Kolopom languages

The Kolopom languages are a family of Trans–New Guinea languages in the classifications of Stephen Wurm (1975) and of Malcolm Ross (2005). Along with the Mombum languages, they are the languages spoken on Kolepom Island (Yos Sudarso Island) in South Papua, Indonesia.

Languages
The Kolopom languages are:
 * Central Kolopom: Kimaama (Kimaghama), Riantana
 * Ndom
 * Moraori

Phonemes
Usher (2020) reconstructs the consonant inventory as follows:




 * *m || *n || ||
 * *p || *t || *s || *k
 * *mb || *nd || *ndz || *ŋg
 * [*w] || [*r] || [*j] || [*ɣ]
 * }
 * [*w] || [*r] || [*j] || [*ɣ]
 * }
 * }




 * i|| ||*u
 * e||*ɵ||*o
 * æ||*a||
 * }
 * æ||*a||
 * }

Pronouns
Usher (2020) reconstructs the pronouns as:

! !!sg!!pl !1 !2 !3
 * n[a/o] ||*nie
 * K[a/o] (?) ||*ŋgie
 * ep ||*emDe
 * }

Basic vocabulary
Some lexical reconstructions by Usher (2020) are:


 * {| class="wikitable sortable"

! gloss !! Proto-Kolopom
 * head || *tipV; *mVrV[w]
 * hair/feathers || *muen[a]
 * ear/mind || ? *mVrVk; *[ndz][o/u]an
 * eye || *VnV
 * nose || *ŋgon
 * tooth || *t[e]r[a]k
 * tongue || *mepreŋg
 * blood || *iendz
 * breast/milk || *mam
 * louse || *nemeŋg
 * dog || *n[ia]
 * pig || *k[o/u][a]
 * egg || *uak
 * tree/wood || *nd[ua]t
 * man/person || *ndz[ia]p
 * woman/wife || *jowa[k]
 * moon || *kumbanV
 * water || *ndzu
 * stone || *mete
 * name || *n[e/a][k/ŋg]
 * two || *[j]enapa; *sVp
 * }
 * pig || *k[o/u][a]
 * egg || *uak
 * tree/wood || *nd[ua]t
 * man/person || *ndz[ia]p
 * woman/wife || *jowa[k]
 * moon || *kumbanV
 * water || *ndzu
 * stone || *mete
 * name || *n[e/a][k/ŋg]
 * two || *[j]enapa; *sVp
 * }
 * moon || *kumbanV
 * water || *ndzu
 * stone || *mete
 * name || *n[e/a][k/ŋg]
 * two || *[j]enapa; *sVp
 * }
 * name || *n[e/a][k/ŋg]
 * two || *[j]enapa; *sVp
 * }
 * }

Cognates
Cognates among Kolopom languages listed by Evans (2018):



! gloss !! Kimaghama !! Riantana !! Ndom !! Marori
 * + Kolopom family cognates
 * stone || mɛtɛ || mɛtoe || mɛtə || mɛrɛ / mara
 * cheek || cama || cəma || – || sama
 * name || nɛ || na || nar || neɣ / naw
 * rope || niɛ || na || nɛɣ || naʒ
 * }
 * name || nɛ || na || nar || neɣ / naw
 * rope || niɛ || na || nɛɣ || naʒ
 * }
 * }

Vocabulary comparison
The following basic vocabulary words are from McElhanon & Voorhoeve (1970) and Voorhoeve (1975), as cited in the Trans-New Guinea database:


 * {| class="wikitable sortable"

! gloss !! Kimaghima !! Ndom !! Riantana ! head ! hair ! eye ! tooth ! leg ! louse ! dog ! pig ! bird ! egg ! blood ! bone ! skin ! tree ! man ! sun ! water ! fire ! stone ! name ! eat ! one ! two
 * tuakwo || reːt || modo
 * muna || tomwen || rutivö
 * avuo || ununor || anömbö
 * travae || trex || tudömbo
 * kura || tur || teː
 * nöme || neːmön || nöme
 * nöe || wawant || nia
 * ku || yar || ku
 * axanemö || nembörfe || ne
 * wo || wax || winömbana
 * dörö || eth || yerana
 * duno || in || nduka
 * krara || krikir || kwika
 * do || ndör; ndua || ndör; ndua
 * ci || xarefe theref || rianoana
 * öre || wen || meːnoŋwa
 * cu || wer || rö
 * i || u || drö
 * mete || meːt || metö
 * ne || nar || ria
 * muye || xot || mora
 * növere || sas || meːbö
 * kave || thef || enava
 * }

Evolution
Kolopom reflexes of proto-Trans-New Guinea (pTNG) etyma are:

Kimaghana language:
 * kura ‘leg’ < *k(a,o)ndok[V]
 * nome ‘louse’ < *niman
 * nanu ‘older sibling’ < *nana(i)

Riantana language:
 * mu ‘breast’ < *amu
 * modo ‘head’ < *mVtVna
 * nome ‘louse’ < *niman