Uma language

Uma (known natively as Pipikoro) is an Austronesian language spoken in Central and South Sulawesi, Indonesia.

Consonants
Notes:
 * acts as a nasal in some respects and causes the nasalization of non-front vowels (e.g., [hampulu'] 'ten'→ with nasal vowels).
 * is realized as retroflex contiguous to non-front vowels.
 * is neutralized word-initially, and is the only consonant that can occur in the coda or word-finally.
 * In the Lincio variety of Central Uma, is pronounced.
 * The semivowel is rare, found mainly in loan words.
 * The affricate /tʃ/ is found only following /n/, i.e., in the prenasalized stop /ⁿtʃ/.

Orthographic notes:


 * is 'w'
 * is 'ny'
 * is 'ng'
 * is 'y'
 * is 'j'
 * is 'c'
 * is an apostrophe or simply 'ʔ'

Pronouns
Notes:
 * ABS refers to pronominals in the absolutive case, while ERG refers to the ergative and GEN to the genitive.
 * 1P means 'first person,' 2P means 'second person,' and 3P means 'third person.'
 * ( SG ) means 'singular' and ( PL ) means 'plural.' ( PL.ex ) means 'plural exclusive' and ( PL.in ) means 'plural inclusive.'
 * [∅-] means that ∅ is a proclitic.
 * [-∅] means that ∅ is an enclitic.
 * In the Tobaku, Tolee', and Winatu dialects, the possessives [-nu] and [-ni] are [-mu] and [-mi] respectively.
 * In the Tolee' and Winatu dialects, the absolutives [-kai] and [-koi] are [-kami] and [-komi] respectively. The free forms [kaiʔ] and [koiʔ] are [kamiʔ] and [komiʔ] respectively.

Numerals
The cardinal numbers from 1 to 10 are:
 * 1) isaʔ
 * dua
 * 1) tolu
 * 2) opoʔ
 * 3) lima
 * ono
 * 1) pitu
 * 2) walu
 * sio
 * 1) hampuluʔ

Classification of Uma varieties
Ethnologue (17th ed., 2013) recognizes seven dialects of Uma.


 * Bana
 * Benggaulu (= Bingkolu)
 * Kantewu (= Central Uma)
 * Aria (= Southern Uma)
 * Tobaku (= Ompa, Dompa, Western Uma)
 * Tolee' (= Eastern Uma)
 * Winatu (= Northern Uma)

Martens (2014) recognized six major dialects of Uma, noting that the Tori'untu dialect is nearly extinct due to the encroachment of the Kantewu dialect and non-Uma languages.


 * Kantewu (= Central)
 * Southern
 * Tolee'
 * Tobaku
 * Winatu
 * Tori'untu

Martens also identifies two dialects closely related to Uma spoken in the Pasangkayu Regency.


 * Sarudu
 * Benggaulu (= Bingkolu)