1790–91 United States House of Representatives elections

The 1790–91 United States House of Representatives elections were held on various dates in various states between April 27, 1790, and October 11, 1791. Each state set its own date for its elections to the House of Representatives before or after the first session of the 2nd United States Congress convened on October 24, 1791. This was the first midterm election cycle, which took place in the middle of President George Washington's first term. The size of the House increased to 67 seats after the new state of Vermont elected its first representatives.

While formal political parties still did not exist, coalitions of pro-Washington (pro-Administration) representatives and anti-Administration representatives each gained two seats as a result of the addition of new states to the union.

Speaker Frederick Muhlenberg was succeeded by Jonathan Trumbull Jr., who became the 2nd Speaker of the House.

Retirements
Either five or six incumbents did not seek re-election.

Anti-Administration

 * 1) Maryland 4: William Smith retired.
 * 2) Virginia 6: Isaac Coles retired.

Aedanus Burke, a U.S. representative from South Carolina's 2nd congressional district, either retired or lost re-election but it is not known

Pro-Administration

 * 1) Pennsylvania at-large: George Clymer retired.
 * 2) Pennsylvania at-large: Henry Wynkoop retired.
 * 3) Pennsylvania at-large: Thomas Scott retired.

Election summaries
In this period, each state fixed its own date for congressional general elections, as early as April 27, 1790 (in New York) and as late as October 11, 1791 (in Pennsylvania). Elections to a Congress took place both in the even-numbered year before and in the odd-numbered year when the Congress convened. In some states, the congressional delegation was not elected until after the legal start of the Congress (on the 4th day of March in the odd-numbered year). The first session of this Congress was convened in Philadelphia on October 24, 1791.

Kentucky and Vermont became states during the 2nd Congress, adding two seats each. The legislation admitted Vermont was passed at the end of the 1st Congress taking effect on March 4, 1791, the first day of the 2nd Congress, so that Vermont was represented from the start of the Congress, while Kentucky was unrepresented until the 2nd session.



Special elections
There were special elections in 1790 and 1791 during the 1st United States Congress and 2nd United States Congress. New states and newly ratified states are not included as special elections.

Elections are sorted by date then district.

1st Congress
! VA's 9th congressional district
 * Theodorick Bland
 * | Anti-Administration
 * 1789
 * | Incumbent died June 1, 1790. New member elected July 1790. Anti-Administration hold. Winner was later elected to the next term, see below.
 * nowrap | ✅ William B. Giles (Anti-Administration) 54.5%

Thomas Edmunds (Pro-Administration) 45.5%

! CT At-large
 * Pierpont Edwards
 * | Pro-Administration
 * 1790
 * | Predecessor declined election. New member elected December 16, 1790. Pro-Administration hold. Winner had already been elected to the next term, see below.
 * nowrap | ✅ Jeremiah Wadsworth (Pro-Administration) 48.6%

Amasa Learned (Pro-Administration) 23.9%

Benjamin Huntington (Pro-Administration) 13.2%

Tapping Reeve (Unknown) 8.1%

Stephen M. Mitchell (Unknown) 4.1%

James Davenport (Unknown) 1.5%

John Chester (Unknown) 0.7%


 * }

2nd Congress
! NY's 1st congressional district
 * colspan=3 | Vacant
 * | Representative-elect James Townsend (Pro-Administration) died May 24, 1790. New member elected April 26–28, 1791. Anti-Administration gain.
 * nowrap | ✅ Thomas Tredwell (Anti-Administration) 26.2%

John Vanderbilt (Pro-Administration) 19.2%

Henry Peters (Pro-Administration) 14.5%

Ezra L'Hommedieu (Anti-Administration) 14.2%

Stephen Carman (Anti-Administration) 14.1%

Isaac Ledyard (Pro-Administration) 11.8%

! CT At-large
 * Roger Sherman
 * | Pro-Administration
 * 1790
 * | Incumbent-and-Representative-elect resigned March 31, 1791, to become U.S. Senator. New member elected September 19, 1791. Pro-Administration hold.
 * nowrap | ✅ Amasa Learned (Pro-Administration)

! MD's 3rd congressional district
 * William Pinkney
 * | Pro-Administration
 * 1790
 * | Incumbent resigned. New member elected October 26–29, 1791. Anti-Administration gain. Winner seated February 5, 1792.
 * nowrap | ✅ John Francis Mercer (Anti-Administration)

Unopposed


 * }

Connecticut
Connecticut elected all five of its representatives at-large on a general ticket on September 20, 1790.

! rowspan=5 | Connecticut At-large 5 seats
 * Roger Sherman
 * | Pro-Administration
 * 1788
 * Incumbent re-elected. Winner declined to serve and a new member would later be elected in a special election.
 * nowrap rowspan=5 | ✅ Roger Sherman (Pro-Administration) 2,969 votes

✅ Pierpont Edwards (Pro-Administration) 2,239 votes

✅ James Hillhouse (Pro-Administration) 2,035 votes

✅ Jonathan Sturges (Pro-Administration) 1,730 votes

✅ Jonathan Trumbull Jr. (Pro-Administration) 1,720 votes

Tapping Reeve 1,672 votes

Jeremiah Wadsworth (Pro-Administration) 1,658 votes

Amasa Learned (Pro-Administration) 1,463 votes

Stephen M. Mitchell (Pro-Administration) 1,435 votes

Benjamin Huntington 1,372 votes

John Chester 881 votes

James Davenport (Pro-Administration) 786 votes


 * Benjamin Huntington
 * | Pro-Administration
 * 1788
 * | Incumbent lost re-election. New member elected. Pro-Administration hold.
 * | Incumbent lost re-election. New member elected. Pro-Administration hold.


 * Jonathan Sturges
 * | Pro-Administration
 * 1788
 * Incumbent re-elected.
 * Incumbent re-elected.


 * Jonathan Trumbull Jr.
 * | Pro-Administration
 * 1788
 * Incumbent re-elected.
 * Incumbent re-elected.


 * Jeremiah Wadsworth
 * | Pro-Administration
 * 1788
 * | Incumbent lost re-election. New member elected. Pro-Administration hold. Winner declined to serve and the incumbent was re-elected in a special election.
 * | Incumbent lost re-election. New member elected. Pro-Administration hold. Winner declined to serve and the incumbent was re-elected in a special election.


 * }

There were two subsequent special elections. The first was held to fill the vacancy left by Pierpont Edwards (Pro-Administration) declining to serve and was won by Jeremiah Wadsworth (Pro-Administration). The second was held September 19, 1791, to fill the vacancy left by Roger Sherman (Pro-Administration)'s election to the Senate and was won by Amasa Learned (Pro-Administration).

Delaware
! Delaware At-large
 * John M. Vining
 * | Pro-Administration
 * 1789
 * Incumbent re-elected.
 * nowrap | ✅ John M. Vining (Pro-Administration) 50.3%

Joshua Clayton (Pro-Administration) 28.9%

Thomas Duff 20.8%


 * }

Georgia
Georgia switched to a conventional district system for the Second Congress. At the time, the districts were not numbered, but are retroactively renumbered as the Georgia's 1st congressional district, Georgia's 2nd congressional district, and Georgia's 3rd congressional district respectively here.

! Georgia's 1st congressional district "Southern (or Eastern) District"
 * James Jackson
 * | Anti-Administration
 * 1789
 * | Incumbent lost re-election. New member elected. Anti-Administration hold. Election was subsequently challenged, the House determined that electoral fraud had occurred, and the seat was declared void.
 * nowrap | ✅ Anthony Wayne (Anti-Administration) 50.4%

James Jackson (Anti-Administration) 49.5%

Others 0.2%

! Georgia's 2nd congressional district "Middle District"
 * Abraham Baldwin
 * | Anti-Administration
 * 1789
 * Incumbent re-elected.
 * nowrap | ✅ Abraham Baldwin (Anti-Administration) 56.2%

Thomas P. Carnes (Anti-Administration)

James Jackson (Anti-Administration) 1.2%

John Jones 0.3%

! Georgia's 3rd congressional district "Northern (or Western) District"
 * George Mathews
 * | Anti-Administration
 * 1789
 * | Incumbent lost re-election. New member elected. Anti-Administration hold.
 * nowrap | ✅ Francis Willis (Anti-Administration) 66.5%

George Mathews (Anti-Administration) 33.5%


 * }

Kentucky
Kentucky was admitted during the 2nd Congress and elected its first representatives in 1792.

Maryland
Under Maryland law for the election for the 1st and 2nd Congresses "candidates were elected at-large but had to be residents of a specific district with the statewide vote determining winners from each district."

In Maryland, two local factions briefly emerged, the Chesapeake and Potomac (or Potowmack) "parties". The Potomac faction, consisting of individuals from the small counties of southern Maryland and the Eastern Shore, aimed to maintain their status by curbing the increasing influence of the city of Baltimore and the more populous counties. To do so, they supported the development of the federal city and a canal on the Potomac River to secure their economic future. Conversely, the Chesapeake faction advocated for Baltimore's growth. Their strategy involved improving the Susquehanna River to channel the lucrative wheat trade from western Maryland and Pennsylvania through Baltimore. They also believed that political representation should reflect population growth patterns rather than be defined by the counties. They feared that a canal on the Potomac River would undermine Baltimore's prosperity by diverting trade to competitors like Georgetown, the proposed federal city, and Alexandria.

Temporarily setting aside differences at the national level, the "Chesapeake Ticket" was formed to punish incumbents who had supported the Potomac location for the proposed federal city. A "Potomac Ticket" was organized and led by Governor Smallwood. Turnout in Baltimore was around 99%, and almost every ballot was cast for the Chesapeake Ticket. Statewide, the ticket won an overwhelming majority, securing all six seats. This victory threatened the county-based rural oligarchy, prompting the House of Delegates to transition from a mixed system to a district-based system on December 19, 1790. Under this new system, all of Baltimore's votes would go to just one representative, Hartford County was grouped with Kent and Cecil Counties, and Anne Arundel County was grouped with Prince George's County and Annapolis. With the base of the Chesapeake "party" split between three districts, the Chesapeake faction would disappear. The political pattern created by this division would, however, "linger on indefinitely."

! Maryland's 1st congressional district
 * Michael J. Stone
 * | Anti-Administration
 * 1789
 * | Incumbent lost re-election. New member elected. Pro-Administration gain.
 * nowrap | ✅ Philip Key (Chesapeake; Pro-Administration) 56.8%

Michael J. Stone (Potomac; Anti-Administration) 43.2%

! Maryland's 2nd congressional district
 * Joshua Seney
 * | Anti-Administration
 * 1789
 * Incumbent re-elected.
 * nowrap | ✅ Joshua Seney (Chesapeake; Anti-Administration) 57.1%

James Tilghman (Potomac) 42.9%

! Maryland's 3rd congressional district
 * Benjamin Contee
 * | Anti-Administration
 * 1789
 * | Incumbent lost re-election. New member elected. Pro-Administration gain. Winner later resigned due to questions of ineligibility due to his residence and was replaced in a special election by John Francis Mercer (Anti-Administration).
 * nowrap | ✅ William Pinkney (Chesapeake; Pro-Administration) 61.6%

Benjamin Contee (Potomac; Anti-Administration) 38.4%

! Maryland's 4th congressional district
 * William Smith
 * | Anti-Administration
 * 1789
 * | Incumbent retired. New member elected. Anti-Administration hold.
 * nowrap | ✅ Samuel Sterett (Chesapeake; Anti-Administration) 100%

! Maryland's 5th congressional district
 * George Gale
 * | Pro-Administration
 * 1789
 * | Incumbent lost re-election. New member elected. Pro-Administration hold.
 * nowrap | ✅ William Vans Murray (Chesapeake; Pro-Administration) 56.4%

George Gale (Potomac; Pro-Administration) 43.6%

! Maryland's 6th congressional district
 * Daniel Carroll
 * | Pro-Administration
 * 1789
 * | Incumbent lost re-election. New member elected. Anti-Administration gain.
 * nowrap | ✅ Upton Sheredine (Chesapeake; Anti-Administration) 55.5%

Daniel Carroll (Potomac; Pro-Administration) 44.5%


 * }

Massachusetts
Massachusetts law required a majority for election. This condition was met in four of the eight districts, the remaining four required between 2 and 9 ballots for election.

! Massachusetts's 1st congressional district
 * Fisher Ames
 * | Pro-Administration
 * 1788
 * Incumbent re-elected.
 * nowrap | ✅ Fisher Ames (Pro-Administration) 75.1%

Benjamin Austin 16.1%

Thomas Dawes 8.8%

! Massachusetts's 2nd congressional district
 * Benjamin Goodhue
 * | Pro-Administration
 * 1789
 * Incumbent re-elected.
 * nowrap | ✅ Benjamin Goodhue (Pro-Administration) 88.8%

Samuel Holten 11.2%

! Massachusetts's 3rd congressional district
 * Elbridge Gerry
 * | Anti-Administration
 * 1789
 * Incumbent re-elected.
 * nowrap | ✅ Elbridge Gerry (Anti-Administration) 60.4%

Nathaniel Gorham 39.6%

! Massachusetts's 4th congressional district
 * Theodore Sedgwick
 * | Pro-Administration
 * 1789
 * Incumbent re-elected.
 * nowrap | ✅ Theodore Sedgwick (Pro-Administration) 75.0%

Samuel Lyman (Pro-Administration) 16.3%

Scattering 8.7%

! Massachusetts's 5th congressional district
 * George Partridge
 * | Pro-Administration
 * 1788
 * | Incumbent resigned August 14, 1790. New member elected. Pro-Administration hold.
 * nowrap | First ballot (October 4, 1790):Shearjashub Bourne (Pro-Administration) 41.8% Thomas Davis 37.3% Joshua Thomas 20.9% Second ballot (November 26, 1790): ✅ Shearjashub Bourne (Pro-Administration) 65.3%

Joshua Thomas 27.2%

Thomas Davis 7.5%

! Massachusetts's 6th congressional district
 * George Leonard Redistricted from the 7th district
 * | Pro-Administration
 * 1788
 * Incumbent re-elected.
 * nowrap | First ballot (October 4, 1790):Walter Spooner 25.5%

Phanuel Bishop (Anti-Administration) 22.6%

George Leonard (Pro-Administration) 22.3%

Peleg Coffin Jr. (Pro-Administration) 16.7%

David Cobb 12.9%

Second ballot (November 26, 1790):

Walter Spooner 24.8%

Phanuel Bishop (Anti-Administration) 28.4%

George Leonard (Pro-Administration) 12.5%

Peleg Coffin Jr. (Pro-Administration) 25.7%

David Cobb 8.6%

Third ballot (January 25, 1791):

Walter Spooner 28.3%

Phanuel Bishop (Anti-Administration) 33.9%

George Leonard (Pro-Administration) 8.5%

Peleg Coffin Jr. (Pro-Administration) 24.0%

David Cobb 5.3%

Fourth ballot (April 4, 1791):

Walter Spooner 38.8%

Phanuel Bishop (Anti-Administration) 38.8%

George Leonard (Pro-Administration) 5.3%

Peleg Coffin Jr. (Pro-Administration) 15.7%

David Cobb 1.5%

Fifth ballot (July 18, 1791):

Walter Spooner 6.6%

Phanuel Bishop (Anti-Administration) 42.3%

George Leonard (Pro-Administration) 29.3%

Peleg Coffin Jr. (Pro-Administration) 21.8%

Sixth ballot (September 8, 1791):

Phanuel Bishop (Anti-Administration) 42.2%

George Leonard (Pro-Administration) 41.6%

Peleg Coffin Jr. (Pro-Administration) 16.2%

Seventh ballot (November 11, 1791):

Phanuel Bishop (Anti-Administration) 32.0%

George Leonard (Pro-Administration) 45.6%

Peleg Coffin Jr. (Pro-Administration) 22.5%

Eighth ballot (December 26, 1791):

Phanuel Bishop (Anti-Administration) 31.6%

George Leonard (Pro-Administration) 45.0%

Peleg Coffin Jr. (Pro-Administration) 22.2%

Ninth ballot (April 2, 1792):

✅ George Leonard (Pro-Administration) 55.6%

Phanuel Bishop (Anti-Administration) 27.7%

Peleg Coffin Jr. (Pro-Administration) 16.7%

! Massachusetts's 7th congressional district
 * Jonathan Grout Redistricted from the 8th district
 * | Anti-Administration
 * 1789
 * | Incumbent lost re-election. New member elected. Pro-Administration gain.
 * nowrap | First ballot (October 4, 1790):Jonathan Grout (Anti-Administration) 39.1% Artemas Ward (Pro-Administration) 39.0% John Sprague 14.5% Nathan Tyler 7.4% Second ballot (November 26, 1790): ✅ Artemas Ward (Pro-Administration) 56.6%

Jonathan Grout (Anti-Administration) 43.4%

! Massachusetts's 8th congressional district
 * George Thatcher Redistricted from the 6th district
 * | Pro-Administration
 * 1788
 * Incumbent re-elected.
 * nowrap | First ballot (October 4, 1790):George Thatcher (Pro-Administration) 37.2% William Lithgow 22.3% Nathaniel Wells 16.1% Josiah Thatcher 9.2% William Martin 4.9% Arthur Noble 3.6% Daniel Davis 1.8% Peleg Wadsworth (Pro-Administration) 1.5% Second ballot (November 26, 1790):George Thatcher (Pro-Administration) 49.8% Nathaniel Wells 31.0% William Lithgow 14.8% Scattering 4.4% Third ballot (January 25, 1791):George Thatcher (Pro-Administration) 49.1% William Lithgow 39.7% Nathaniel Wells 11.2% Fourth ballot (April 4, 1791): ✅ George Thatcher (Pro-Administration) 52.3%

William Lithgow 41.1%

Nathaniel Wells 6.6%


 * }

New Hampshire
! rowspan=3 | New Hampshire At-large 3 seats on a general ticket
 * Abiel Foster
 * | Pro-Administration
 * 1789 (Special)
 * | Incumbent lost re-election. New member elected. Pro-Administration hold.
 * rowspan=3 nowrap | ✅ Samuel Livermore (Pro-Administration) 25.1%

✅ Jeremiah Smith (Pro-Administration) 13.1%

✅ Nicholas Gilman (Pro-Administration) 11.8%

John Samuel Sherburne (Anti-Administration) 11.1%

Abiel Foster (Pro-Administration) 8.5%

James Sheafe (Pro-Administration?) 7.8%

Nathaniel Peabody 7.0%

Others 15.5%


 * Samuel Livermore
 * | Anti-Administration
 * 1789
 * | Incumbent re-elected as Pro-Administration.
 * | Incumbent re-elected as Pro-Administration.


 * Nicholas Gilman
 * | Pro-Administration
 * 1789
 * Incumbent re-elected.
 * Incumbent re-elected.


 * }

New Jersey
! rowspan=4 | New Jersey At-large 4 seats on a general ticket
 * Elias Boudinot
 * | Pro-Administration
 * 1789
 * Incumbent re-elected.
 * rowspan=4 nowrap | ✅ Abraham Clark (Pro-Administration) 19.9%

✅ Jonathan Dayton (Pro-Administration) 13.8%

✅ Elias Boudinot (Pro-Administration) 13.7%

✅ Aaron Kitchell (Pro-Administration) 8.8%

Lambert Cadwalader (Pro-Administration) 7.0%

James Linn 5.5%

Thomas Sinnickson (Pro-Administration) 5.1%

Robert Hoops 4.9%

Thomas Henderson 3.7%

John Witherspoon 2.7%

John Beatty (Pro-Administration) 2.3%

John Sheppard 1.9%

Joseph Ellis 1.7%

Robert Ogden 1.5%

James Schureman (Pro-Administration) 1.5%

John Harring 1.1%

John Hugg 1.1%


 * Lambert Cadwalader
 * | Pro-Administration
 * 1789
 * | Incumbent lost re-election. New member elected. Pro-Administration hold.
 * | Incumbent lost re-election. New member elected. Pro-Administration hold.


 * James Schureman
 * | Pro-Administration
 * 1789
 * | Incumbent lost re-election. New member elected. Pro-Administration hold.
 * | Incumbent lost re-election. New member elected. Pro-Administration hold.


 * Thomas Sinnickson
 * | Pro-Administration
 * 1789
 * | Incumbent lost re-election. New member elected. Pro-Administration hold.
 * | Incumbent lost re-election. New member elected. Pro-Administration hold.


 * }

New York
New York's districts were not numbered at the time, therefore the numbering here is retroactive.

! New York's 1st congressional district
 * William Floyd
 * | Anti-Administration
 * 1789
 * Incumbent lost re-election. New member elected. Pro-Administration gain. Winner died May 24, 1790, before the start of the 2nd Congress. A special election was then held (see above), leading to an Anti-Administration hold.
 * nowrap | ✅ James Townsend (Pro-Administration) 35.5%

John Vanderbilt (Pro-Administration) 19.6%

William Floyd (Anti-Administration) 19.1%

Thomas Tredwell (Anti-Administration) 17.0%

Ezra L'Hommedieu (Anti-Administration) 8.8%

! New York's 2nd congressional district
 * John Laurance
 * | Pro-Administration
 * 1789
 * Incumbent re-elected.
 * nowrap | ✅ John Laurance (Pro-Administration) 98.4%

Melancton Smith (Anti-Administration) 1.6%

! New York's 3rd congressional district
 * Egbert Benson
 * | Pro-Administration
 * 1789
 * Incumbent re-elected.
 * nowrap | ✅ Egbert Benson (Pro-Administration) 60.8%

Theodorus Bailey (Anti-Administration) 39.2%

! New York's 4th congressional district
 * John Hathorn
 * | Anti-Administration
 * 1789
 * | Incumbent lost re-election. New member elected. Anti-Administration hold.
 * nowrap | ✅ Cornelius C. Schoonmaker (Anti-Administration) 52.1%

Peter Van Gaasbeck (Pro-Administration) 43.7%

John Hathorn (Anti-Administration) 3.5%

Christopher Tappen (Anti-Administration) 0.8%

! New York's 5th congressional district
 * Peter Silvester
 * | Pro-Administration
 * 1789
 * Incumbent re-elected.
 * nowrap | ✅ Peter Silvester (Pro-Administration) 58.4%

John Livingston (Anti-Administration) 41.6%

! New York's 6th congressional district
 * Jeremiah Van Rensselaer
 * | Anti-Administration
 * 1789
 * | Incumbent lost re-election. New member elected. Pro-Administration gain.
 * nowrap | ✅ James Gordon (Pro-Administration) 59.0%

Jeremiah Van Rensselaer (Anti-Administration) 41.0%


 * }

North Carolina
North Carolina ratified the Constitution November 21, 1789, and elected its representatives after admission.

1st Congress
! North Carolina's 1st congressional district "Roanoke division"
 * colspan=3 | State ratified the U.S. Constitution November 21, 1789.
 * | First member elected March 24, 1790. Anti-Administration win. Winner was later elected to the next term, see below.
 * nowrap | ✅ John B. Ashe (Anti-Administration) 48.9%

Nathaniel Macon (Anti-Administration) 41.5%

Stephen Moore 8.9%

Parsons 0.7%

! North Carolina's 2nd congressional district "Edenton and New Bern division"
 * colspan=3 | State ratified the U.S. Constitution November 21, 1789.
 * | First member elected March 24, 1790. Anti-Administration win. Winner was later elected to the next term, see below.
 * nowrap | ✅ Hugh Williamson (Anti-Administration) 73.9%

Stephen Cabarrus 26.0%

! North Carolina's 3rd congressional district "Cape Fear division"
 * colspan=3 | State ratified the U.S. Constitution November 21, 1789.
 * | First member elected March 24, 1790. Anti-Administration win. Winner later lost re-election to the next term, see below.
 * nowrap | ✅ Timothy Bloodworth (Anti-Administration) 98.4%

Benjamin Smith 1.6%

! North Carolina's 4th congressional district "Yadkin division"
 * colspan=3 | State ratified the U.S. Constitution November 21, 1789.
 * | First member elected March 24, 1790. Pro-Administration win. Winner was later elected to the next term, see below.
 * nowrap | ✅ John Steele (Pro-Administration)

Joseph MacDowell

Waightstill Avery

! North Carolina's 5th congressional district "Western division"
 * colspan=3 | State ratified the U.S. Constitution November 21, 1789.
 * | First member elected March 24, 1790. Pro-Administration win. District covered areas beyond the Appalachian Mountains that were ceded to in May 1790 to form the Southwest Territory, but member retained seat for the remainder of term.
 * nowrap | ✅ John Sevier (Pro-Administration)


 * }

2nd Congress
Due to the cession of North Carolina's trans-Appalachian territory to form the Southwest Territory, the territory of the old North Carolina's 5th congressional district was lost. North Carolina retained the same number of Representatives, and so it redistricted for the Second Congress.

! North Carolina's 1st congressional district "Yadkin Division"
 * John Steele Redistricted from the 4th district
 * | Pro-Administration
 * 1790
 * Incumbent re-elected.
 * nowrap | ✅ John Steele (Pro-Administration) 87.3%

Joseph MacDowell (Anti-Administration) 12.7%

! North Carolina's 2nd congressional district "Centre Division"
 * colspan=3 | None (District created)
 * | New seat Anti-Administration gain.
 * nowrap | ✅ Nathaniel Macon (Anti-Administration)

Alexander Mebane (Anti-Administration)

! North Carolina's 3rd congressional district
 * John Baptista Ashe Redistricted from the 1st district
 * | Anti-Administration
 * 1790
 * Incumbent re-elected.
 * nowrap | ✅ Jonathan B. Ashe (Anti-Administration)

! North Carolina's 4th congressional district "Albemarle Division"
 * Hugh Williamson Redistricted from the 2nd district
 * | Anti-Administration
 * 1790
 * Incumbent re-elected.
 * nowrap | ✅ Hugh Williamson (Anti-Administration)

Charles Johnson (Anti-Administration)

! North Carolina's 5th congressional district "Cape Fear Division"
 * Timothy Bloodworth Redistricted from the 3rd district
 * | Anti-Administration
 * 1790
 * | Incumbent lost re-election. New member elected. Pro-Administration gain.
 * nowrap | ✅ William B. Grove (Pro-Administration) 65.2%

Timothy Bloodworth (Anti-Administration) 34.6%

Benjamin Smith (Pro-Administration) 0.2%


 * }

Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania had elected its Representatives at-large in the 1st Congress, but switched to using districts in the 2nd Congress. Five incumbents ran for re-election, four of whom won, while three others retired leaving three open seats. Two districts had no incumbents residing in them, while one (the PA's 8th congressional district) had a single representative who declined to run for re-election and one (the PA's 2nd congressional district) had three incumbents, only one of whom ran for re-election.

! Pennsylvania's 1st congressional district
 * Thomas Fitzsimons Redistricted from the PA's at-large congressional district
 * | Pro-Administration
 * 1788
 * Incumbent re-elected.
 * nowrap | ✅ Thomas Fitzsimons (Pro-Administration) 85.1%

Charles Thomson (Anti-Administration) 14.9%

! rowspan=3 | Pennsylvania's 2nd congressional district
 * Frederick Muhlenberg Redistricted from the PA's at-large congressional district
 * | Pro-Administration
 * 1788
 * Incumbent re-elected.
 * rowspan=3 valign=top | ✅ Frederick Muhlenberg (Pro-Administration)

Amos Greg (Anti-Administration)

"Dr." Jones


 * George Clymer Redistricted from the PA's at-large congressional district
 * | Pro-Administration
 * 1788
 * | Incumbent retired. Pro-Administration loss.
 * | Incumbent retired. Pro-Administration loss.


 * Henry Wynkoop Redistricted from the PA's at-large congressional district
 * | Pro-Administration
 * 1788
 * | Incumbent retired. Pro-Administration loss.
 * | Incumbent retired. Pro-Administration loss.

! Pennsylvania's 3rd congressional district
 * Peter Muhlenberg Redistricted from the PA's at-large congressional district
 * | Anti-Administration
 * 1788
 * | Incumbent lost re-election. New member elected. Pro-Administration gain.
 * nowrap | ✅ Israel Jacobs (Pro-Administration) 61.2%

Peter Muhlenberg (Anti-Administration) 38.8%

! Pennsylvania's 4th congressional district
 * Daniel Hiester Redistricted from the PA's at-large congressional district
 * | Anti-Administration
 * 1788
 * Incumbent re-elected.
 * nowrap | ✅ Daniel Hiester (Anti-Administration)

! Pennsylvania's 5th congressional district
 * colspan=3 | None (District created)
 * | New seat. New member elected. Pro-Administration gain.
 * nowrap | ✅ John W. Kittera (Pro-Administration)

! Pennsylvania's 6th congressional district
 * colspan=3 | None (District created)
 * | New seat. New member elected. Anti-Administration gain.
 * nowrap | ✅ Andrew Gregg (Anti-Administration) 51.2%

John Allison (Pro-Administration) 18.3%

James McLean (Anti-Administration) 10.9%

Thomas Johnston (Pro-Administration) 10.3%

William Montgomery (Anti-Administration) 9.3%

! Pennsylvania's 7th congressional district
 * Thomas Hartley Redistricted from the PA's at-large congressional district
 * | Pro-Administration
 * 1788
 * Incumbent re-elected.
 * nowrap | ✅ Thomas Hartley (Pro-Administration) 71.1%

William Irvine (Anti-Administration) 28.9%

! Pennsylvania's 8th congressional district
 * Thomas Scott Redistricted from the PA's at-large congressional district
 * | Pro-Administration
 * 1788
 * | Incumbent retired. New member elected. Anti-Administration gain.
 * nowrap | ✅ William Findley (Anti-Administration) 65.2%

John Woods (Pro-Administration) 34.8%


 * }

1st Congress
Rhode Island ratified the Constitution May 29, 1790. It elected its representatives after admission.

! Rhode Island At-large
 * colspan=3 | State ratified the U.S. Constitution May 29, 1790.
 * | First member elected August 31, 1790. Pro-Administration win. Winner was later elected to the next term, see below.
 * nowrap | ✅ Benjamin Bourne (Pro-Administration) 72.7%

Job Comstock 23.2%

James Sheldon 3.4%


 * }

2nd Congress
Rhode Island held elections for the 2nd Congress on October 18, 1790, about six weeks after elections for the 1st Congress due to the state's late ratification of the Constitution.

! Rhode Island At-large
 * Benjamin Bourne
 * | Pro-Administration
 * August 1790
 * Incumbent re-elected.
 * nowrap | ✅ Benjamin Bourne (Pro-Administration) 56.6%

Paul Mumford 33.0%

James Sheldon 10.1%


 * }

South Carolina
! South Carolina's 1st congressional district "Charleston Division"
 * William L. Smith
 * | Pro-Administration
 * 1788
 * Incumbent re-elected.
 * nowrap | ✅ William L. Smith (Pro-Administration)

! South Carolina's 2nd congressional district "Beaufort Division"
 * Aedanus Burke
 * | Anti-Administration
 * 1788
 * | Unknown if incumbent retired or lost re-election. New member elected. Pro-Administration gain.
 * nowrap | ✅ Robert Barnwell (Pro-Administration)

! South Carolina's 3rd congressional district "Georgetown Division"
 * Daniel Huger
 * | Pro-Administration
 * 1788
 * Incumbent re-elected.
 * nowrap | ✅ Daniel Huger (Pro-Administration)

! South Carolina's 4th congressional district "Camden Division"
 * Thomas Sumter
 * | Anti-Administration
 * 1788
 * Incumbent re-elected.
 * nowrap | ✅ Thomas Sumter (Anti-Administration)

! South Carolina's 5th congressional district "Ninety-Six Division"
 * Thomas Tudor Tucker
 * | Anti-Administration
 * 1788
 * Incumbent re-elected.
 * nowrap | ✅ Thomas Tudor Tucker (Anti-Administration)


 * }

Vermont
Vermont was admitted at the end of the First Congress, with the admission taking effect at the start of the Second Congress. Vermont was entitled to elect two representatives. Vermont law at the time required a majority to win an office. In the Vermont's 1st congressional district, no candidate won a majority, necessitating a run-off.

! Vermont's 1st congressional district "Western Division"
 * colspan=3 | New state admitted.
 * | First member elected. Anti-Administration win.
 * nowrap | First ballot (July 13, 1791):Matthew Lyon (Anti-Administration?) 28.7% Israel Smith (Anti-Administration) 24.6% Isaac Tichenor (Pro-Administration) 22.7% Samuel Hitchcock 18.1% Ira Allen 2.3% Ebenezer Marvin 1.6% Gideon Olin 1.3% Others 0.7% Second ballot (September 6, 1791): ✅ Israel Smith (Anti-Administration) 68.4%

Matthew Lyon (Anti-Administration?) 29.4%

Isaac Tichenor 2.2%

! Vermont's 2nd congressional district "Eastern Division"
 * colspan=3 | New state admitted.
 * | First member elected. Anti-Administration win.
 * nowrap | ✅ Nathaniel Niles (Anti-Administration)

Stephen Jacob

Daniel Buck (Pro-Administration)


 * }

Virginia
! Virginia's 1st congressional district
 * Alexander White
 * | Pro-Administration
 * 1789
 * Incumbent re-elected.
 * nowrap | ✅ Alexander White (Pro-Administration) 93.3%

J.P. Duvall 6.7%

! Virginia's 2nd congressional district
 * John Brown
 * | Anti-Administration
 * 1789
 * Incumbent re-elected.
 * nowrap | ✅ John Brown (Anti-Administration)

James M. Marshall

! Virginia's 3rd congressional district
 * Andrew Moore
 * | Anti-Administration
 * 1789
 * Incumbent re-elected.
 * nowrap | ✅ Andrew Moore (Anti-Administration)

! Virginia's 4th congressional district
 * Richard Bland Lee
 * | Pro-Administration
 * 1789
 * Incumbent re-elected.
 * nowrap | ✅ Richard Bland Lee (Pro-Administration) 62.1%

Arthur Lee 37.9%

! Virginia's 5th congressional district
 * James Madison
 * | Anti-Administration
 * 1789
 * Incumbent re-elected.
 * nowrap | ✅ James Madison (Anti-Administration) 97.8%

James Monroe (Anti-Administration) 2.2%

! Virginia's 6th congressional district
 * Isaac Coles
 * | Anti-Administration
 * 1789
 * | Incumbent retired. New member elected. Anti-Administration hold.
 * nowrap | ✅ Abraham B. Venable (Anti-Administration)

Charles Lintch

Charles Clay

! Virginia's 7th congressional district
 * John Page
 * | Anti-Administration
 * 1789
 * Incumbent re-elected.
 * nowrap | ✅ John Page (Anti-Administration)

Meriwether Smith

Francis Corbin

Henry Lee

! Virginia's 8th congressional district
 * Josiah Parker
 * | Anti-Administration
 * 1789
 * Incumbent re-elected.
 * nowrap | ✅ Josiah Parker (Anti-Administration) 76.1%

Isaac Avery 23.9%

! Virginia's 9th congressional district
 * William B. Giles
 * | Anti-Administration
 * 1790 (Special)
 * Incumbent re-elected.
 * nowrap | ✅ William B. Giles (Anti-Administration) 59.3%

Thomas Edmonds 40.6%

John Mason 0.1%

! Virginia's 10th congressional district
 * Samuel Griffin
 * | Pro-Administration
 * 1789
 * | Incumbent re-elected as Anti-Administration.
 * nowrap | ✅ Samuel Griffin (Anti-Administration)


 * }