Madang languages

The Madang or Madang–Adelbert Range languages are a language family of Papua New Guinea. They were classified as a branch of Trans–New Guinea by Stephen Wurm, followed by Malcolm Ross. William A. Foley concurs that it is "highly likely" that the Madang languages are part of TNG, although the pronouns, the usual basis for classification in TNG, have been "replaced" in Madang. Timothy Usher finds that Madang is closest to the Upper Yuat River languages and other families to its west, but does not for now address whether this larger group forms part of the TNG family.

The family is named after Madang Province and the Adelbert Range.

History
Sidney Herbert Ray identified the Rai Coast family in 1919. In 1951 these were linked with the Mabuso languages by Arthur Capell to create his Madang family. John Z'graggen (1971, 1975) expanded Madang to languages of the Adelbert Range and renamed the family Madang–Adelbert Range, and Stephen Wurm (1975) adopted this as a branch of his Trans–New Guinea phylum. For the most part, Malcolm Ross's (2005) Madang family includes the same languages as Z'graggen Madang–Adelbert Range, but the internal classification is different in several respects, such as the dissolution of the Brahman branch.

Internal classification
The languages are as follows:


 * Madang
 * Bargam (Mugil)
 * Central Madang
 * Croisilles (reduced, = Northern Adelbert Range)
 * Mabuso
 * Mindjim
 * Rai Coast (reduced; > South Madang)
 * Yamben
 * West Madang
 * Southern Adelbert Range (Sogeram and Tomul Rivers)
 * Kalam (Kaironk River)
 * East Madang
 * Wasembo
 * Yaganon

The time depth of Madang is comparable to that of Austronesian or Indo-European.

Pronouns
Ross (2000) reconstructed the pronouns as follows:


 * {| class=wikitable

! !!sg!!pl !1 !2 !3
 * ya||*i
 * na||*ni, *ta
 * nu
 * }

These are not the common TNG pronouns. However, Ross postulates that the TNG dual suffixes *-le and *-t remain, and suggests that the TNG pronouns live on as Kalam verbal suffixes.

Evolution
Madang family reflexes of proto-Trans-New Guinea (pTNG) etyma:

Family-wide innovations

 * pTNG *mbena ‘arm’ > proto-Madang *kambena (accretion of *ka-)
 * pTNG *mb(i,u)t(i,u)C ‘fingernail’ > proto-Madang *timbi(n,t) (metathesis)
 * pTNG *(n)ok ‘water’ replaced by proto-Madang *yaŋgu

Croisilles
Garuh language:
 * muki ‘brain’ < *muku
 * bi ‘guts’ < *simbi
 * hap ‘cloud’ < *samb(V)
 * balamu ‘firelight’ < *mbalaŋ
 * wani ‘name’ < *[w]ani ‘who?’
 * wus ‘wind, breeze’ < *kumbutu
 * kalam ‘moon’ < *kala(a,i)m
 * neg- ‘to watch’ < *nVŋg- ‘see, know’
 * ma ‘taro’ < *mV
 * ahi ‘sand’ < *sa(ŋg,k)asiŋ

Pay language:
 * in- ‘sleep’ < *kin(i,u)-
 * kawus ‘smoke’ < *kambu
 * tawu-na ‘ashes’ < *sambu
 * imun ‘hair’ < *sumu(n,t)
 * ano ‘who’ < *[w]ani

Proto-Northern Adelbert:
 * *waben ‘arm, hand’ < *mbena
 * *bab ‘older brother’ < *[mb]amba
 * *ked ‘blood’ < *ke(nj,s)a
 * *gemaŋ ‘heart’ < *kamu
 * *kumaŋ ‘neck, nape’ < *kuma(n, ŋ)
 * *kasin ‘mosquito’ < *kasin
 * *um- ‘die’ < *kumV-
 * *in- ‘sleep’ < *kin(i,u)[m]-
 * *ag- 'see' ‘know, hear, see’ < *nVŋg-
 * *me (+verb) ‘NEG’ < *ma- (+verb)
 * *yag ‘water’ < *ok[V]
 * *tak ‘leaf’ < *sasak

Kalam
Kalam language (most closely related to the Rai Coast languages):
 * meg ‘teeth’ < *maŋgat[a]
 * md-magi ‘heart’ < *mundu-maŋgV
 * mkem ‘cheek’ < *mVkVm ‘cheek, chin’
 * sb ‘excrement, guts’ < *simbi
 * muk ‘milk, sap, brain’ < *muku
 * yman ‘louse’ < *iman
 * yb ‘name’ < *imbi
 * kdl ‘root’ < *kindil
 * malaŋ ‘flame’ < *mbalaŋ
 * melk ‘(fire or day)light’ < *(m,mb)elak
 * kn- ‘to sleep, lie down’ < *kini(i,u)[m]-
 * kum- ‘die’ < *kumV-
 * md- < *mVna- ‘be, stay’
 * nŋ-, ng- ‘perceive, know, see, hear, etc’ < *nVŋg-
 * kawnan ‘shadow, spirit’ < *k(a,o)
 * nan, takn ‘moon’ < *takVn[V]
 * magi ‘round thing, egg, fruit, etc.’ < *maŋgV
 * ami ‘mother’ < *am(a,i,u)
 * b ‘man’ < *ambi
 * bapi, -ap ‘father’ < *mbapa, *ap
 * saŋ ‘women’s dancing song’ < *saŋ
 * ma- ‘negator’ < *ma-
 * an ‘who’ < *[w]ani

Rai Coast
Dumpu language:
 * man- ‘be, stay’ < *mVna-
 * mekh ‘teeth’ < *maŋgat[a]
 * im ‘louse’ < *iman
 * munu ‘heart’ < *mundun ‘inner organs’
 * kum- ‘die’ < *kumV-
 * kono ‘shadow’ < *k(a,o)nan
 * kini- ‘sleep’ < *kin(i,u)[m]-
 * ra- ‘take’ < *(nd,t)a-
 * urau ‘long’ < *k(o,u)ti(mb,p)V
 * gra ‘dry’ < *(ŋg,k)atata

Southern Adelbert
Sirva language:
 * mun(zera) ‘be, stay’ < *mVna-
 * kaja ‘blood’ < *kenja
 * miku ‘brain’ < *muku
 * simbil ‘guts’ < *simbi
 * tipi ‘fingernail’ < *mb(i,)ut(i,u)C (metathesis)
 * iːma ‘louse’ < *iman
 * ibu ‘name’ < *imbi
 * kanumbu ‘wind’ < *kumbutu
 * mundu(ma) ‘nose’ < *mundu
 * kaːsi ‘sand’ < *sa(ŋg,k)asiŋ
 * apapara ‘butterfly’ < *apa(pa)ta
 * kumu- ‘die’ < *kumV-
 * ŋg- ‘see’ < *nVŋg-

Proto-language
The following selected reconstructions of Proto-Madang by Ross (2014) are from the Trans-New Guinea database. Proto-Trans–New Guinea reconstructions are from Andrew Pawley and Harald Hammarström (2018).


 * {| class="wikitable sortable"

! gloss !! Proto-Madang !! Proto-Trans–New Guinea ! head ! hair ! ear ! eye ! nose ! tooth ! tongue ! leg ! louse ! bird ! egg ! blood ! bone ! skin ! breast ! tree ! woman ! sky ! sun ! moon ! water ! fire ! stone ! name ! eat ! one ! two
 * *gat(a,i)(m) || *kV(mb,p)utu; mVtVna
 * *imunu || *(nd,s)umu(n,t)[V]; *iti
 * *kaun(i) || *kand(i,e)k[V]
 * *amu || *ŋg(a,u)mu; *(ŋg,k)iti-maŋgV; *nVpV
 * *mutu(gu) || *mundu
 * *make || *titi
 * *mele || *me(l,n)e; *mbilaŋ
 * *kani(n) || *k(a,o)nd(a,o)[C]; *kitu
 * *[n]iman || *(n)iman
 * *kVbara || *yaka[i]; *n[e]i
 * *munaka || *mun(a,e,i)ka; *maŋgV
 * *ka(d,r)a; *kara || *ke(nj,s)a
 * *kwaten || *kondaC
 * *ga(n,r)a || *(ŋg,k)a(nd,t)apu
 * *amu(na) || *amu
 * *tari || *inda
 * *na-gali(k) || *panV
 * *ku(m,b)ut || *kumut, *tumuk; *samb[V]
 * *kamali || *kamali; *ketane
 * *kalam; *takun || *kal(a,i)m; *takVn[V]
 * *yag(V) || *(n)ok[V]
 * *k(a,e)dap || *k(a,o)nd(a,u)p; *inda; *kambu
 * *namanu || *[na]muna; *kamb(a,u)na
 * *ibi; *wañim || *imbi; *wani
 * *(n,ñ)a || *na-
 * *kati(ŋ,g)a ||
 * *arigita || *ta(l,t)(a,e)
 * }

CLDF Dataset

 * Z'graggen, J A. (1980) A comparative word list of the Northern Adelbert Range Languages, Madang Province, Papua New Guinea. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. (CLDF dataset on Zenodo )