: Socotra is regained by the Mahra Sultanate. 1886: Mahra joins the Aden Protectorate →1886
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 * rowspan=6|2/6||Aden||1513: Portugal conquers the Yemenite city of Aden.
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 * Ottoman Empire||1538: Aden falls to the Ottoman Empire.
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 * Aden||1547: Aden is reconquered by Portugal.
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 * Ottoman Empire||1548: Aden falls to the Ottoman Empire. 1653: The Qasimi State drives the Ottomans out of the country completely. 1740: The sultanate of Lahej becomes independent.
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 * British India||1838: After been defeated, Lahej cedes Aden to the United Kingdom, that adds it as the Aden Settlement to British India.
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 * Aden||1937: Aden becomes a separate crown colony, the Colony of Aden. 1937: The →Kuria Muria islands are administered from Aden. 1963: Aden joins the Federation of South Arabia. →1963
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 * rowspan=2|3/6||Ottoman Empire||1517: Parts of Yemen are annexed to the Ottoman Empire. Most of the northern part of the country is controlled by the Zaidiyyah. 1538: The Ottomans conquer ↑Aden from Portugal. 1547: Aden is re-conquered by →Portugal. 1548: The Ottomans conquer ↑Aden from Portugal. 1597: Yemeni separatists establish the Qasimi State.1653: The Qasimi State drives the Ottomans out of the country completely.
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 * Ottoman Empire||1849: Ottoman rule in parts of Yemen is restored. 1915: The Ottoman Empire loses Saadi dynastyKamaran to the British. 1918: North Yemen becomes independent as Yemen. 1990: ↑South Yemen unifies with (North) Yemen into Yemen. ᐃ
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 * rowspan=2|4/6||Aden Protectorate||1874: The hinterland of Aden and Hadhramaut are loosely tied to the United Kingdom as the Aden Protectorate, administered from Aden. 1886: ↑Mahra joins the protectorate. 1959: Part of the states inside the Aden Protectorate unite into the →Federation of Arab Emirates of the South. 1962: More of the states join the federation, renamed into the →Federation of South Arabia.
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 * South Arabia Protectorate||1963: The remaining states of the Aden Protectorate establish the Protectorate of South Arabia. 1967: The Federation of South Arabia becomes together with the Protectorate of South Arabia independent as South Yemen. →1967
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 * rowspan=2|5/6||Arab Emirates of the South||1959: Part of the states inside the Aden Protectorate unite into the Federation of Arab Emirates of the South.
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 * South Arabia||1962: More of the states of the Aden Protectorate join the Federation of Arab Emirates of the South, renamed into the Federation of South Arabia. 1963: ↑Aden becomes part of the federation. 1967: The Federation of South Arabia becomes together with the Protectorate of South Arabia independent as South Yemen, including ↑Kamaran, The Kuria Muria islands are restored to →Oman. 1990: South Yemen merges with North Yemen into Yemen. →1990
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 * 6/6||Kamaran||1915: The United Kingdom seizes the Kamaran island from the Ottoman Empire and makes it subordinated to the Aden Colony. 1967: The Kamaran Island becomes part of independent South Yemen. →1967


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Zambia
🇿🇲 Zambia - Republic of Zambia
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 * ||colspan=2|Zambia is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
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 * rowspan=6|1/2||Northern Zambesia||1890: The British British South Africa Company, a chartered company on behalf of the British government, start to rule present-day Zambia, known as Northern Zambesia. It includes parts of the former Kingdom of Lunda.
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 * Rhodesia||1895: Northern Zambesia and ↑Southern Zambesia are united by the British British South Africa Company into Rhodesia.
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 * Barotziland-North-Western Rhodesia||1899: The BSAC establishes the protectorate of Barotziland-North-Western Rhodesia, part of Rhodesia. 1900: ''The BSAC establishes the protectorate of North-Eastern Rhodesia as another successor of Rhodesia.
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 * Northern Rhodesia||1911: Barotziland-North-Western Rhodesia and ↑North-Eastern Rhodesia are amalgamated into Northern Rhodesia. 1924: The BSAC rule ends and as Protectorate of Northern Rhodesia is becomes a British protectorate.
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 * Rhodesia and Nyasaland||1953: Northern Rhodesia, ↑Southern Rhodesia and ↑Nyasaland become the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland.
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 * Northern Rhodesia||1963: After the dissolution of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland, Northern Rhodesia is separated. 1964: Northern Rhodesia becomes independent as Zambia. ᐃ
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 * 2/2||North-Eastern Rhodesia||1900: The BSAC establishes the protectorate of North-Eastern Rhodesia as successor of the northern part of ↑Rhodesia. 1911: North-Eastern Rhodesia and ↑Barotziland-North-Western Rhodesia are amalgamated into Northern Rhodesia. →1911


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Zimbabwe
🇿🇼 Zimbabwe - Republic of Zimbabwe
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 * ||colspan=2|Zimbabwe is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
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 * rowspan=7|1/2||Matabeleland||1888: The British British South Africa Company, a chartered company on behalf of the British government, establishes a protectorate over Matabeleland.
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 * Southern Zambesia||1894: The protectorates over Matabeleland and ↑Mashonaland are jointly known as Southern Zambesia.
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 * Rhodesia||1895: Southern Zambesia and ↑Northern Zambesia are united by the British British South Africa Company into Rhodesia.
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 * Southern Rhodesia||1899: The BSAC establishes the protectorate of Southern Rhodesia in the territory of former Southern Zambesia. 1923: Southern Rhodesia is annexed by the United Kingdom and becomes as the Colony of Southern Rhodesia a self-governing Crown colony.
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 * Rhodesia and Nyasaland||1953: Southern Rhodesia and the protectorates of ↑Northern Rhodesia and ↑Nyasaland become the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland. →1963
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 * Rhodesia||1963: After the dissolution of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland, Southern Rhodesia is separated. The colony renames itself into Rhodesia, whereby the British authorities use to old name of Southern Rhodesia. 1965: The colony unilaterally declares itself independent as Rhodesia with the monarch of the United Kingdom as head of state. The United Kingdom doesn't recognise the new state. 1970: Rhodesia becomes an unrecognized republic. 1979: Rhodesia is continued as Zimbabwe Rhodesia.
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 * Southern Rhodesia||1980: Zimbabwe Rhodesia is abolished and the Colony of Southern Rhodesia under British rule is restored. The same year Southern Rhodesia becomes independent as the Zimbabwe. ᐃ
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 * 2/2||Mashonaland||1889: The British British South Africa Company, a chartered company on behalf of the British government, establishes a protectorate over Mashonaland. →1894


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