Maisin language

Maisin (or Maisan) is a divergent Austronesian language of Papua New Guinea, containing Papuan features. It is a Nuclear Papuan Tip language, with the Papuan element being Binanderean or Dagan. It is spoken by the Maisin people of Oro Province.

Maisin displays significant lexical copying from Korafe, a neighboring Papuan language.

Other languages with disputed affiliation between either Austronesian or Papuan are Magori, the Reefs-Santa Cruz languages, the Lower Mamberamo languages, and the Pasismanua languages.

Consonants
and are not phonemic, but are distinguished in the orthography.

Phonotactics
Syllables can begin and end with up to one consonant each. I.e., English wrong would be an acceptable word, but strength  would not. Words can only end in either a vowel or. The vowels and  never occur word-initially. never occurs before or.

Writing system
Literacy varies from 20% to 80% in different areas.

Negation in Maisin
Negation in Maisin is achieved predominantly by morphology. In the Marua communalect, negation is marked by isaa… -ka, while in the Sinapa communalect, negation is marked by saa… -ka. The negation marking is discontinuous.

Isaa is a morpheme located prior to the predicate of the sentence, and can be roughly glossed as 'not' in English. Morphologically, it is classified as a separate word. -ka is an enclitic that is found attached to a verb's tense- or aspect-marking enclitic. Alternatively, when there is no tense- or aspect-marking enclitic in the sentence, it attaches to the predicate's last item. Negation through isaa... -ka can be seen in the following examples.

isaa iyeeyeka

isaa i-yee-ye-ka

not he-PROG-swim-NEG

'He isn't swimming.'

In Example 1, the verb stem 'swim' takes both the progressive marker -ye (created through partial reduplication of the verb stem yee and the negative enclitic -ka, as well as the male second-person singular pronominal enclitic. The enclitic -ka attaches to the progressive marker -ye. The combination of isaa and -ka in the sentence negates the action of swimming.

bendooka isaa raatika

bendoo-ka isaa raati-ka

Bendo-TOP not small-NEG

'Bendo is very big.' (lit. 'Bendo isn't small.')

Here negation is also shown through isaa… -ka. In this case, -ka is attached directly to the end of the predicate, as there is no tense- or aspect-marking present. The first -ka in the sentence (in bendoo-ka) is not a negative marker; rather, it is a homophonous morpheme that functions as a topic marker.

bendooka isaa vareyananka

bendoo-ka isaa var-e-anan-ka

Bendo-TOP not house-LOC-FUT-NEG

'Bendo won't be in the house.'

In Example 3, -ka is found attached to the enclitic -anan, which marks future tense. Again, negation is achieved through the combination of isaa and -ka.

Negation with isaa only
In the presence of the conjunction -ate or the demonstrative -nen, the -ka enclitic is removed, leaving isaa as the sole negation marker in the sentence. This occurs because -ate and -nen are both located in the same position in a word as -ka. isaa-only negation is demonstrated in the following examples.

isaa iraarananeŋka isaa aaranaŋka

isaa i-ar-ar-anan-nen-ka isaa a-ar-anan-ka

not he-PROG-go-FUT-that-TOP not I-go-FUT-NEG

'If he doesn't go, I shan't go.'

The presence of the demonstrative morpheme -nen in the first clause of Example 4 displaces (and removes) -ka. Thus, isaa is the sole negator of the clause.

bendooka isaa ikanate arauku

bendoo-ka isaa i-kan-ate a-ra-uku

Bendo-TOP not he-eat-and I-come-descend

'Before Bendo had eaten, I arrived.' (lit. 'Bendo didn't eat and then I arrived.')

This example shows the presence of the conjunction -ate, which is attached to the end of the verb stem kan. This removes -ka and again leaves isaa as the only negation marker in the sentence.

Negation within Oceanic language family
Maisin is an Oceanic language (Eberhard, Simons, & Fennig, 2019), and its negation system is fairly typical of Oceanic languages. Oceanic languages often express negation discontinuously, with the first element located preverbally and the second postverbally – Maisin fits this pattern, as the above examples demonstrate.

Additionally, Maisin follows both the Polynesian pattern of marking negation clause-initially and the Papuan pattern of marking negation clause-finally.

List of abbreviations

 * FUT = 'final' future enclitic
 * LOC = locative enclitic
 * NEG = negative enclitic
 * PROG = progressive aspect
 * TOP = topic marker enclitic