Tucanoan languages

Tucanoan (also Tukanoan, Tukánoan) is a language family of Colombia, Brazil, Ecuador, and Peru.

Language contact
Jolkesky (2016) notes that there are lexical similarities with the Arutani, Paez, Sape, Taruma, Witoto-Okaina, Saliba-Hodi, Tikuna-Yuri, Pano, Barbakoa, Bora-Muinane, and Choko language families due to contact.

Chacon (2014)
There are two dozen Tucanoan languages. There is a clear binary split between Eastern Tucanoan and Western Tucanoan.


 * Tucanoan
 * Western Tucanoan
 * ?Cueretú (Kueretú)
 * Napo
 * Orejón (a.k.a. M'áíhɨ̃ki, Maijiki, Coto, Koto, Payoguaje, Payaguá, Payowahe, Payawá)
 * Correguaje–Secoya
 * Correguaje (Koreguaje, Korewahe, a.k.a. Caquetá)
 * Siona–Secoya (Upper Napo, Baicoca–Siecoca)
 * ?Macaguaje (a.k.a. Kakawahe, Piohé)
 * Siona (Bai Coca, Sioni, Pioje, Pioche-Sioni, Tetete)
 * Secoya (Sieko Coca, Airo Pai, Piohé)
 * ?Tama
 * Eastern Tucanoan
 * South
 * Tanimuca (a.k.a. Retuarã)
 * ?Yauna (Jaúna, Yahuna, Yaúna)
 * West
 * Barasana–Macuna
 * Macuna (a.k.a. Buhagana, Wahana, Makuna-Erulia, Makuna)
 * Barasana (Southern Barasano, a.k.a. Paneroa, Eduria, Edulia, Comematsa, Janera, Taibano, Taiwaeno, Taiwano)
 * Cubeo–Desano
 * Cubeo (Cuveo, Kobeua, Kubewa)
 * Yupua–Desano
 * ?Yupuá
 * Desano–Siriano (a.k.a. Desano)
 * East
 * Central
 * Tucano (Tukana, a.k.a. Dasea)
 * Waimaha–Tatuyo
 * Waimajã (a.k.a. Bara, Northern Barasano)
 * Tatuyo
 * North
 * Kotiria–Piratapuyo
 * Guanano (Wanana, Wanano, a.k.a. Kotedia, Kotiria, Wanana-Pirá)
 * Piratapuyo (a.k.a. Waikina, Uiquina)
 * Pisamira–Yuruti
 * Pisamira–Carapano (Carapana, Karapana)
 * Tuyuca–Yuruti
 * Tuyuka (Tejuca, Teyuka, Tuyuca, a.k.a. Bara, Barasana)
 * Yurutí

Plus unclassified Miriti.

Most languages are, or were, spoken in Colombia.

Jolkesky (2016)
Internal classification by Jolkesky (2016):

( = extinct)


 * Tukano
 * Tukano, Western
 * Kueretu
 * Tukano, Western, Nuclear
 * Mai Huna
 * Koreguaje-Pioje
 * Koreguaje-Tama
 * Koreguaje
 * Tama
 * Pioje (Baicoca–Siecoca)
 * Makaguaje
 * Sekoya
 * Siona
 * Tetete
 * Tukano, Eastern
 * Tanimuka; Retuarã; Yahuna
 * Tukano, Eastern, West
 * Kubeo-Desano
 * Kubeo
 * Desano-Yupua
 * Desano; Siriano
 * Yupua
 * Makuna; Barasano; Eduria
 * Tukano, Eastern, East
 * Tukano-Tatuyo
 * Tukano
 * Tatuyo-Bara-Waimaha
 * Tatuyo
 * Bara; Waimaha
 * Tuyuka-Wanano
 * Wanano-Piratapuyu
 * Wanano
 * Piratapuyo
 * Tuyuka-Karapanã
 * Karapanã; Pisamira
 * Tuyuka; Yuruti

Varieties
Below is a full list of Tucanoan language varieties listed by Loukotka (1968), including names of unattested varieties.


 * Western group
 * Tama - spoken on the Yarú River and Caguán River, Caquetá territory, Colombia, but now perhaps extinct.
 * Coreguaje - spoken at the sources of the Caquetá River, department of Cauca, Colombia.
 * Amaguaje / Encabellado / Rumo - extinct language once spoken on the Aguarico River, department of Loreto, Peru.
 * Siona / Zeona / Ceño / Kokakañú - language spoken at the sources of the Putumayo River and Caquetá River, Putumayo territory, Colombia.
 * Ificuene - spoken between the Güepi River and Aguarico River, Loreto. (Unattested.)
 * Eno - language spoken by a few individuals at the mouth of the San Miguel River, Caquetá territory, Colombia. (Unattested.)
 * Secoya - language spoken on the Putumayo River, Oriente province, Ecuador. (Johnson and Peeke 1962.)
 * Icaguate - extinct language once spoken on the Caucaya River and Putumayo River, Putumayo territory, Colombia.
 * Macaguaje - spoken in the same territory on the Mecaya River and Caucaya River and around Puerto Restrepo, by a few families.
 * Tetete / Eteteguaje - extinct language once spoken at the sources of the Güepi River, Loreto. (Unattested.)
 * Pioje / Angotero / Ancutere - spoken on the Napo River, Tarapoto River, and Aguarico River, Loreto.
 * Cóto / Payoguaje - spoken at the mouth of the Napo River, Loreto, Peru.


 * Yahuna group
 * Yahuna / Jaúna - spoken on the Apoporis River, territory of Amazonas, Colombia.
 * Tanimuca / Opaina - spoken by a small tribe on the Popeyaca River and Guacayá River, Amazonas, Colombia.
 * Dätuana - spoken north of the preceding tribe on the Apoporis River.
 * Menimehe - spoken by a very little known tribe at the mouth of the Mirití-paraná River and Caquetá River. (Unattested.)


 * Yupua group
 * Yupua / Hiupiá - spoken on the Coca River, a tributary of the Apoporis River, Colombia.
 * Kushiita - once spoken at the mouth of the Apoporis River, state of Amazonas, Brazil. Now perhaps extinct. (Unattested.)
 * Durina / Sokó - spoken on the Carapato River, Amazonas territory, Colombia.


 * Coretu group
 * Coretu / Kueretú - spoken on the Mirití-paraná River, state of Amazonas, Brazil.


 * Cubeo group
 * Cubeo / Kobéua / Kaniwa / Hahanana - spoken on the Caiarí River and Cuduiarí River, state of Amazonas, Brazil. Dialects are:
 * Dyuremáwa / Yiboia-tapuya - spoken on the Querarí River, Amazonas.
 * Bahukíwa / Bahuna - spoken by a tribe that originally spoke a language of the Arawak stock, on the Cuduiarí River.
 * Hehénawa - spoken on the Cuduiarí River.
 * Hölöua - spoken on the Cuduiarí River, now perhaps extinct. (Unattested.)


 * Särä group
 * Särä - spoken between the Tiquié River and Piraparaná River, Vaupés territory, Colombia.
 * Ömöa - spoken at the sources of the Tiquié River, Colombia.
 * Buhágana / Karawatana - spoken on the Piraparaná River, Colombia.
 * Macuna - spoken at the mouth of the Apoporis River, Colombia.


 * Erulia group
 * Erulia / Paboa / Eduria - spoken on the Piraparaná River, Colombia.
 * Tsaloa - spoken on the Piraparaná River.
 * Palänoa - spoken on the middle course of the Piraparaná River.


 * Desána group
 * Desána / Wína / Vina - spoken between the Tiquié River and Caiarí River, partly in Colombia and partly in Brazil.
 * Chiránga / Siriána - spoken on the Paca-igarapé River, Colombia.


 * Tucano group
 * Tucano / Tocano / Dace / Dagseje / Dajseá / Tocana - language of a large tribe that lived on the Vaupés and Tiquié River; state of Amazonas, Brazil.
 * Uaíana - on the Caiary River, Colombia.
 * Tuyuca / Doxcapura - spoken on the Tiquié River and Papury River, partly in Brazil, partly in Colombia.
 * Arapaso / Koréa - extinct language once spoken on the Yapú River, Amazonas, Brazil. The last survivors now speak only Tucano. (Unattested.)
 * Waikína / Uiquina / Uaíkana / Pira-tapuya - spoken on the Papury River, Colombia.
 * Uantya / Puçá-tapuya - once spoken on the Macú-igarapé River, Colombia.
 * Bará / Pocanga - spoken at the sources of the Tiquié River, Colombia.
 * Uasöna / Pisa-tapuya - spoken on the Caiary River, Colombia.
 * Tsölá / Teiuana - spoken on the Tiquié River and Piraparaná River, Colombia.
 * Urubú-tapuyo - extinct language once spoken at the sources of the Caiary River, Colombia.
 * Pamöá / Tatú-tapuyo - spoken at the sources of the Papury River and on the Tuyigarapé, Colombia.
 * Patsoca / Iuruty-tapuyo - once spoken on the Abio River and Apoporis River, Colombia.
 * Möxdöá / Carapana-tapuya - spoken between the Papury River and Caiary River, Colombia.
 * Uanána / Wanána / Kotédia - spoken on the Caiarí River near the Cachoeira dos Araras, Brazil.

Vocabulary
Loukotka (1968) lists the following basic vocabulary items.

Proto-language
Proto-Tukanoan reconstructions by Chacon (2013):