Kalapuyan languages

Kalapuyan (also Kalapuya) is a small extinct language family that was spoken in the Willamette Valley of Western Oregon, United States. It consists of three languages.

The Kalapuya language is currently in a state of revival. Kalapuyan descendants in the southernmost Kalapuya region of Yoncalla, Oregon, published 100 copies of a comprehensive dictionary, with plans to expand.

Family division
Kalapuyan consists of


 * Kalapuyan
 * Northern Kalapuya (also known as Tualatin–Yamhill)
 * Central Kalapuya (several dialects, including Santiam)
 * Yoncalla (also known as Southern Kalapuya)

Genetic relations
Kalapuyan is usually connected with the various Penutian proposals. This was originally part of an Oregon Penutian branch along with Takelma, Siuslaw, Alsea and Coosan. A special relationship with Takelma had been proposed, together forming a "Takelma–Kalapuyan" or "Takelman" family. However, an unpublished paper by Tarpent & Kendall (1998) finds this relationship to be unfounded because of the extremely different morphological structures of Takelma and Kalapuyan.

Proto-language
Below is a list of Proto-Kalapuyan reconstructions by Shipley (1970):


 * {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 85%"

! no. !! gloss !! Proto-Kalapuyan
 * 1 || all || *pu-
 * 2 || bad || *khaskha
 * 3 || big || *pala
 * 4 || bird || *twi(ː)ca
 * 5 || bite || *yiːk
 * 6 || black || *muː
 * 7 || blood || *nu
 * 8 || blow || *puː-
 * 9 || bone || *ca
 * 10 || burn || *y-
 * 11 || cold || *tuːku
 * 12 || come || *ma-
 * 13 || come || -
 * 14 || cut || -
 * 15 || dig || *hu-
 * 16 || dog || *tal
 * 17 || drink || *kʷh-
 * 18 || dry || *chakkaluː
 * 19 || dull || *tu-
 * 20 || dust || *skuːp
 * 21 || earth || *nuwa
 * 22 || eat || *kʷVnafu
 * 23 || egg || *pha
 * 24 || eye || *kʷhillaːk, *kʷhalliːk
 * 25 || fall ||
 * 26 || father || *-fa-
 * 27 || father || *maːma
 * 28 || fear || *n-
 * 29 || fear || *yakla
 * 30 || feather || *lunka
 * 31 || few || *puː(n)
 * 32 || five || *waːn
 * 33 || flower || *puːk
 * 34 || four || *tapa
 * 35 || fruit || *kayna
 * 36 || give || *tiː
 * 37 || good || *suː
 * 38 || grass || *luːkʷa
 * 39 || green || *ci-
 * 40 || guts || *niːya
 * 41 || hair, head || *kʷaː
 * 42 || hand || *laːkʷa
 * 43 || he || *kʷawk
 * 44 || hear || *kapt
 * 45 || heart || *-uːpna
 * 46 || heavy || *kayt
 * 47 || hot || *ʔuːk
 * 48 || I || *chi
 * 49 || ice || *tic
 * 50 || kill || *tah-
 * 51 || know || *yukhu
 * 52 || lake || *paːɫ
 * 53 || leaf || *takhVɫ
 * 54 || left || *kay
 * 55 || liver || *paw
 * 56 || long || *puːs
 * 57 || louse || *t-
 * 58 || man || *ʔuːyhi
 * 59 || many || -
 * 60 || meat || *muːkhi, *muːkʷhi
 * 61 || mother || *naːna
 * 62 || mountain || *maːfuː
 * 64 || name || *kʷat
 * 65 || neck || *puː- -k
 * 66 || new || *pa(n)ɫa
 * 67 || nose || *nuːna
 * 68 || not || *waːnk
 * 69 || old || *yuː(k)
 * 70 || one || -
 * 71 || other || *wana
 * 72 || path || *kawni
 * 73 || person || *mim
 * 74 || pierce || *twa-
 * 75 || push || *t-
 * 76 || red || *c- -l
 * 77 || river || *cal
 * 78 || rope || *cal
 * 79 || round || *(wi)luː
 * 80 || saliva || *ta(w)f
 * 81 || say || *na(ka)
 * 82 || sea || *minlak
 * 83 || see || *huːthu
 * 84 || sew || *-aːkʷaː(t)
 * 85 || short || *-u(w)pna
 * 86 || sing || *kawt
 * 87 || sit || *tastu
 * 88 || sit || *yuː
 * 89 || sky || *yank
 * 90 || sleep, lie || *way
 * 91 || smell || *h-
 * 92 || snake || *(t)kaː
 * 93 || snow || *-uː(p)paː(y)k
 * 94 || split || *plVk
 * 95 || stand || *taːp
 * 96 || stone || *taː
 * 97 || straight || *yalk
 * 98 || suck || -
 * 99 || sun || *pyan
 * 100 || swell || *kuːf
 * 101 || swim || *kʷay(n)
 * 102 || tail || *tkuː
 * 103 || they || *k(ʷ)i(n)nVk
 * 104 || thick || *fip
 * 105 || thin || *kliʔk
 * 106 || think || *m- -t
 * 107 || this || *kʷus(a)
 * 108 || this || *haːs(a)
 * 109 || thou || *maː(ha)
 * 110 || three || *psin
 * 111 || throw || *kawi
 * 112 || tie || *takt
 * 113 || tongue || -
 * 114 || tooth || *ti
 * 115 || tree || *watVk
 * 116 || two || *kaːmi
 * 117 || walk || *ʔiːti
 * 118 || wash || *kaw(a)ɫ
 * 119 || wash || *cawC
 * 120 || water || *pk(y)aː
 * 121 || we || *stuː
 * 122 || what || *ʔa(k)kaː
 * 123 || white || *maw
 * 124 || wind || *-iːʈwa
 * 125 || wing || *wa(ː)n
 * 126 || ye || *mV(t)tiː
 * 127 || year || *miːcwa
 * }
 * 65 || neck || *puː- -k
 * 66 || new || *pa(n)ɫa
 * 67 || nose || *nuːna
 * 68 || not || *waːnk
 * 69 || old || *yuː(k)
 * 70 || one || -
 * 71 || other || *wana
 * 72 || path || *kawni
 * 73 || person || *mim
 * 74 || pierce || *twa-
 * 75 || push || *t-
 * 76 || red || *c- -l
 * 77 || river || *cal
 * 78 || rope || *cal
 * 79 || round || *(wi)luː
 * 80 || saliva || *ta(w)f
 * 81 || say || *na(ka)
 * 82 || sea || *minlak
 * 83 || see || *huːthu
 * 84 || sew || *-aːkʷaː(t)
 * 85 || short || *-u(w)pna
 * 86 || sing || *kawt
 * 87 || sit || *tastu
 * 88 || sit || *yuː
 * 89 || sky || *yank
 * 90 || sleep, lie || *way
 * 91 || smell || *h-
 * 92 || snake || *(t)kaː
 * 93 || snow || *-uː(p)paː(y)k
 * 94 || split || *plVk
 * 95 || stand || *taːp
 * 96 || stone || *taː
 * 97 || straight || *yalk
 * 98 || suck || -
 * 99 || sun || *pyan
 * 100 || swell || *kuːf
 * 101 || swim || *kʷay(n)
 * 102 || tail || *tkuː
 * 103 || they || *k(ʷ)i(n)nVk
 * 104 || thick || *fip
 * 105 || thin || *kliʔk
 * 106 || think || *m- -t
 * 107 || this || *kʷus(a)
 * 108 || this || *haːs(a)
 * 109 || thou || *maː(ha)
 * 110 || three || *psin
 * 111 || throw || *kawi
 * 112 || tie || *takt
 * 113 || tongue || -
 * 114 || tooth || *ti
 * 115 || tree || *watVk
 * 116 || two || *kaːmi
 * 117 || walk || *ʔiːti
 * 118 || wash || *kaw(a)ɫ
 * 119 || wash || *cawC
 * 120 || water || *pk(y)aː
 * 121 || we || *stuː
 * 122 || what || *ʔa(k)kaː
 * 123 || white || *maw
 * 124 || wind || *-iːʈwa
 * 125 || wing || *wa(ː)n
 * 126 || ye || *mV(t)tiː
 * 127 || year || *miːcwa
 * }
 * 97 || straight || *yalk
 * 98 || suck || -
 * 99 || sun || *pyan
 * 100 || swell || *kuːf
 * 101 || swim || *kʷay(n)
 * 102 || tail || *tkuː
 * 103 || they || *k(ʷ)i(n)nVk
 * 104 || thick || *fip
 * 105 || thin || *kliʔk
 * 106 || think || *m- -t
 * 107 || this || *kʷus(a)
 * 108 || this || *haːs(a)
 * 109 || thou || *maː(ha)
 * 110 || three || *psin
 * 111 || throw || *kawi
 * 112 || tie || *takt
 * 113 || tongue || -
 * 114 || tooth || *ti
 * 115 || tree || *watVk
 * 116 || two || *kaːmi
 * 117 || walk || *ʔiːti
 * 118 || wash || *kaw(a)ɫ
 * 119 || wash || *cawC
 * 120 || water || *pk(y)aː
 * 121 || we || *stuː
 * 122 || what || *ʔa(k)kaː
 * 123 || white || *maw
 * 124 || wind || *-iːʈwa
 * 125 || wing || *wa(ː)n
 * 126 || ye || *mV(t)tiː
 * 127 || year || *miːcwa
 * }
 * 113 || tongue || -
 * 114 || tooth || *ti
 * 115 || tree || *watVk
 * 116 || two || *kaːmi
 * 117 || walk || *ʔiːti
 * 118 || wash || *kaw(a)ɫ
 * 119 || wash || *cawC
 * 120 || water || *pk(y)aː
 * 121 || we || *stuː
 * 122 || what || *ʔa(k)kaː
 * 123 || white || *maw
 * 124 || wind || *-iːʈwa
 * 125 || wing || *wa(ː)n
 * 126 || ye || *mV(t)tiː
 * 127 || year || *miːcwa
 * }
 * 121 || we || *stuː
 * 122 || what || *ʔa(k)kaː
 * 123 || white || *maw
 * 124 || wind || *-iːʈwa
 * 125 || wing || *wa(ː)n
 * 126 || ye || *mV(t)tiː
 * 127 || year || *miːcwa
 * }
 * 125 || wing || *wa(ː)n
 * 126 || ye || *mV(t)tiː
 * 127 || year || *miːcwa
 * }
 * 127 || year || *miːcwa
 * }