Yuman–Cochimí languages

The Yuman–Cochimí languages are a family of languages spoken in Baja California, northern Sonora, southern California, and western Arizona. Cochimí is no longer spoken as of the late 18th century, and most other Yuman languages are threatened.

Classification
There are approximately a dozen Yuman languages. The dormant Cochimí, attested from the 18th century, was identified after the rest of the family had been established, and was found to be more divergent. The resulting family was therefore called Yuman–Cochimí, with Yuman being the extra-Cochimí languages.


 * Yuman
 * Cochimí (Northern Cochimí and Southern Cochimí may have been distinct languages)
 * Kiliwa
 * Core Yuman
 * Delta–California Yuman
 * Ipai (a.k.a. 'Iipay, Northern Diegueño)
 * Kumeyaay (a.k.a. Central Diegueño, Campo, Kamia)
 * Tipai (a.k.a. Southern Diegueño, Huerteño, Ku'ahl)
 * Cocopah (a.k.a. Cucapá; cf. Kahwan, Halyikwamai)
 * River Yuman
 * Quechan (a.k.a. Yuma)
 * Maricopa (a.k.a. Pii-Paash; cf. also Halchidhoma)
 * Mojave
 * Pai
 * Yavapai
 * Havasupai-Hualapai (a.k.a. Northern Yuman)
 * Hualapai dialect (a.k.a. Walapai)
 * Havasupai dialect
 * Paipai (a.k.a. Akwa'ala; possibly distinct from the Upland Yuman language only at the dialect level)

Cochimí is now dormant. Cucapá is the Spanish name for the Cocopa. Diegueño is the Spanish name for Ipai–Kumeyaay–Tipai, now often referred to collectively as Kumeyaay. Upland Yuman consists of several mutually intelligible dialects spoken by the politically distinct Yavapai, Hualapai, and Havasupai.

Urheimat
Mauricio Mixco of the University of Utah points to a relative lack of reconstructible Proto-Yuman terms for aquatic phenomena as evidence against a coastal, lacustrine, or riverine Urheimat.

Reconstruction
Proto-Yuman reconstructions by Mixco (1978):


 * {| class="wikitable sortable"

! gloss !! Proto-Yuman
 * be || *wi/*yu
 * be located (sg) || *wa
 * belly || *pxa; *p-xa
 * big || *tay
 * bird || *č-sa
 * body hair || *mi(ʔ)
 * bone || *ak
 * breasts || *ñ-maːy
 * cat || *-mi(ʔ)
 * causative || *x-
 * chief man || *-pa/*(ma)
 * chief, lord || *-pa/*ma
 * cold || *x-čur
 * cry || *mi(ʔ)
 * dance || *-ma(ʔ)
 * daughter || *p-čay
 * die || *pi
 * die (sg) || *pi
 * do || *wi/uːy
 * do; make || *wi/*uy
 * dog || *(č)-xat
 * dove || *k-wi(ʔ)
 * drink || *(č)-si; *si ?
 * ear || *ṣma(k)l ~ *ṣmal(k)
 * earth, place || *ʔ-mat
 * eat (hard food) || *č-aw
 * eat (soft food) || *ma
 * extinguish || *spa
 * eye || *yu(w)
 * face || *yu(w) (p)-xu
 * fall || *-nal
 * father || *n-ʔay; *-ta; *-ku ?
 * feather || *-waR
 * fire || *ʔ-ʔa(ː)w
 * give || *wi; *ʔi
 * he || *ña/*ya-
 * head || *ʔi(y)
 * hear || *kʷi(ː)
 * heaven, sky || *ʔ-ma(ʔ)y
 * horn || *kʷa ?
 * hot || *paR
 * house || *ʔ-wa(ʔ)
 * husband || *miːy
 * imperative prefix || *k-
 * irrealis || *-x(a)
 * kill || *pi
 * leaf || *ṣmak; *smaR
 * lie (be prone) || *yak
 * locative || *wa-l
 * locative (illative) || *-l
 * locative (thither) || *-m
 * man, male || *-miː(y); *maː(y)
 * man, person || *-pa/*ma
 * mother || *-tay; *-siy
 * mountain lion || *-miʔ tay
 * mountain sheep || *ʔ-mu(w)
 * mouth || *(y-)a
 * name || *maR
 * navel || *-pu
 * neck/nape || *iː-(m)puk ?
 * non-present aspect || *t
 * nose || *(p-)xu
 * object, plural || *pa
 * object, unspec. (anim.) || *ñ-
 * perceive || *kʷi
 * possessive prefix (inal.) || *ñ
 * prefixes (trans.) || *-, *m, *Ø
 * priest || *maː(y)
 * pronominal prefixes (stative) || *ñ, *m-, *w-
 * pronominal subject || *ʔ-, *m-, *Ø
 * rabbit || *pxar
 * reed || *xta
 * relative pronoun || *ña-/*ya
 * relativizer || *kʷ-
 * salt || *-ʔiR (< *s-ʔiR)
 * say || *ʔi
 * shaman || *-maː(y)
 * sit || *waː
 * skunk || *-xʷiw
 * sleep || *ṣma
 * son (w.s.) || *s-ʔaːw ?
 * star || *xmṣi
 * subject suffix || *-č; *-m
 * sun, day || *paR
 * that || *-ña/*-ya
 * there || *ña/*ya
 * thing, something || *ʔ-č
 * third person || *ña-/*ya
 * this || *p-u
 * thorn || *ʔ-ta(ː)t
 * three || *x-muk
 * to blow || *p-č/sul
 * tongue || *ʔimpal; *(y)pal; *-paR
 * two || *x-wak
 * water || *-xa(ʔ); *si
 * we || *ña-p
 * wife || *ku/*ki
 * wing || *waR
 * woman || *ki/*ku; *siñʔak
 * word || *maR
 * yes || *xaː
 * }
 * man, male || *-miː(y); *maː(y)
 * man, person || *-pa/*ma
 * mother || *-tay; *-siy
 * mountain lion || *-miʔ tay
 * mountain sheep || *ʔ-mu(w)
 * mouth || *(y-)a
 * name || *maR
 * navel || *-pu
 * neck/nape || *iː-(m)puk ?
 * non-present aspect || *t
 * nose || *(p-)xu
 * object, plural || *pa
 * object, unspec. (anim.) || *ñ-
 * perceive || *kʷi
 * possessive prefix (inal.) || *ñ
 * prefixes (trans.) || *-, *m, *Ø
 * priest || *maː(y)
 * pronominal prefixes (stative) || *ñ, *m-, *w-
 * pronominal subject || *ʔ-, *m-, *Ø
 * rabbit || *pxar
 * reed || *xta
 * relative pronoun || *ña-/*ya
 * relativizer || *kʷ-
 * salt || *-ʔiR (< *s-ʔiR)
 * say || *ʔi
 * shaman || *-maː(y)
 * sit || *waː
 * skunk || *-xʷiw
 * sleep || *ṣma
 * son (w.s.) || *s-ʔaːw ?
 * star || *xmṣi
 * subject suffix || *-č; *-m
 * sun, day || *paR
 * that || *-ña/*-ya
 * there || *ña/*ya
 * thing, something || *ʔ-č
 * third person || *ña-/*ya
 * this || *p-u
 * thorn || *ʔ-ta(ː)t
 * three || *x-muk
 * to blow || *p-č/sul
 * tongue || *ʔimpal; *(y)pal; *-paR
 * two || *x-wak
 * water || *-xa(ʔ); *si
 * we || *ña-p
 * wife || *ku/*ki
 * wing || *waR
 * woman || *ki/*ku; *siñʔak
 * word || *maR
 * yes || *xaː
 * }
 * shaman || *-maː(y)
 * sit || *waː
 * skunk || *-xʷiw
 * sleep || *ṣma
 * son (w.s.) || *s-ʔaːw ?
 * star || *xmṣi
 * subject suffix || *-č; *-m
 * sun, day || *paR
 * that || *-ña/*-ya
 * there || *ña/*ya
 * thing, something || *ʔ-č
 * third person || *ña-/*ya
 * this || *p-u
 * thorn || *ʔ-ta(ː)t
 * three || *x-muk
 * to blow || *p-č/sul
 * tongue || *ʔimpal; *(y)pal; *-paR
 * two || *x-wak
 * water || *-xa(ʔ); *si
 * we || *ña-p
 * wife || *ku/*ki
 * wing || *waR
 * woman || *ki/*ku; *siñʔak
 * word || *maR
 * yes || *xaː
 * }
 * thorn || *ʔ-ta(ː)t
 * three || *x-muk
 * to blow || *p-č/sul
 * tongue || *ʔimpal; *(y)pal; *-paR
 * two || *x-wak
 * water || *-xa(ʔ); *si
 * we || *ña-p
 * wife || *ku/*ki
 * wing || *waR
 * woman || *ki/*ku; *siñʔak
 * word || *maR
 * yes || *xaː
 * }
 * wife || *ku/*ki
 * wing || *waR
 * woman || *ki/*ku; *siñʔak
 * word || *maR
 * yes || *xaː
 * }
 * word || *maR
 * yes || *xaː
 * }
 * yes || *xaː
 * }