Mirndi languages

The Mirndi or Mindi languages are an Australian language family spoken in the Northern Territory of Australia. The family consists of two sub-groups and an isolate branch: the Yirram languages, and the Ngurlun languages and Jingulu language some 200 km farther to the southeast, separated by the Ngumpin languages. The primary difference between the two sub-groups is that while the Yirram languages are all prefixing like other non-Pama–Nyungan languages, the Ngurlun languages are all suffixing like most Pama–Nyungan languages.

The name of the family is derived from the dual inclusive pronoun ('we', in the sense of 'you and I') which is shared by all the languages in the family in the form of either mind- or mirnd-.

Classification
The family has been generally accepted after being first established by Neil Chadwick in the early 1980s. The genetic relationship is primarily based upon morphology and not lexical comparison, with the strongest evidence being found among the pronouns. However, "there are very few other systematic similarities in other areas of grammar[, which] throw some doubts on the Mirndi classification, making it less secure than generally accepted." Nonetheless, as of 2008 proto-Mirndi has been reconstructed.

An additional language may be added, Ngaliwurru. However, it is unsure whether it is a language on its own, or merely a dialect of the Jaminjung language. The same is true for Gudanji and Binbinka, although these are generally considered dialects of the Wambaya language. These three dialects are collectively referred to as the McArthur River languages.

Vocabulary
Due to the close contact been the Yirram languages and the Ngurlun languages, and the Ngumpin languages and other languages as well, many of the cognates that the Yirram and Ngurlun languages share may in fact be loanwords, especially of Ngumpin origin. For instance, while the Barkly language Jingulu only shares 9% of its vocabulary with its Yirram relative, the Ngaliwurru dialect of the Jaminjung language, it shares 28% with the nearby Ngumpin language Mudburra.

The Jingulu language shares 29% and 28% of its vocabulary with the Wambaya language and the Ngarnka language respectively. The Ngarnka language shares 60% of its vocabulary with the Wambaya language, while the Wambaya language shares 69% and 78% with its dialects, Binbinka and Gudanji, respectively. Finally, these two dialects share 88% of their vocabulary.

Capell (1940) lists the following basic vocabulary items:


 * {| class="wikitable sortable"

! gloss ! Nungali !! Jilngali !! Djämindjung !! Ngaliwuru ! man ! woman ! head ! eye ! nose ! mouth ! tongue ! stomach ! bone ! blood ! kangaroo ! opossum ! emu ! crow ! fly ! sun ! moon ! fire ! smoke ! water
 * diːimbul || djumbul || djumbul || djumbul
 * njäŋaːruŋ || ŋaruŋ || malɛji || ŋaruŋ
 * niimburu || guɽunjuŋ || gulaga || djumburu
 * mijaŋargin || djuwud || djuwad || djuwud
 * nijuija || djuwija || djuwija || djuwija
 * nijara || djära || djära || djära
 * niaŋandjilin || djalaṉ || djalaṉ || djalan
 * meuŋug || buru || magala || magala
 * guːdjin || bunu, gujuwan || gujuwan || gujuwan
 * guŋulu || garŋan || wurinjun || guŋulu
 * dijaŋara || jaŋara || jaŋara || jaŋara
 * djaŋana || ŋurgudi || djägulädji || djägulädji
 * gumurindji || ||  ||
 * duagirag || waŋguɽin || waŋgina || waŋgina
 * diridjburu || gunäma || nämbul || gunäma
 * njailän || wulŋan || wulŋan || waŋgu
 * dabaraŋaɽa || baraŋan || djägilin || baɽaŋan
 * nujug || gujug || gujug || gujug
 * niulaṉ || djuwulaṉ || djuwulaṉ || djuːlaṉ
 * gogo || gogo || gogo || gogo
 * }

Proto-language
Proto-Mirndi reconstructions by Harvey (2008):


 * {| class="wikitable sortable"

! no. !! gloss !! Proto-Mirndi
 * 1 || to hang, to tip || *jalalang
 * 2 || high, up || *thangki
 * 3 || women's song style || *jarra(r)ta
 * 4 || that (not previously mentioned) || *jiyi
 * 5 || mother's father || *jaju
 * 6 || woman's son || *juka
 * 7 || bird (generic) || *ju(r)lak
 * 8 || blind || *kamamurri
 * 9 || daughter's child || *kaminyjarr
 * 10 || cold || *karrij
 * 11 || chickenhawk || *karrkany
 * 12 || bull ant || *(kija-)kija
 * 13 || to tickle || *kiji-kiji(k)
 * 14 || red ochre || *kitpu
 * 15 || shitwood || *kulinyjirri
 * 16 || dove sp. || *kuluku(ku)
 * 17 || sky || *kulumarra
 * 18 || throat, didgeridoo || *kulumpung
 * 19 || urine || *kumpu
 * 20 || firestick || *kungkala
 * 21 || pollen || *kuntarri
 * 22 || flesh || *kunyju
 * 23 || fat || *kurij
 * 24 || bush turkey || *kurrkapati
 * 25 || boomerang || *kurrupartu
 * 26 || club || *ku(r)turu
 * 27 || shield || *kuwarri
 * 28 || fire || *kuyVka
 * 29 || father-in-law || *lamparra
 * 30 || car || *langa
 * 31 || bony || *larrkaja
 * 32 || plant sp. || *lawa
 * 33 || eagle || *lirraku
 * 34 || blue-tongue lizard || *lungkura
 * 35 || to return || *lurrpu
 * 36 || to wave || *mamaj
 * 37 || ear || *manka
 * 38 || plant sp. || *manyanyi
 * 39 || gutta percha tree || *manyingila
 * 40 || butterfly || *marli-marli
 * 41 || old man || *marluka
 * 42 || all right, later || *marntaj
 * 43 || human status term || *marntak
 * 44 || circumcision ritual || *marntiwa
 * 45 || upper leg, thigh, root || *mira
 * 46 || owl || *mukmuk
 * 47 || to be dark || *mu(wu)m
 * 48 || scorpion || *muntarla
 * 49 || string || *munungku
 * 50 || upper arm || *murlku
 * 51 || three || *murrkun
 * 52 || to name || *nij
 * 53 || hand || *nungkuru
 * 54 || female antilopine wallaroo || *ngalijirri
 * 55 || to lick || *ngalyak
 * 56 || to sing || *nganya
 * 57 || bauhinia || *ngapilipili
 * 58 || father's mother || *ngapuju
 * 59 || breast || *ngapulu
 * 60 || to be hot || *ngartap
 * 61 || bird sp. || *nyurijman
 * 62 || to dream || *pank(iy)aja
 * 63 || older brother || *papa
 * 64 || nightjar || *parnangka
 * 65 || young woman || *parnmarra
 * 66 || women's dance || *pa(r)ntimi
 * 67 || moon || *partangarra
 * 68 || baby || *partarta
 * 69 || hot weather || *parung(ku)
 * 70 || cicatrice || *pa(r)turu
 * 71 || scraper || *pin(y)mala
 * 72 || father || *pipi
 * 73 || snake (generic) || *pulany
 * 74 || to bathe || *pulukaj(a)
 * 75 || ashes || *puna
 * 76 || full || *punturr/tu
 * 77 || to finish || *purrp
 * 78 || dreaming || *puwarraja
 * 79 || deep (hole) || *tarlukurra
 * 80 || flame, light || *tili/u
 * 81 || to be tied up || *tirrk
 * 82 || feather || *tiya-tiya
 * 83 || to poke || *turrp
 * 84 || to open || *walk
 * 85 || woomera || *wa(r)lmayi
 * 86 || black-headed python || *warlujapi
 * 87 || strange(r) || *warnayaki
 * 88 || grass (generic) || *warnta
 * 89 || to scratch || *warr
 * 90 || number seven boomerang || *warratirla
 * 91 || freshwater crocodile || *warrija
 * 92 || to be together || *warrp
 * 93 || parrot sp. || *wilikpan
 * 94 || new || *yalang
 * 95 || initiated youth || *yapa
 * 96 || magic song || *yarrinti
 * 97 || young man || *yarrulan
 * }
 * 50 || upper arm || *murlku
 * 51 || three || *murrkun
 * 52 || to name || *nij
 * 53 || hand || *nungkuru
 * 54 || female antilopine wallaroo || *ngalijirri
 * 55 || to lick || *ngalyak
 * 56 || to sing || *nganya
 * 57 || bauhinia || *ngapilipili
 * 58 || father's mother || *ngapuju
 * 59 || breast || *ngapulu
 * 60 || to be hot || *ngartap
 * 61 || bird sp. || *nyurijman
 * 62 || to dream || *pank(iy)aja
 * 63 || older brother || *papa
 * 64 || nightjar || *parnangka
 * 65 || young woman || *parnmarra
 * 66 || women's dance || *pa(r)ntimi
 * 67 || moon || *partangarra
 * 68 || baby || *partarta
 * 69 || hot weather || *parung(ku)
 * 70 || cicatrice || *pa(r)turu
 * 71 || scraper || *pin(y)mala
 * 72 || father || *pipi
 * 73 || snake (generic) || *pulany
 * 74 || to bathe || *pulukaj(a)
 * 75 || ashes || *puna
 * 76 || full || *punturr/tu
 * 77 || to finish || *purrp
 * 78 || dreaming || *puwarraja
 * 79 || deep (hole) || *tarlukurra
 * 80 || flame, light || *tili/u
 * 81 || to be tied up || *tirrk
 * 82 || feather || *tiya-tiya
 * 83 || to poke || *turrp
 * 84 || to open || *walk
 * 85 || woomera || *wa(r)lmayi
 * 86 || black-headed python || *warlujapi
 * 87 || strange(r) || *warnayaki
 * 88 || grass (generic) || *warnta
 * 89 || to scratch || *warr
 * 90 || number seven boomerang || *warratirla
 * 91 || freshwater crocodile || *warrija
 * 92 || to be together || *warrp
 * 93 || parrot sp. || *wilikpan
 * 94 || new || *yalang
 * 95 || initiated youth || *yapa
 * 96 || magic song || *yarrinti
 * 97 || young man || *yarrulan
 * }
 * 74 || to bathe || *pulukaj(a)
 * 75 || ashes || *puna
 * 76 || full || *punturr/tu
 * 77 || to finish || *purrp
 * 78 || dreaming || *puwarraja
 * 79 || deep (hole) || *tarlukurra
 * 80 || flame, light || *tili/u
 * 81 || to be tied up || *tirrk
 * 82 || feather || *tiya-tiya
 * 83 || to poke || *turrp
 * 84 || to open || *walk
 * 85 || woomera || *wa(r)lmayi
 * 86 || black-headed python || *warlujapi
 * 87 || strange(r) || *warnayaki
 * 88 || grass (generic) || *warnta
 * 89 || to scratch || *warr
 * 90 || number seven boomerang || *warratirla
 * 91 || freshwater crocodile || *warrija
 * 92 || to be together || *warrp
 * 93 || parrot sp. || *wilikpan
 * 94 || new || *yalang
 * 95 || initiated youth || *yapa
 * 96 || magic song || *yarrinti
 * 97 || young man || *yarrulan
 * }
 * 87 || strange(r) || *warnayaki
 * 88 || grass (generic) || *warnta
 * 89 || to scratch || *warr
 * 90 || number seven boomerang || *warratirla
 * 91 || freshwater crocodile || *warrija
 * 92 || to be together || *warrp
 * 93 || parrot sp. || *wilikpan
 * 94 || new || *yalang
 * 95 || initiated youth || *yapa
 * 96 || magic song || *yarrinti
 * 97 || young man || *yarrulan
 * }
 * 93 || parrot sp. || *wilikpan
 * 94 || new || *yalang
 * 95 || initiated youth || *yapa
 * 96 || magic song || *yarrinti
 * 97 || young man || *yarrulan
 * }
 * 96 || magic song || *yarrinti
 * 97 || young man || *yarrulan
 * }
 * 97 || young man || *yarrulan
 * }