Worrorran languages

The Worrorran (Wororan) languages are a small family of Australian Aboriginal languages spoken in northern Western Australia.

The Worrorran languages fall into three dialect clusters:


 * Worrorran
 * the Northern Worrorran group, known as Wunambal and related dialects
 * the Eastern Worrorran group, known as Ngarinyin, a.k.a. Ungarinyin, and related dialects
 * the Western Worrorran group, known as Worrorra, and related dialects

In addition, Gulunggulu is unattested but presumably a Worrorran lect.

Validity


There has been debate over whether the Worrorran languages are demonstrably related to one another, or constitute a geographical language group.

Dixon (2002) considers them to be language isolates with no demonstrable relationship other than that of a Sprachbund.

However, more recent literature differs from Dixon:
 * Rumsey and McGregor (2009) demonstrate the cohesiveness of the family and its reconstructibility, and;
 * Bowern (2011) accepts the Worroorran languages as a family.

Vocabulary
Capell (1940) lists the following basic vocabulary items for the Worrorran languages:


 * {| class="wikitable sortable"

! English ! Ungarinyin !! Munumburu !! Woljamidi !! Unggumi !! Worora !! Wunambal (1) !! Wunambal (2) !! Gambre !! Bargu !! Gwiːni ! man ! woman ! head ! eye ! nose ! mouth ! tongue ! stomach ! bone ! blood ! kangaroo ! opossum ! emu ! crow ! fly ! sun ! moon ! fire ! smoke ! water
 * aɽi, aɽu || aɽi || aɽi || aɖi || idja || ɛndjin || ɛndjin || bɛndjin || bɛndjin || bɛndjin
 * wɔŋai, wulun || wɔŋai || wulun || wɔŋaiinja || wɔŋaiinja || wɔŋai || wɔŋai || ŋaːli || ŋaːli || ŋaːli
 * -alaŋgun || -alaŋgun || buŋguru || -bama || (ar)bri || waːra || baːndi || baːndi || baːndi || baːndi
 * -ambul || aiambul || ambul || jumbul || ombula || wumbul || wumbul || wumbul || wumbul || wumbul
 * -aiil || njindjuru || njindjuru || jininde || (ad)biŋu || windji || windji || windji || windji || windji
 * mindjäl || mindjäl || mɔga || mindjäl || (ar)djamundu || mindjäl || mindjäl || mindjäl || mɔga || mɔga
 * anbula || mɔga || almbɽa || wanbulema || anbula || anbulɛ || anbulɛ || mindjäl || mɔga || mɔga
 * ŋujen, mandu || ŋuje || mandu || duduŋga || (ar)gulum || mɛːwur, mandu || mɛːwur || mala, ŋuju || mala || mala
 * aːnɔr || awur || ɔːnɔr || janaurge || inari || bunar || bunar || awur || bunar || bunar
 * guli || guli || wundäbun || guliːnga || gulu || ŋanda || guli || guli || guli || guli
 * iali || iali || iali || ware || aːrura || amba || amba || amba || amba || amba
 * andäri, garimba || andäri || guman || gundumanja || burgumba || gaiɛmba, ganari || burgumba, garimba || wuraba, guman || wudɔɖa || guman
 * djebara || djebara || djebara || djebarinja || djebarinja || jiluluŋari || wiɛri || wiɛri || wiɛri || wiɛri
 * wa̱ŋgara || wa̱ŋgara || maɖiwa || wa̱ŋgaranja || wa̱ŋgaranja || waːwanja || || waŋguɽa || waŋguɽa || waŋguɽa
 * ŋanauɛra || wurŋun || wurŋun || wurŋare || ŋanauara || ŋanauara || gaualjɛra || ŋaːwan || gaŋgu || worŋa
 * maɽaŋi || meɽiŋun || maːri || wandinja || maraŋanja || maɽaŋo || maɽaŋi || maɽaŋo || mɔɽɔŋ || mɔɽɔŋ
 * gunjili, gaɳgi || gaɳgi || gaːgiri || ginjila || gunjila || goɽa, gaɳgi || gunjili || girŋal || wamara || gagari
 * windjäŋun || windjäŋu || wurgala || wianga || wianu || windjäŋum || buː || windjäŋun || buː || wunar
 * bindjän || ŋundjur || ŋundjur || bindjäŋga || bidjugu || bindjän || bindjägun || ŋundjur || ŋundjur || ŋundjur
 * ŋabun || ŋawa || jaːwal || jaŋga || agu || jaːwal || jaːwal || ŋawa, jaːwal || ŋawa || ŋawa
 * }