10th United States Congress

The 10th United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government, consisting of the Senate and the House of Representatives. It met in Washington, D.C., from March 4, 1807, to March 4, 1809, during the seventh and eighth years of Thomas Jefferson's presidency. The apportionment of seats in the House of Representatives was based on the 1800 census; both chambers had an overwhelming Democratic-Republican majority.

Major events

 * May 22, 1807: Former Vice President of the United States Aaron Burr was indicted for treason. He was acquitted September 1, 1807
 * June 1807: Chesapeake-Leopard Affair: The British warship HMS Leopard (1790) captured and boarded the USS Chesapeake (1799).
 * August 17, 1807: The Clermont, Robert Fulton's first American steamboat, left New York City for Albany, New York, on the Hudson River, inaugurating the first commercial steamboat service in the world.
 * January 1, 1808: The importation of slaves into the United States was banned

Major legislation

 * December 22, 1807: Embargo Act of 1807, ch. 5,
 * March 1, 1809: Non-Intercourse Act (1809), ch. 24,

Territories organized

 * February 3, 1809: Illinois Territory was organized from a portion of Indiana Territory,

Party summary
The count below identifies party affiliations at the beginning of the first session of this Congress. Changes resulting from subsequent replacements are shown below in the "Changes in membership" section.

Senate

 * President: George Clinton (DR)
 * President pro tempore: Samuel Smith (DR), elected April 16, 1808
 * Stephen R. Bradley (DR), elected December 28, 1808
 * John Milledge (DR), elected January 30, 1809

House of Representatives

 * Speaker: Joseph Bradley Varnum (DR)

Members
This list is arranged by chamber, then by state. Senators are listed in order of seniority, and representatives are listed by district.
 * Skip to House of Representatives, below

Senate
Senators were elected by the state legislatures every two years, with one-third beginning new six-year terms with each Congress. Preceding the names in the list below are Senate class numbers, which indicate the cycle of their election.

Connecticut

 * 1. James Hillhouse (F)
 * 3. Uriah Tracy (F), died July 19, 1807
 * Chauncey Goodrich (F), from October 25, 1807

Delaware

 * 1. Samuel White (F)
 * 2. James A. Bayard (F)

Georgia

 * 2. Abraham Baldwin (DR), until March 4, 1807
 * George Jones (DR), August 27, 1807 – November 7, 1807
 * William H. Crawford (DR), from November 7, 1807
 * 3. John Milledge (DR)

Kentucky

 * 2. Buckner Thruston (DR)
 * 3. John Pope (DR)

Maryland

 * 1. Samuel Smith (DR)
 * 3. Philip Reed (DR)

Massachusetts

 * 2. Timothy Pickering (F)
 * 1. John Quincy Adams (F), until June 8, 1808
 * James Lloyd (F), from June 9, 1808

New Hampshire

 * 2. Nicholas Gilman (DR)
 * 3. Nahum Parker (DR)

New Jersey

 * 1. John Condit (DR)
 * 2. Aaron Kitchell (DR)

New York

 * 3. John Smith (DR)
 * 1. Samuel L. Mitchill (DR)

North Carolina

 * 2. James Turner (DR)
 * 3. Jesse Franklin (DR)

Ohio

 * 1. John Smith (DR), until April 25, 1808
 * Return J. Meigs Jr. (DR), from December 12, 1808
 * 3. Edward Tiffin (DR)

Pennsylvania

 * 1. Samuel Maclay (DR), until January 4, 1809
 * Michael Leib (DR), from January 9, 1809
 * 3. Andrew Gregg (DR)

Rhode Island

 * 1. Benjamin Howland (DR)
 * 2. James Fenner (DR), until September 1807
 * Elisha Mathewson (DR), from October 26, 1807

South Carolina

 * 2. Thomas Sumter (DR)
 * 3. John Gaillard (DR)

Tennessee

 * 1. Joseph Anderson (DR)
 * 2. Daniel Smith (DR)

Vermont

 * 3. Stephen R. Bradley (DR)
 * 1. Israel Smith (DR), until October 1, 1807
 * Jonathan Robinson (DR), from October 10, 1807

Virginia

 * 2. William B. Giles (DR)
 * 1. Andrew Moore (DR)



House of Representatives
The names of members of the House of Representatives are preceded by their district numbers.

Connecticut
All representatives were elected statewide on a general ticket. (7 Federalists)
 * Connecticut's at-large congressional district. Epaphroditus Champion (F)
 * Connecticut's at-large congressional district. Samuel W. Dana (F)
 * Connecticut's at-large congressional district. John Davenport (F)
 * Connecticut's at-large congressional district. Jonathan O. Moseley (F)
 * Connecticut's at-large congressional district. Timothy Pitkin (F)
 * Connecticut's at-large congressional district. Lewis B. Sturges (F)
 * Connecticut's at-large congressional district. Benjamin Tallmadge (F)

Delaware
(1 Federalist)
 * Delaware's at-large congressional district. Nicholas Van Dyke (F), from October 6, 1807

Georgia
(4 Democratic-Republicans)
 * Georgia's at-large congressional district. William W. Bibb (DR)
 * Georgia's at-large congressional district. Howell Cobb (DR)
 * Georgia's at-large congressional district. Dennis Smelt (DR)
 * Georgia's at-large congressional district. George M. Troup (DR)

Kentucky
(6 Democratic-Republicans)
 * Kentucky's 1st congressional district. Matthew Lyon (DR)
 * Kentucky's 2nd congressional district. John Boyle (DR)
 * Kentucky's 3rd congressional district. John Rowan (DR)
 * Kentucky's 4th congressional district. Richard M. Johnson (DR)
 * Kentucky's 5th congressional district. Benjamin Howard (DR)
 * Kentucky's 6th congressional district. Joseph Desha (DR)

Maryland
The 5th district was a plural district with two representatives. (6-3 Democratic-Republican)
 * Maryland's 1st congressional district. John Campbell (F)
 * Maryland's 2nd congressional district. Archibald Van Horne (DR)
 * Maryland's 3rd congressional district. Philip B. Key (F)
 * Maryland's 4th congressional district. Roger Nelson (DR)
 * Maryland's 5th congressional district. William McCreery (DR)
 * Maryland's 5th congressional district. Nicholas R. Moore (DR)
 * Maryland's 6th congressional district. John Montgomery (DR)
 * Maryland's 7th congressional district. Edward Lloyd (DR)
 * Maryland's 8th congressional district. Charles Goldsborough (F)

Massachusetts
(11-6 Democratic-Republican)
 * Massachusetts's 1st congressional district. Josiah Quincy (F)
 * Massachusetts's 2nd congressional district. Jacob Crowninshield (DR), until April 15, 1808
 * Joseph Story (DR), from May 23, 1808
 * Massachusetts's 3rd congressional district. Edward St. Loe Livermore (F)
 * Massachusetts's 4th congressional district. Joseph Bradley Varnum (DR)
 * Massachusetts's 5th congressional district. William Ely (F)
 * Massachusetts's 6th congressional district. Samuel Taggart (F)
 * Massachusetts's 7th congressional district. Joseph Barker (DR)
 * Massachusetts's 8th congressional district. Isaiah L. Green (DR)
 * Massachusetts's 9th congressional district. Josiah Dean (DR)
 * Massachusetts's 10th congressional district. Jabez Upham (F)
 * Massachusetts's 11th congressional district. William Stedman (F)
 * Massachusetts's 12th congressional district. Barnabas Bidwell (DR), until July 13, 1807
 * Ezekiel Bacon (DR), from September 16, 1807
 * Massachusetts's 13th congressional district. Ebenezer Seaver (DR)
 * Massachusetts's 14th congressional district. Richard Cutts (DR)
 * Massachusetts's 15th congressional district. Daniel Ilsley (DR)
 * Massachusetts's 16th congressional district. Orchard Cook (DR)
 * Massachusetts's 17th congressional district. John Chandler (DR)

New Hampshire
All representatives were elected statewide on a general ticket. (5 Democratic-Republicans)
 * New Hampshire's at-large congressional district. Peter Carleton (DR)
 * New Hampshire's at-large congressional district. Daniel M. Durell (DR)
 * New Hampshire's at-large congressional district. Francis Gardner (DR)
 * New Hampshire's at-large congressional district. Jedediah K. Smith (DR)
 * New Hampshire's at-large congressional district. Clement Storer (DR)

New Jersey
All representatives were elected statewide on a general ticket. (6 Democratic-Republicans)
 * New Jersey's at-large congressional district. Ezra Darby (DR), until January 27, 1808
 * Adam Boyd (DR), from March 8, 1808
 * New Jersey's at-large congressional district. William Helms (DR)
 * New Jersey's at-large congressional district. John Lambert (DR)
 * New Jersey's at-large congressional district. Thomas Newbold (DR)
 * New Jersey's at-large congressional district. James Sloan (DR)
 * New Jersey's at-large congressional district. Henry Southard (DR)

New York
(15-2 Democratic-Republican)
 * New York's 1st congressional district. Samuel Riker (DR)
 * New York's 2nd congressional district. and New York's 3rd congressional district. Joint district with two seats: Gurdon S. Mumford (DR)
 * New York's 2nd congressional district. and New York's 3rd congressional district. Joint district with two seats: George Clinton Jr. (DR)
 * New York's 4th congressional district. Philip Van Cortlandt (DR)
 * New York's 5th congressional district. John Blake Jr. (DR)
 * New York's 6th congressional district. Daniel C. Verplanck (DR)
 * New York's 7th congressional district. Barent Gardenier (F)
 * New York's 8th congressional district. James I. Van Alen (DR)
 * New York's 9th congressional district. Killian K. Van Rensselaer (F)
 * New York's 10th congressional district. Josiah Masters (DR)
 * New York's 11th congressional district. John Thompson (DR)
 * New York's 12th congressional district. David Thomas (DR), until February 17, 1808
 * Nathan Wilson (DR), from November 7, 1808
 * New York's 13th congressional district. Peter Swart (DR)
 * New York's 14th congressional district. John Russell (DR)
 * New York's 15th congressional district. William Kirkpatrick (DR)
 * New York's 16th congressional district. Reuben Humphrey (DR)
 * New York's 17th congressional district. John Harris (DR)

North Carolina
(11-1 Democratic-Republicans)
 * North Carolina's 1st congressional district. Lemuel Sawyer (DR)
 * North Carolina's 2nd congressional district. Willis Alston (DR)
 * North Carolina's 3rd congressional district. Thomas Blount (DR)
 * North Carolina's 4th congressional district. William Blackledge (DR)
 * North Carolina's 5th congressional district. Thomas Kenan (DR)
 * North Carolina's 6th congressional district. Nathaniel Macon (DR)
 * North Carolina's 7th congressional district. John Culpepper (F), until January 2, 1808, and then from February 23, 1808
 * North Carolina's 8th congressional district. Richard Stanford (DR)
 * North Carolina's 9th congressional district. Marmaduke Williams (DR)
 * North Carolina's 10th congressional district. Evan S. Alexander (DR)
 * North Carolina's 11th congressional district. James Holland (DR)
 * North Carolina's 12th congressional district. Meshack Franklin (DR)

Ohio
(1 Democratic-Republican)
 * Ohio's at-large congressional district. Jeremiah Morrow (DR)

Pennsylvania
There were four plural districts, the 1st, 2nd, & 3rd had three representatives each, the 4th had two representatives. (15-3 Democratic-Republican)
 * Pennsylvania's 1st congressional district. Joseph Clay (DR), until March 28, 1808
 * Benjamin Say (DR), from November 16, 1808
 * Pennsylvania's 1st congressional district. John Porter (DR)
 * Pennsylvania's 1st congressional district. Jacob Richards (DR)
 * Pennsylvania's 2nd congressional district. Robert Brown (DR)
 * Pennsylvania's 2nd congressional district. William Milnor (F)
 * Pennsylvania's 2nd congressional district. John Pugh (DR)
 * Pennsylvania's 3rd congressional district. John Hiester (DR)
 * Pennsylvania's 3rd congressional district. Robert Jenkins (F)
 * Pennsylvania's 3rd congressional district. Matthias Richards (DR)
 * Pennsylvania's 4th congressional district. David Bard (DR)
 * Pennsylvania's 4th congressional district. Robert Whitehill (DR)
 * Pennsylvania's 5th congressional district. Daniel Montgomery Jr. (DR)
 * Pennsylvania's 6th congressional district. James Kelly (F)
 * Pennsylvania's 7th congressional district. John Rea (DR)
 * Pennsylvania's 8th congressional district. William Findley (DR)
 * Pennsylvania's 9th congressional district. John Smilie (DR)
 * Pennsylvania's 10th congressional district. William Hoge (DR)
 * Pennsylvania's 11th congressional district. Samuel Smith (DR)

Rhode Island
Both representatives were elected statewide on a general ticket. (2 Democratic-Republicans)
 * Rhode Island's at-large congressional district. Nehemiah Knight (DR), until June 13, 1808
 * Richard Jackson Jr. (F), from November 11, 1808
 * Rhode Island's at-large congressional district. Isaac Wilbour (DR)

South Carolina
(8 Democratic-Republicans)
 * South Carolina's 1st congressional district. Robert Marion (DR)
 * South Carolina's 2nd congressional district. William Butler Sr. (DR)
 * South Carolina's 3rd congressional district. David R. Williams (DR)
 * South Carolina's 4th congressional district. John Taylor (DR)
 * South Carolina's 5th congressional district. Richard Winn (DR)
 * South Carolina's 6th congressional district. Joseph Calhoun (DR), from June 2, 1807
 * South Carolina's 7th congressional district. Thomas Moore (DR)
 * South Carolina's 8th congressional district. Lemuel J. Alston (DR)

Tennessee
(3 Democratic-Republicans)
 * Tennessee's 1st congressional district. John Rhea (DR)
 * Tennessee's 2nd congressional district. George W. Campbell (DR)
 * Tennessee's 3rd congressional district. Jesse Wharton (DR)

Vermont
(2-2 Democratic-Republican)
 * Vermont's 1st congressional district. James Witherell (DR), until May 1, 1808
 * Samuel Shaw (DR), from September 6, 1808
 * Vermont's 2nd congressional district. James Elliott (F)
 * Vermont's 3rd congressional district. James Fisk (DR)
 * Vermont's 4th congressional district. Martin Chittenden (F)

Virginia
(21-1 Democratic-Republican)
 * Virginia's 1st congressional district. John G. Jackson (DR)
 * Virginia's 2nd congressional district. John Morrow (DR)
 * Virginia's 3rd congressional district. John Smith (DR)
 * Virginia's 4th congressional district. David Holmes (DR)
 * Virginia's 5th congressional district. Alexander Wilson (DR)
 * Virginia's 6th congressional district. Abram Trigg (DR)
 * Virginia's 7th congressional district. Joseph Lewis Jr. (F)
 * Virginia's 8th congressional district. Walter Jones (DR)
 * Virginia's 9th congressional district. John Love (DR)
 * Virginia's 10th congressional district. John Dawson (DR)
 * Virginia's 11th congressional district. James M. Garnett (DR)
 * Virginia's 12th congressional district. Burwell Bassett (DR)
 * Virginia's 13th congressional district. William A. Burwell (DR)
 * Virginia's 14th congressional district. Matthew Clay (DR)
 * Virginia's 15th congressional district. John Randolph (DR)
 * Virginia's 16th congressional district. John W. Eppes (DR)
 * Virginia's 17th congressional district. John Claiborne (DR), until October 9, 1808
 * Thomas Gholson Jr. (DR), from November 7, 1808
 * Virginia's 18th congressional district. Peterson Goodwyn (DR)
 * Virginia's 19th congressional district. Edwin Gray (DR)
 * Virginia's 20th congressional district. Thomas Newton Jr. (DR)
 * Virginia's 21st congressional district. Wilson C. Nicholas (DR)
 * Virginia's 22nd congressional district. John Clopton (DR)

Non-voting members
(no representation)
 * Indiana Territory's at-large congressional district. Benjamin Parke, until March 1, 1808
 * Jesse B. Thomas, from October 22, 1808
 * Mississippi Territory's at-large congressional district. George Poindexter
 * Orleans Territory's at-large congressional district. Daniel Clark

Changes in membership
The count below reflects changes from the beginning of the first session of this Congress.

Senate
There were 5 resignations, 2 deaths, and 1 interim appointment. Neither party had a net change.


 * Georgia (2)
 * | Abraham Baldwin (DR)
 * style="font-size:80%" | Died March 4, 1807. Temporary successor appointed August 27, 1807, to continue the term.
 * | George Jones (DR)
 * August 27, 1807
 * August 27, 1807


 * Connecticut (3)
 * | Uriah Tracy (F)
 * style="font-size:80%" | Died July 19, 1807. Successor elected October 25, 1807, to finish the term.
 * | Chauncey Goodrich (F)
 * October 25, 1807
 * October 25, 1807


 * Rhode Island (2)
 * | James Fenner (DR)
 * style="font-size:80%" | Resigned September, 1807 to become Governor of Rhode Island. Successor elected to finish the term.
 * | Elisha Mathewson (DR)
 * October 26, 1807
 * October 26, 1807


 * Vermont (1)
 * | Israel Smith (DR)
 * style="font-size:80%" | Resigned October 1, 1807, to become Governor of Vermont. Successor elected to finish the term.
 * | Jonathan Robinson (DR)
 * October 10, 1807
 * October 10, 1807


 * Georgia (2)
 * | George Jones (DR)
 * style="font-size:80%" | Successor elected November 7, 1807, to finish the term, in place of a temporary appointee.
 * | William H. Crawford (DR)
 * November 7, 1807
 * November 7, 1807


 * Ohio (1)
 * | John Smith (DR)
 * style="font-size:80%" | Resigned April 25, 1808. Successor appointed to finish the term ending March 4, 1809.
 * | Return J. Meigs Jr. (DR)
 * December 12, 1808
 * December 12, 1808


 * Massachusetts (1)
 * | John Quincy Adams (F)
 * style="font-size:80%" | Resigned June 8, 1808, having broken with his party and lost re-election to the next term. Winner elected to finish the term, having already won election to the next term.
 * | James Lloyd (F)
 * June 9, 1808
 * June 9, 1808


 * Pennsylvania (1)
 * | Samuel Maclay (DR)
 * style="font-size:80%" | Resigned January 4, 1809, believing he would lose re-election. Winner was elected to finish the term, having already won election to the next term.
 * | Michael Leib (DR)
 * January 9, 1809
 * January 9, 1809


 * }

House of Representatives
Of the voting members, there were 4 resignations, 4 deaths, and 2 vacancies from the beginning of this Congress. Democratic-Republicans had no net change and Federalists picked up 2 seats.


 * South Carolina's 6th congressional district
 * Vacant
 * style="font-size:80%" | Levi Casey (DR) died before the end of the preceding Congress
 * | Joseph Calhoun (DR)
 * Seated June 2, 1807
 * Delaware's at-large congressional district
 * Vacant
 * style="font-size:80%" | James M. Broom (F) resigned before the beginning of this Congress
 * | Nicholas Van Dyke (F)
 * Seated October 6, 1807
 * Massachusetts's 12th congressional district
 * | Barnabas Bidwell (DR)
 * style="font-size:80%" | Resigned July 13, 1807, after becoming Attorney General of Massachusetts
 * | Ezekiel Bacon (DR)
 * Seated September 16, 1807
 * North Carolina's 7th congressional district
 * | John Culpepper (F)
 * style="font-size:80%" | Seat declared vacant January 2, 1808
 * | John Culpepper (F)
 * Seated February 23, 1808
 * New Jersey's at-large congressional district
 * | Ezra Darby (DR)
 * style="font-size:80%" | Died January 27, 1808
 * | Adam Boyd (DR)
 * Seated March 8, 1808
 * Indiana Territory's at-large congressional district
 * Benjamin Parke
 * style="font-size:80%" | Resigned March 1, 1808
 * Jesse B. Thomas
 * October 22, 1808
 * Pennsylvania's 1st congressional district
 * | Joseph Clay (DR)
 * style="font-size:80%" | Resigned March 28, 1808
 * | Benjamin Say (DR)
 * Seated November 16, 1808
 * Massachusetts's 2nd congressional district
 * | Jacob Crowninshield (DR)
 * style="font-size:80%" | Died April 15, 1808
 * | Joseph Story (DR)
 * Seated May 23, 1808
 * New York's 12th congressional district
 * | David Thomas (DR)
 * style="font-size:80%" | Resigned May 1, 1808, after becoming New York State Treasurer
 * | Nathan Wilson (DR)
 * November 7, 1808
 * Vermont's 1st congressional district
 * | James Witherell (DR)
 * style="font-size:80%" | Resigned May 1, 1808, after becoming judge of Supreme Court for Michigan Territory
 * | Samuel Shaw (DR)
 * Seated September 6, 1808
 * Rhode Island's at-large congressional district
 * | Nehemiah Knight (DR)
 * style="font-size:80%" | Died June 13, 1808
 * | Richard Jackson Jr. (F)
 * Seated November 11, 1808
 * Virginia's 17th congressional district
 * | John Claiborne (DR)
 * style="font-size:80%" | Died October 9, 1808
 * | Thomas Gholson Jr. (DR)
 * Seated November 7, 1808
 * }
 * Rhode Island's at-large congressional district
 * | Nehemiah Knight (DR)
 * style="font-size:80%" | Died June 13, 1808
 * | Richard Jackson Jr. (F)
 * Seated November 11, 1808
 * Virginia's 17th congressional district
 * | John Claiborne (DR)
 * style="font-size:80%" | Died October 9, 1808
 * | Thomas Gholson Jr. (DR)
 * Seated November 7, 1808
 * }
 * }

Committees
Lists of committees and their party leaders.

Senate

 * Audit and Control the Contingent Expenses of the Senate (Chairman: John Quincy Adams)
 * Engrossed Bills (Chairman: Andrew Gregg then Francis Malbone)
 * Whole

House of Representatives

 * Accounts (Chairman: Nicholas R. Moore)
 * Affairs with Algiers (Select)
 * Claims (Chairman: David Holmes)
 * Commerce and Manufactures (Chairman: Thomas Newton Jr.)
 * Conduct of Peter J. Bruin (Select)
 * District of Columbia (Chairman: Joseph Lewis Jr.)
 * Elections (Chairman: William Findley)
 * Post Office and Post Roads (Chairman: John Rhea)
 * Public Lands (Chairman: John Boyle then Jeremiah Morrow)
 * Revisal and Unfinished Business (Chairman: John Clopton)
 * Rules (Select)
 * Standards of Official Conduct
 * Ways and Means (Chairman: George W. Campbell)
 * Whole

Joint committees

 * Enrolled Bills (Chairman: Sen. James Turner)
 * The Library (Chairman: N/A)

Legislative branch agency directors

 * Architect of the Capitol: Benjamin Latrobe
 * Librarian of Congress: Patrick Magruder

Senate

 * Chaplain: John J. Sayrs (Episcopalian), until November 10, 1807
 * Alexander T. McCormick (Episcopalian), elected November 10, 1807
 * Robert Elliott (Presbyterian), elected November 10, 1808
 * Secretary: Samuel A. Otis
 * Sergeant at Arms: James Mathers

House of Representatives

 * Chaplain: Robert Elliott Presbyterian, until October 30, 1807
 * Obadiah B. Brown, Baptist, from October 30, 1807
 * Clerk: John J. Beckley, until April 8, 1807 (died)
 * Patrick Magruder, from April 8, 1807
 * Doorkeeper: Thomas Claxton
 * Reading Clerks:
 * Sergeant at Arms: Joseph Wheaton, until October 27, 1807
 * Thomas Dunn, from October 27, 1807