Kiwaian languages

The Kiwaian languages form a language family of New Guinea. They are a dialect cluster of half a dozen closely related languages. They are grammatically divergent from the Trans–New Guinea languages, and typically have singular, dual, trial, and plural pronouns.

Classification
The Trans–New Guinea identity of Kiwaiian is supported by a relatively large number of basic lexical items. Ross (2005) tentatively linked Kiwaiian to the erstwhile language isolate Porome. However, the evidence is only two pronouns, and the connection has not been accepted by other researchers.

Languages

 * Kiwaian family: Kiwai, Bamu–Gama, Kerewo–Morigi, Waboda

Kiwaian languages and respective demographic information listed by Evans (2018) are provided below.



! Language !! Location !! Population !! Alternate names
 * + List of Kiwaian languages
 * Southern Kiwai || Kiwai Rural LLG || 20,000 || Island Kiwai
 * Wabuda || Kiwai Rural LLG || 2,750 ||
 * Bamu || south Bamu Rural LLG || 6,310 ||
 * Northeast Kiwai || West Kikori Rural LLG || 6,000 || Urama
 * Kerewo || West Kikori Rural LLG || 1,090 ||
 * Morigi || West Kikori Rural LLG || ? ||
 * }
 * Northeast Kiwai || West Kikori Rural LLG || 6,000 || Urama
 * Kerewo || West Kikori Rural LLG || 1,090 ||
 * Morigi || West Kikori Rural LLG || ? ||
 * }
 * Morigi || West Kikori Rural LLG || ? ||
 * }

Phonemes
Usher (2020) reconstructs the consonant inventory as follows:




 * *m || *n || ||
 * *p || *t || *s || *k
 * *b || *d || || *g
 * *w || *ɾ || ||
 * }
 * *w || *ɾ || ||
 * }
 * }




 * *i || || *u
 * *e || || *o
 * || *a ||
 * }
 * || *a ||
 * }

Pronouns
Usher (2020) reconstructs the pronouns as,



! !!sg!!pl !1 !2 !3
 * mo||*nimo
 * oɾo||*nigo
 * ?||*nei
 * }

Basic vocabulary
Some lexical reconstructions by Usher (2020) are:


 * {| class="wikitable sortable"

! gloss !! Proto-Kiwai
 * head/hair || *kepuɾu
 * hair/feather || *mus[ua]
 * ear || *gaɾe
 * eye || *idomaɾi
 * nose || *wodi
 * tooth || *ibo(-nVɾV)
 * tongue || *uototoɾo[p/b]e
 * leg/foot || *sakiɾo
 * blood || *kaɾima; *sa[w]i
 * bone || *soɾo
 * skin/bark || *tama
 * breast || *amo
 * louse || *nimo
 * dog || *[k]umu
 * bird || *wowogo
 * egg/fruit || *kikopu
 * tree || *nuk₂a; *kota
 * man/male || *dubu
 * woman || *oɾobo; *upi
 * sun/day || *saɾik₂i; *si[w]io
 * moon || *sagomi; *owe
 * water || *kobo
 * fire || *keɾa
 * stone || *(nok₂oɾa-)kopi
 * path || *gabo
 * name || *paini, *paina
 * eat/drink || *oɾuso (sg.), *iɾiso (pl.)
 * one || *nak[o/u]
 * two || *netoa
 * }
 * egg/fruit || *kikopu
 * tree || *nuk₂a; *kota
 * man/male || *dubu
 * woman || *oɾobo; *upi
 * sun/day || *saɾik₂i; *si[w]io
 * moon || *sagomi; *owe
 * water || *kobo
 * fire || *keɾa
 * stone || *(nok₂oɾa-)kopi
 * path || *gabo
 * name || *paini, *paina
 * eat/drink || *oɾuso (sg.), *iɾiso (pl.)
 * one || *nak[o/u]
 * two || *netoa
 * }
 * fire || *keɾa
 * stone || *(nok₂oɾa-)kopi
 * path || *gabo
 * name || *paini, *paina
 * eat/drink || *oɾuso (sg.), *iɾiso (pl.)
 * one || *nak[o/u]
 * two || *netoa
 * }
 * eat/drink || *oɾuso (sg.), *iɾiso (pl.)
 * one || *nak[o/u]
 * two || *netoa
 * }
 * two || *netoa
 * }

Evolution
Kiwaian reflexes of proto-Trans-New Guinea (pTNG) etyma are:

Southern Kiwai language:
 * magota ‘mouth’ < *maŋgat[a]
 * amo ‘breast < *amu
 * gare ‘ear’ < *kand(e,i)k(V]
 * pitu ‘fingernail’ < *mb(i,u)t(i,u)[C]
 * baba ‘father’ < *mbapa
 * sagana ‘moon’ < *takVn[V]
 * tuwo ‘ashes’ < *sumbu
 * era ‘tree’ < *inda
 * nimo ‘louse’ < *niman
 * epuru ‘head’ < *kV(mb,p)utu
 * kopu ‘short’ < *kutu(p,mb)a
 * abida ‘sister’ < *pi(n,nd)a

Other languages:
 * Waboda kepuru < *kV(mb,p)utu
 * Kerewo bena ‘shoulder’ < *mbena ‘arm’
 * Morigi kota ‘leg’ < *k(a,o)ndok[V]
 * N.E. Kiwai modi ‘nose’ < *mundu
 * Bamu kukamu ‘cold’ < *kukam(o,u)