Cook Islands Māori

Cook Islands Māori is an Eastern Polynesian language that is the official language of the Cook Islands. Cook Islands Māori is closely related to New Zealand Māori, but is a distinct language in its own right. Cook Islands Māori is simply called Māori when there is no need to disambiguate it from New Zealand Māori, but it is also known as Māori Kūki Āirani (or Maori Kuki Airani) or, controversially, Rarotongan. Many Cook Islanders also call it Te reo Ipukarea, literally "the language of the Ancestral Homeland".

Official status
Cook Islands Māori became an official language of the Cook Islands in 2003; from 1915 until then, English had been the only official language of the Cook Islands.

Te Reo Maori Act definition
The Te Reo Maori Act 2003 states that Māori: "1. means the Māori language (including its various dialects) as spoken or written in any island of the Cook Islands; and

2. Is deemed to include Pukapukan as spoken or written in Pukapuka; and

3. Includes Māori that conforms to the national standard for Māori approved by Kopapa Reo." Pukapukan is considered by scholars and speakers alike to be a distinct language more closely related to Samoan and Tokelauan than Cook Islands Māori. It belongs to the Samoic subgroup of the Polynesian language family. The intention behind including Pukapukan in the definition of Te Reo Maori was to ensure its protection.

The dialects of the East Polynesian varieties of the Cook Islands (collectively referred to as Cook Islands Māori) are:
 * Rakahanga-Manihiki
 * Penrhyn (Tongarevan or Mangarongaro);
 * Southern: Rarotongan, Ngā Pū Toru (the dialects of Ātiu, Mitiʻāro and Maʻuke), Aitutaki, Mangaia.

Cook Islands Māori is closely related to Tahitian and New Zealand Māori, and there is a degree of mutual intelligibility with both of these languages.

The language is theoretically regulated by the Kōpapa reo māori board created in 2003, but this organisation is currently dormant.

Writing system and pronunciation
There is a debate about the standardisation of the writing system. Although the usage of the macron (־) te makarona and the glottal stop amata  is recommended, most speakers do not use the two diacritics in everyday writing. The Cook Islands Māori Revised New Testament uses a standardised orthography (spelling system) that includes the diacritics when they are phonemic but not elsewhere.

Grammar
Cook Islands Māori is an isolating language with very little morphology. Case is marked by the particle that initiates a noun phrase, and like most East Polynesian languages, Cook Islands Māori has nominative-accusative case marking.

The unmarked constituent order is predicate initial: that is, verb initial in verbal sentences and nominal-predicate initial in non-verbal sentences.

Personal pronouns

 * 1) you -2 or more- and I
 * 2) they and I

Tense-Aspect-Mood markers
Most of the preceding examples were taken from Cook Islands Maori Dictionary, by Jasper Buse with Raututi Taringa edited by Bruce Biggs and Rangi Moekaa, Auckland, 1995.

Possessives
Like most other Polynesian languages (Tahitian, New Zealand Māori, Hawaiian, Samoan, Tongan ...), Cook Islands Māori has two categories of possessives, "a" and "o".

Generally, the "a" category is used when the possessor has or had control over the initiation of the possessive relationship. Usually this means that the possessor is superior or dominant to what is owned, or that the possession is considered as alienable. The "o" category is used when the possessor has or had no control over the initiation of the relationship. This usually means that the possessor is subordinate or inferior to what is owned, or that the possession is considered to be inalienable.

The following list indicates the types of things in the different categories:


 * a is used in speaking of
 * Movable property, instruments,
 * Food and drink,
 * Husband, wife, children, grandchildren, girlfriend, boyfriend,
 * Animals and pets, (except for horses)
 * People in an inferior position


 * Te puaka a tērā vaine : the pig belonging to that woman;
 * ā Tere tamariki : Tere's children;
 * Kāre ā Tupe mā ika inapō : Tupe and the rest didn't get any fish last night


 * Tāku ; Tāau ; Tāna ; Tā tāua ;  Tā māua…. : my, mine ; your, yours ; his, her, hers, our ours…


 * Ko tāku vaine tēia : This is my wife;
 * Ko tāna tāne tērā : That's her husband;
 * Tā kotou apinga : your possession(s);
 * Tā Tare apinga : Tērā possession(s);


 * o is used in speaking of
 * Parts of anything
 * Feelings
 * Buildings and transport (including horses)
 * Clothes
 * Parents or other relatives (not husband, wife, children…)
 * Superiors


 * Te are o Tere : The house belonging to Tere;
 * ō Tere pare : Tere's hat;
 * Kāre ō Tina noo anga e noo ei : Tina hasn't got anywhere to sit;


 * Tōku ; Tōou ; Tōna ; Tō tāua ;  Tō māua…: my, mine  ;  your, yours ; his, her, hers ; our, ours …


 * Ko tōku are tēia : This is my house;
 * I tōku manako, ka tika tāna : In my opinion, he'll be right;
 * Tēia tōku, tērā tōou : This is mine here, that's yours over there

Vocabulary

 * Pia : Polynesian arrowroot
 * Kata : laugh at; laughter;
 * kata āviri : ridicule, jeer, mock
 * Tanu : to plant, cultivate land
 * angaanga : work, job
 * Pōpongi : morning
 * Tātāpaka : a kind of breadfruit pudding
 * ura : dance, to dance
 * Tuātau : time, period, season ;
 * ē tuātau ua atu : forever
 * īmene : to sing, song
 * Riri : be angry with (ki)
 * Tārekareka : entertain, amuse, match, game, play game

Dialectology
Although most words of the various dialects of Cook Islands Māori are identical, there are some differences: