Textual variants in the Book of Exodus

Textual variants in the Book of Exodus concerns textual variants in the Hebrew Bible found in the Book of Exodus.

List
This list provides examples of known textual variants, and contains the following parameters: Hebrew texts written right to left, the Hebrew text romanised left to right, an approximate English translation, and which Hebrew manuscripts or critical editions of the Hebrew Bible this textual variant can be found in. Greek (Septuagint) and Latin (Vulgate) texts are written left to right, and not romanised. Sometimes additional translation or interpretation notes are added, with references to similar verses elsewhere, or in-depth articles on the topic in question.

Exodus 1
Exodus 1:11
 * – MT
 * Πιθώμ – LXX ABP
 * Pithon – OL$Sb$ Vg
 * Phythonam – OL$L$

Exodus 1:15
 * – MT
 * Σεπφώρα – LXX ABP
 * Sepphora – OL$L$
 * Sephra – Vg

Exodus 3
Exodus 3:14
 * – WLC
 * καὶ εἶπεν ὁ θεὸς πρὸς Μωυσῆν λέγων Ἐγώ εἰμι ὁ ὤν· – LXX$Swete$
 * καὶ εἶπεν ὁ Θεὸς πρὸς Μωυσῆν, λέγων, ἐγώ εἰμι ὁ Ὤν· – Brenton
 * και είπεν ο θεός προς Μωυσήν εγώ ειμι ο ων – ABP
 * Dixit Deus ad Moysen: Ego sum qui sum. – Vg$Colunga&Turrado$
 * See also I Am that I Am, Burning bush, and Yahweh § Name.

Exodus 6
Exodus 6:14
 * – MT
 * Φαλλους – LXX
 * Φαλλού – ABP
 * Fallus – OL$L$
 * Phallu – Vg

Exodus 6:15
 * – MT
 * Ωαδ – LXX
 * Ιωαδ – B
 * Αωδ – ABP
 * Aod – OL$L$ Vg

Exodus 6:15
 * – MT
 * Σααρ – LXX ABP
 * Saar – OL$L$
 * Soer – Vg

Exodus 6:21
 * – MT
 * Ναφεγ – LXX
 * Ναφεχ – B
 * Ναφεκ – ABP
 * Naphaec – OL$L$
 * Nepheg – Vg

Exodus 6:22
 * – MT
 * Ελισαφαν – LXX ABP
 * Elisapham – OL$L$
 * Elsaphan – Vg

Exodus 6:22
 * – MT
 * Σετρι – LXX
 * Ζεχρι – ABP
 * Zetri – OL$L$
 * Sethri – Vg

Exodus 6:23
 * – MT
 * Ελισάβεθ – LXX ABP
 * Elisabet – OL$L$
 * Elisabe – Vg

Exodus 6:24
 * – MT
 * Αβιασαφ – LXX
 * Αβιασαρ – A B ABP
 * Abisar – OL$L$
 * Abiasab – Vg

Exodus 6:25
 * – MT
 * Φουτιήλ – LXX ABP
 * Phutiel – OL$L$
 * Phutihel – Vg

Exodus 13
Exodus 13:20
 * – MT
 * Οθομ – LXX
 * Othon – OL$M$
 * Etham – Vg

Exodus 14
Exodus 14:2
 * – MT
 * τῆς ἐπαύλεως – LXX ABP
 * Epauleum – OL$M$
 * Phiahiroth – Vg

Exodus 14:9
 * – MT
 * τῆς ἐπαύλεως – LXX ABP
 * Epauleum – OL$M$
 * Ahiroth – Vg

Exodus 17
Exodus 17:1, see also Battle of Refidim
 * – MT
 * Ραφιδιν – LXX
 * Ραφιδείν – ABP
 * Rapidin – OL$M$
 * Raphidin – OL$Sb$
 * Raphidim – Vg

Exodus 17:8, see also Battle of Refidim
 * – MT
 * Ραφιδιν – LXX
 * Ραφιδίν – ABP
 * Rapidin – OL$M$
 * Raphidin – OL$Sb$
 * Raphidim – Vg

Exodus 19
Exodus 19:2, see also Battle of Refidim
 * – MT
 * Ραφιδιν – LXX
 * Ραφιδείμ – ABP
 * Rapidin – OL$M$
 * Raphidin – OL$Sb$
 * Raphidim – Vg

Exodus 19:16
 * – WLC
 * – SP
 * καὶ ἐγίνοντο φωναὶ καὶ ἀστραπαὶ – LXX$Swete$ Brenton
 * και εγένοντο φωναί και άστραπαι – ABP
 * et ecce coeperunt audiri tonitrua, ac micare fulgura – Vg$Colunga&Turrado$
 * Compare Exodus 20:18.

Exodus 20
Exodus 20:1
 * – WLC (1QExod 4QPaleoExod$m$) SP
 * Καὶ ἐλάλησεν Κύριος πάντας τοὺς λόγους τούτους λέγων – LXX LXX$Swete$ LXX$Rahlfs$ Brenton ABP
 * Dominus – Vg Vg$Colunga&Turrado$
 * Compare Deuteronomy 5:5.

Exodus 20:2, see also I am the Lord thy God
 * – WLC
 * Ἐγώ εἰμι Κύριος ὁ θεός σου – LXX$Swete$
 * ἐγώ εἰμι Κύριος ὁ Θεός σου – Brenton
 * εγώ ειμι κύριος ο θεός σου – LXX$Rahlfs$ ABP
 * Ego sum Dominus Deus tuus, – Vg$Colunga&Turrado$
 * Compare Deuteronomy 5:6.

Exodus 20:2, see also I am the Lord thy God
 * δουλίας – LXX$Swete$ (Pontic Greek spelling)
 * δουλείας – LXX$Rahlfs$ Brenton ABP (Attic and Koine Greek spelling)
 * Compare Deuteronomy 5:6.

Exodus 20:3, see also Thou shalt have no other gods before me
 * – WLC
 * ’ă-ḥê-rîm is from H312 אחר (achér), which can mean "another", "other", "different", "further", "subsequent", "following", "next", "after".
 * al- is from H5921 על (al), which can mean "over", "against", "above", "beside(s)" (or "along(side)"), "about/concerning", "according", or many other less frequent meanings, and features in the name El Al ("Upwards").
 * Οὐκ ἔσονταί σοι θεοὶ ἕτεροι πλὴν ἐμοῦ. – LXX$Swete$ LXX$Rahlfs$ Brenton ABP
 * ἕτεροι heteroi is from ἕτερος, which can mean "other", "another", "different", "second", "after", and the origin of the English word hetero-.
 * Non habebis deos alienos coram me. – Vg$Colunga&Turrado$
 * alienos is from aliēnus (compare alius and alter), and the origin of the English word alien.
 * Compare Deuteronomy 5:7 (Hebrew witnesses identical, Greek and Latin witnesses different).

Exodus 20:5, see also Thou shalt not make unto thee any graven image
 * – MT WLC SP
 * – Pap$Nash$ (H7072 instead of H7067 qanna in MT SP)
 * ἐγὼ γάρ εἰμι Κύριος ὁ θεός σου, θεὸς ζηλωτής, – LXX$Swete$ LXX$Rahlfs$ Brenton ABP
 * The words ζῆλος and ζηλωτής are the roots of many words including zeal, zealot, zealotry, zealous, jealous and jealousy.
 * ego sum Dominus Deus tuus fortis, zelotes, – Vg$Colunga&Turrado$
 * Compare Deuteronomy 5:9.

Exodus 20:5, see also Thou shalt not make unto thee any graven image
 * – WLC
 * ἕως τρίτης καὶ τετάρτης γενεᾶς – LXX$Swete$ LXX$Rahlfs$ Brenton
 * επί τρίτην και τετάρτην γενεάν – ABP
 * in tertiam et quartam generationem – Vg$Colunga&Turrado$
 * Compare Deuteronomy 5:9.

Exodus 20:7, see also Thou shalt not take the name of the Lord thy God in vain
 * λήψη – ABP Brenton (classical Greek spelling)
 * λήμψῃ – LXX$Swete$ LXX$Rahlfs$ (Koine Greek spelling)
 * Compare Deuteronomy 5:11.

Exodus 20:7, see also Thou shalt not take the name of the Lord thy God in vain
 * – WLC
 * μὴ καθαρίσῃ Κύριος – LXX$Swete$ LXX$Rahlfs$
 * μὴ καθαρίσει Κύριος – ABP
 * μὴ καθαρίσῃ Κύριος ὁ Θεός σου – Brenton
 * nec...habebit insontem Dominus eum – Vg$Colunga&Turrado$
 * Compare Deuteronomy 5:11.

Exodus 20:10, see also Remember the sabbath day, to keep it holy
 * – WLC
 * ὁ βοῦς σου, καὶ τὸ ὑποζύγιόν σου, καὶ πᾶν κτῆνός σου – LXX$Swete$ LXX$Rahlfs$ Brenton ABP
 * jumentum tuum, – Vg$Colunga&Turrado$

Exodus 20:10, see also Remember the sabbath day, to keep it holy
 * – WLC
 * καὶ ὁ προσήλυτος ὁ παροικῶν ἐν σοί. – LXX$Swete$ LXX$Rahlfs$ Brenton ABP
 * et advena qui est intra portas tuas. – Vg$Colunga&Turrado$

Exodus 20:11, see also Remember the sabbath day, to keep it holy
 * – WLC
 * καὶ τὴν θάλασσαν – LXX$Rahlfs$ Brenton ABP
 * et mare, – Vg$Colunga&Turrado$
 * omitted – LXX$Swete$
 * Compare Deuteronomy 5:15 (an entirely different sentence in all witnesses, which supports Sabbath observance by reference to the Exodus rather than the Genesis creation narrative).

Exodus 20:11, see also Remember the sabbath day, to keep it holy
 * – WLC.
 * The noun H7676 shabbath "Sabbath" (Greek: G4521 σάββατον) is derived from, but independent of, the adjective H7637  šə-ḇî-‘î "seventh" (Greek: G1442 ἕβδομος/ἕβδομη, see hebdo-) earlier in this verse. See Biblical Sabbath § Etymology.
 * διὰ τοῦτο εὐλόγησεν Κύριος τὴν ἡμέραν τὴν ἑβδόμην – LXX$Swete$ LXX$Rahlfs$ Brenton ABP
 * idcirco benedixit Dominus diei sabbati, – Vg$Colunga&Turrado$
 * Compare Deuteronomy 5:15 (an entirely different sentence in all witnesses, which supports Sabbath observance by reference to the Exodus rather than the Genesis creation narrative).

Exodus 20:12, see also Honour thy father and thy mother
 * ίνα ευ σοι γένηται – LXX$Swete$ LXX$Rahlfs$ Brenton ABP
 * omitted – WLC Vg$Colunga&Turrado$
 * Compare Deuteronomy 5:16 (where this phrase is identical in Greek witnesses, and not omitted in Hebrew and Latin witnesses, albeit phrased slightly differently from Greek).

Exodus 20:13–15, see also Thou shalt not kill, Thou shalt not commit adultery and Thou shalt not steal
 * – MT WLC SP
 * – Pap$Nash$
 * Οὐ μοιχεύσεις. Οὐ κλέψεις. Οὐ φονεύσεις. – LXX$Swete$ LXX$Rahlfs$ Brenton
 * Οὐ φονεύσεις. Οὐ μοιχεύσεις. Οὐ κλέψεις. – ABP
 * The verb κλέπτω ("to steal") is at the root of modern English words such as kleptomania and kleptocracy.
 * Non occides. Non moechaberis. Non furtum facies. – Vg$Colunga&Turrado$
 * Compare Deuteronomy 5:17–19.

Exodus 20:16, see also Thou shalt not bear false witness against thy neighbour
 * – WLC
 * Οὐ ψευδομαρτυρήσεις κατὰ τοῦ πλησίον σου μαρτυρίαν ψευδῆ. – LXX$Swete$ LXX$Rahlfs$ Brenton ABP
 * Non loqueris contra proximum tuum falsum testimonium. – Vg$Colunga&Turrado$

Exodus 20:17, see also Thou shalt not covet
 * – WLC
 * Οὐκ ἐπιθυμήσεις τὴν γυναῖκα τοῦ πλησίον σου· οὐκ ἐπιθυμήσεις τὴν οἰκίαν τοῦ πλησίον σου οὔτε τὸν ἀγρὸν αὐτοῦ – LXX$Swete$ LXX$Rahlfs$ Brenton
 * Οὐκ ἐπιθυμήσεις τὴν γυναῖκα τοῦ πλησίον σου· οὐκ ἐπιθυμήσεις τὴν οἰκίαν τοῦ πλησίον σου ουδέ τὸν ἀγρὸν αὐτοῦ – ABP
 * Non concupisces domum proximi tui, nec desiderabis uxorem ejus, – Vg$Colunga&Turrado$
 * concupīscō is derived from (con)cupiō ("I desire"), the origin of the English verb "to covet" and the name of the Roman god Cupid.

Exodus 20:17, see also Thou shalt not covet
 * ούτε παντός κτήνους αυτού – LXX$Swete$ LXX$Rahlfs$ Brenton ABP
 * omitted – WLC Vg$Colunga&Turrado$

Exodus 20:18
 * – WLC
 * Καὶ πᾶς – LXX$Swete$ LXX$Rahlfs$ Brenton
 * πας – ABP
 * Cunctus autem – Vg$Colunga&Turrado$

Exodus 20:18
 * – WLC
 * την φωνήν και τας λαμπάδας – LXX$Swete$ LXX$Rahlfs$ Brenton ABP. φωνή and λᾰμπᾰ́ς are the origins of the English words phone and lamp respectively.
 * voces et lampades – Vg$Colunga&Turrado$. vōx is the root of the English word voice.
 * Compare Exodus 19:16

Exodus 20:19
 * – WLC
 * μὴ – LXX$Swete$ Brenton
 * μήποτε – LXX$Rahlfs$ ABP
 * ne forte – Vg$Colunga&Turrado$

Exodus 20:20
 * Μωσῆς – LXX$Swete$
 * Μωυσῆς – LXX$Rahlfs$ Brenton ABP

Exodus 20:21
 * ἱστήκει δὲ ὁ λαὸς – LXX$Swete$
 * εἱστήκει δὲ ὁ λαὸς – LXX$Rahlfs$ Brenton
 * εἱστήκει δὲ πας ὁ λαὸς – ABP

Exodus 20:23
 * – MT WLC
 * – SP

Exodus 20:23
 * – WLC
 * ὑμῖν αὐτοῖς...ὑμῖν ἑαυτοῖς – LXX$Swete$
 * ὑμῖν αὐτοῖς...ὑμῖν αυτοῖς – Brenton
 * εαυτοίς...υμίν αυτοίς – LXX$Rahlfs$ ABP
 * [omitted]....vobis – Vg$Colunga&Turrado$

Exodus 20:26
 * – WLC
 * ὅπως ἂν μὴ ἀποκαλύψῃς τὴν ἀσχημοσύνην σου – LXX$Swete$ LXX$Rahlfs$ Brenton ABP
 * ἀποκαλύψῃς is likely a misspelling of the verb ἀποκαλύψεις. The noun αποκάλυψη is the root of words such as apocalypse, apocalyptic and apocalypticism.
 * ne reveletur turpitudo tua. – Vg$Colunga&Turrado$
 * Compare Leviticus 18.

Exodus 21
Exodus 21:17 (LXX 21:16)
 * – MT
 * Ὁ κακολογῶν πατέρα αὐτοῦ ἢ μητέρα αὐτοῦ τελευτήσει θανάτῳ. – LXX$Swete$ Brenton
 * Ὁ κακολογῶν πατέρα αὐτοῦ ἢ μητέρα αὐτοῦ θανάτῳ τελευτάτω. – ABP
 * Qui maledixerit patri suo, vel matri, morte moriatur. – Vg$Clement$ Vg$Colunga&Turrado$
 * Compare New Testament quotation:
 * Ὁ κακολογῶν πατέρα ἢ μητέρα θανάτῳ τελευτάτω. – Mark 7:10
 * Compare Deuteronomy 21:18–21.

Exodus 34
Exodus 34:11
 * – WLC
 * τὸν Ἀμορραῖον καὶ Χαναναῖον καὶ Φερεζαῖον καὶ Χετταῖον καὶ Εὑαῖον καὶ Γεργεσαῖον καὶ Ἰεβουσαῖον· – LXX$Swete$
 * τὸν Αμορραῖον καὶ Χαναναῖον καὶ Χετταῖον καὶ Φερεζαῖον καὶ Ευαῖον καὶ Γεργεσαῖον καὶ Ιεβουσαῖον· – LXX$Rahlfs$ Brenton
 * τὸν Αμορραῖον καὶ τὸν Χαναναῖον καὶ τὸν Χετταῖον καὶ τὸν Φερεζαῖον καὶ τὸν Ευαῖον καὶ τὸν Γεργεσαῖον καὶ τὸν Ιεβουσαῖον· – ABP
 * Amorrhaeum, et Chananaeum, et Hethaeum, Pherezaeum quoque, et Hevaeum, et Jebusaeum. – Vg$Colunga&Turrado$

Exodus 34:14, see also Thou shalt have no other gods before me
 * – WLC
 * οὐ γὰρ μὴ προσκυνήσητε θεοῖς ἑτέροις· ὁ γὰρ Κύριος ὁ θεὸς ζηλωτὸν ὄνομα, θεὸς ζηλωτής ἐστι(ν). – LXX$Swete$ Brenton
 * οὐ γὰρ μὴ προσκυνήσητε θεῷ ἑτέρῳ· ὁ γὰρ κύριος ὁ θεὸς ζηλωτὸν ὄνομα, θεὸς ζηλωτής ἐστι(ν). – LXX$Rahlfs$ ABP
 * noli adorare deum alienum. Dominus zelotes nomen ejus; Deus est aemulator. – Vg$Colunga&Turrado$
 * Compare Exodus 20:3 and Deuteronomy 5:7,9.

Exodus 34:17, see also Thou shalt not make unto thee any graven image
 * – WLC
 * καὶ θεοὺς χωνευτοὺς οὐ ποιήσεις σεαυτῷ. – LXX$Swete$ LXX$Rahlfs$ Brenton ABP
 * Deos conflatiles non facies tibi. – Vg$Colunga&Turrado$
 * Compare Exodus 20:5 and Deuteronomy 5:8.