Pawaia language

Pawaia, also known as Sira, Tudahwe, Yasa, is a Papuan language that forms a tentative independent branch of the Trans–New Guinea family in the classification of Malcolm Ross (2005).

Distribution
Pawaia is spoken in:
 * Chimbu Province: Karimui District
 * Eastern Highlands Province: Lufa District and Okapa District, Lamari River
 * Gulf Province: Baimuru Rural LLG, Purari River near Oroi

Classification
Although Pawaia has reflexes of proto-Trans–New Guinea vocabulary, Ross considers its inclusion questionable on available evidence. Usher classifies it instead with the Teberan languages. Noting insufficient evidence, Pawley and Hammarström (2018) leave it as unclassified rather than as part of Trans-New Guinea.

Pawley and Hammarström (2018) do not consider there to be sufficient evidence for Pawaia to be classified as part of Trans-New Guinea, though they do note the following lexical resemblances between Pawaia and proto-Trans-New Guinea.


 * emi ‘breast’ < *amu
 * in ‘tree’ < *inda
 * su ‘tooth’ < *(s,t)i(s,t)i

Phonology
Pawaia is also tonal, contrasting high and low tone.

Vocabulary
The following basic vocabulary words are from Macdonald (1973) and Trefry (1969), as cited in the Trans-New Guinea database:


 * {| class="wikitable sortable"

! gloss !! Pawaia
 * head || mu
 * hair || muse; sị
 * ear || nȩᶦ; nɛ̣i
 * eye || to; toᵘ
 * nose || ho; họ
 * tooth || su
 * tongue || ha̧pi; hɛmina
 * leg || hɛ; si̧ʔi̧
 * louse || po; poř
 * dog || hạ; hɛ̧
 * pig || ya
 * bird || deř; ge
 * egg || ge džu; yo
 * blood || sɛni; su̧
 * bone || džɛmɛ; yɛmi
 * skin || hɛʔȩ; hɛi
 * breast || ɛmi
 * tree || i̧; in
 * man || džʌʔla; yala
 * woman || oi; u
 * sun || ol; olsuɛ; sia
 * moon || we; wɛ
 * water || sa
 * fire || sia
 * stone || tobu; topu
 * road, path || sụ
 * name || hɛʔɛpi; hopi
 * eat || hatisụɛ; ti haʔayɛ
 * one || pɛʔɛmi; pomi
 * two || naʔau; nau
 * }
 * skin || hɛʔȩ; hɛi
 * breast || ɛmi
 * tree || i̧; in
 * man || džʌʔla; yala
 * woman || oi; u
 * sun || ol; olsuɛ; sia
 * moon || we; wɛ
 * water || sa
 * fire || sia
 * stone || tobu; topu
 * road, path || sụ
 * name || hɛʔɛpi; hopi
 * eat || hatisụɛ; ti haʔayɛ
 * one || pɛʔɛmi; pomi
 * two || naʔau; nau
 * }
 * fire || sia
 * stone || tobu; topu
 * road, path || sụ
 * name || hɛʔɛpi; hopi
 * eat || hatisụɛ; ti haʔayɛ
 * one || pɛʔɛmi; pomi
 * two || naʔau; nau
 * }
 * eat || hatisụɛ; ti haʔayɛ
 * one || pɛʔɛmi; pomi
 * two || naʔau; nau
 * }
 * two || naʔau; nau
 * }