HMGA

HMGA is a family of high mobility group proteins characterized by an AT-hook. They code for a "small, nonhistone, chromatin-associated protein that has no intrinsic transcriptional activity but can modulate transcription by altering the chromatin architecture". Mammals have two orthologs: HMGA1 and HMGA2.

Genomic distribution
In mouse embryonic stem cells it has been demonstrated that both HMGA proteins binds uniformly to the DNA due to their AT-hook domains, with a slight preference for AT-rich regions/ Such regions tend to lack coding genes, an observation that argues against a direct role in transcriptional control and in agreement with previous studies, suggest that these proteins have a structural role in the chromatin, similar to histone.

Function
Normally, when cells are subjected to increased DNA damage (such as the formation of 6-O-methylguanine) this causes an increase in apoptosis (programmed cell death). However, cells with diminished activity for either proteins HMGA1 or HMGA2 (or both together) are more tolerant of such DNA damage than cells in which these proteins are not diminished. Thus a normal function of the HMGA1 and HMGA2 proteins appears to be to signal the presence of DNA damage leading to induction of apoptosis.

Association with human traits
Variations in HMGA2 to have a moderate association with adult height.